18 Of January Wiki 18ofjanuary https://18-of-january.fandom.com/wiki/18_Of_January_Wiki MediaWiki 1.43.1 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk 18 Of January Wiki 18 Of January Wiki talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Forum Forum talk GeoJson GeoJson talk User blog User blog comment Blog Blog talk Module Module talk Message Wall Thread Message Wall Greeting Board Board Thread Topic Map Map talk 0 143 144 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 FANDOM moved page [[Main Page]] to [[18 Of January Wiki]]: SEO 144 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[18 Of January Wiki]] r8dpufrsly2evqt7w5azh1pev5cup63 0 203 209 2025-01-20T02:54:34Z Kl8876883 28775193 Created page with "[[File:The World.png|thumb]]{{Short description|Symbolic depiction of spatial relationships}} {{Other uses|Map (disambiguation)|Maps (disambiguation)|Mapping (disambiguation){{!}}Mapping}} {{More footnotes needed|date=July 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}} [[File:Physical World Map.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Physical map of Earth]] [[File:World Map (political).svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Political map of Earth]] A '''map''' is a symbolic depiction of interrelationships, co..." 209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The World.png|thumb]]{{Short description|Symbolic depiction of spatial relationships}} {{Other uses|Map (disambiguation)|Maps (disambiguation)|Mapping (disambiguation){{!}}Mapping}} {{More footnotes needed|date=July 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}} [[File:Physical World Map.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Physical map of Earth]] [[File:World Map (political).svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Political map of Earth]] A '''map''' is a symbolic depiction of interrelationships, commonly spatial, between things within a [[space]]. A map may be annotated with text and graphics. Like any graphic, a map may be fixed to paper or other durable media, or may be displayed on a transitory medium such as a computer screen. Some maps change interactively. Although maps are commonly used to depict [[geography|geographic elements]], they may represent any space, real or fictional. The subject being mapped may be two-dimensional such as Earth's surface, three-dimensional such as Earth's interior, or from an abstract space of any dimension. Maps of geographic territory have a very long tradition and have existed from ancient times. The word "map" comes from the {{Langx|la|Mappa mundi|label=[[Latin|medieval Latin]]}}, wherein ''mappa'' meant 'napkin' or 'cloth' and ''mundi'' 'of the world'. Thus, "map" became a shortened term referring to a flat representation of Earth's surface. == History == {{Main|History of cartography}} [[File:Engraving on a mammoth tusk, map, Gravettian, 076872x.jpg|thumb|Possibly the oldest surviving map was engraved on this mammoth tusk, dated to 25,000 BC, found in Pavlov in the [[Czech Republic]]<ref name="Tusk1">{{cite journal|url = http://www.e-perimetron.org/Vol_2_2/Wolodchenko_Forner.pdf|access-date = 24 January 2015|first1 = Alexander|last1 = Wolodtschenko|first2 = Thomas|last2 = Forner|journal = E-perimetron|volume = 2|number = 2|date = Spring 2007|issn=1790-3769|title = Prehistoric and Early Historic Maps in Europe: Conception of Cd-Atlas |pages=114–116}}</ref>]] [[File:Tabula Rogeriana 1929 copy by Konrad Miller.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|{{Lang|la|[[Tabula Rogeriana]]}}, one of the most advanced [[early world maps]], by [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]], 1154]] Maps have been one of the most important human inventions for millennia, allowing humans to explain and navigate their way through the world. The earliest surviving maps include [[cave painting]]s and etchings on tusk and stone. Later came extensive maps produced in ancient [[Babylon]], [[Greece]] and [[Rome]], [[China]], and [[India]]. In their simplest forms, maps are two-dimensional constructs. Since the [[Classical Greece|Classical Greek period]], however, maps also have been projected onto [[globe]]s. The [[Mercator Projection]], developed by Flemish geographer [[Gerardus Mercator]], was widely used as the standard for two-dimensional world maps until the late 20th century, when more accurate projections were more widely used. Mercator also was the first to use and popularize the concept of the [[atlas]]: a collection of maps. ==Geography== [[File:Planisphæri cœleste.jpg|thumb|Celestial map by the cartographer [[Frederik de Wit]], 17th century]] [[Cartography]] or ''map-making'' is the study and practice of crafting representations of the Earth upon a flat surface<ref>{{Cite web |title=Map |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/map |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> (see [[History of cartography]]), and one who makes maps is called a [[cartography|cartographer]]. [[Road map]]s are perhaps the most widely used maps today. They are a subset of navigational maps, which also include [[aeronautical chart|aeronautical]] and [[nautical chart]]s, railroad network maps, and hiking and bicycling maps. In terms of quantity, the largest number of drawn map sheets is probably made up by local surveys, carried out by [[municipality|municipalities]], utilities, tax assessors, emergency services providers, and other local agencies. Many national surveying projects have been carried out by the military, such as the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Ordnance Survey]]: a civilian government agency, internationally renowned for its comprehensively detailed work. The location information showed by maps may include [[contour line]]s, indicating constant values of [[elevation]], temperature, rainfall, etc. ==Orientation== [[File:Hereford-Karte.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Hereford Mappa Mundi]]'', [[Hereford Cathedral]], England, {{circa|1300}}, a classic "T-O" map with Jerusalem at the center, east toward the top, Europe the bottom left and Africa on the right]] The orientation of a map is the relationship between the directions on the map and the corresponding [[compass direction]]s in reality. The word "[[orient]]" is derived from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|oriens}}, meaning east. In the [[Middle Ages]] many maps, including the [[T and O map]]s, were drawn with east at the top (meaning that the direction "up" on the map corresponds to East on the compass). The most common cartographic convention nowadays is that north is at the top of a map. [[File:Atlas de Wit 1698-pl044-Utrecht-KB PPN 145205088.jpg|thumb|Map of [[Utrecht]], Netherlands (1695).]] Maps not oriented with north at the top: * [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] European [[T and O map]]s such as the [[Hereford Mappa Mundi]] were centered on [[Jerusalem]] with East at the top. Indeed, before the reintroduction of [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Geographia|Geography]]'' to Europe around 1400, there was no single convention in the West. [[Portolan chart]]s, for example, are oriented to the shores they describe. * Maps of cities bordering a sea are often conventionally oriented with the sea at the top.{{citation required|date=December 2024}} * Route and channel maps have traditionally been oriented to the road or waterway they describe.{{citation required|date=December 2024}} * [[Azimuthal equidistant projection|Polar maps]] of the [[Arctic]] or [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] regions are conventionally centered on the pole; the direction North would be toward or away from the center of the map, respectively. Typical maps of the Arctic have 0° meridian toward the bottom of the page; maps of the Antarctic have the 0° meridian toward the top of the page. * [[South-up map orientation|South-up map]]s invert the ''North is up'' convention by having south at the top. Ancient Africans including in [[Ancient Egypt]] used this orientation, as some maps in Brazil do today.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.lisapoyakama.org/the-orientation-of-the-world-in-the-african-thought/ |title=The orientation of the world in the African thought |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=1 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701060939/http://en.lisapoyakama.org/the-orientation-of-the-world-in-the-african-thought/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s [[Dymaxion map]]s are based on a projection of the Earth's [[sphere]] onto an [[icosahedron]]. The resulting triangular pieces may be arranged in any order or orientation. * Using the [[equator]] as the edge, the world map of Gott, Vanderbei, and Goldberg is arranged as a pair of disks back-to-back designed to present the least error possible.<ref>Watson, Clare, ''[https://www.sciencealert.com/this-radically-different-map-is-said-to-be-the-most-accurate-2d-map-ever-made 'Radically Different': This Could Be The Most Accurate Flat World Map Ever Made]'', Science Alert, March 8, 2022</ref> They are designed to be printed as a two-sided flat object that could be held easily for educational purposes. ==Scale and accuracy== {{Main|Scale (map)}} Many maps are drawn to a [[Scale (map)|scale]] expressed as a [[ratio]], such as 1:10,000, which means that 1 unit of [[measurement]] on the map corresponds to 10,000 of that same unit on the ground. The scale statement can be accurate when the region mapped is small enough for the [[curvature]] of the Earth to be neglected, such as a [[city map]]. Mapping larger regions, where the curvature cannot be ignored, requires [[map projection|projections]] to map from the curved surface of the Earth to the plane. The impossibility of flattening the [[sphere]] to the [[Plane (geometry)|plane]] without distortion means that the map cannot have a constant scale. Rather, on most projections, the best that can be attained is an accurate scale along one or two paths on the projection. Because scale differs everywhere, it can only be measured meaningfully as [[scale (map)|point scale]] per location. Most maps strive to keep point scale variation within narrow bounds. Although the scale statement is nominal it is usually accurate enough for most purposes unless the map covers a large fraction of the Earth. At the scope of a world map, scale as a single number is practically meaningless throughout most of the map. Instead, it usually refers to the scale along the equator. [[File:EU Pop2008 1024.PNG|thumb|[[Cartogram]] of the [[European Union|EU]] – distorted to show population distributions as of 2008|left]] Some maps, called [[cartogram]]s, have the scale deliberately distorted to reflect information other than land area or distance. For example, this map (at the left) of [[Europe]] has been distorted to show population distribution, while the rough shape of the continent is still discernible. Another example of distorted scale is the famous [[Tube map|London Underground map]]. The geographic structure is respected but the tube lines (and the [[River Thames]]) are smoothed to clarify the relationships between stations. Near the center of the map, stations are spaced out more than near the edges of the map. Further inaccuracies may be deliberate. For example, cartographers may simply omit military installations or remove features solely to enhance the clarity of the map. For example, a road map may not show railroads, smaller waterways, or other prominent non-road objects, and even if it does, it may show them less clearly (e.g. dashed or dotted lines/outlines) than the main roads. Known as decluttering, the practice makes the subject matter that the user is interested in easier to read, usually without sacrificing overall accuracy. Software-based maps often allow the user to toggle decluttering between ON, OFF, and AUTO as needed. In AUTO the degree of decluttering is adjusted as the user changes the scale being displayed. ==Projection== {{Main|Map projection}} Geographic maps use a [[map projection|projection]] to translate the three-dimensional real surface of the [[geoid]] to a two-dimensional picture. Projection always distorts the surface. There are many ways to apportion the distortion, and so there are many map projections. Which projection to use depends on the purpose of the map.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icsm.gov.au/education/fundamentals-mapping/projections/commonly-used-map-projections|title=Commonly Used Map Projections|access-date=August 8, 2022}}</ref> ==Symbols== {{Main|Map symbol}} The various features shown on a map are represented by conventional signs or symbols. For example, colors can be used to indicate a classification of roads. Those signs are usually explained in a [[Page layout (cartography)#Legend|map legend]] on the margin of the map, or on a separately published characteristic sheet.<ref>Ordnance Survey, [https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/docs/legends/25k-raster-legend.pdf Explorer Map Symbols] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403185303/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/docs/legends/25k-raster-legend.pdf |date=3 April 2016 }}; Swisstopo, [http://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/internet/swisstopo/en/home/products/maps/leisure/hiking.parsysrelated1.96279.downloadList.81398.DownloadFile.tmp/symbolsen.pdf Conventional Signs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528053109/http://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/internet/swisstopo/en/home/products/maps/leisure/hiking.parsysrelated1.96279.downloadList.81398.DownloadFile.tmp/symbolsen.pdf |date=28 May 2008 }}; United States Geological Survey, [http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/symbols/ Topographic Map Symbols] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601185821/http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/symbols/ |date=1 June 2008 }}.</ref> Some cartographers prefer to make the map cover practically the entire screen or sheet of paper, leaving no room "outside" the map for information about the map as a whole. These cartographers typically place such information in an otherwise "blank" region "inside" the map{{mdash}}[[cartouche (cartography)|cartouche]], map legend, title, [[compass rose]], [[bar scale]], etc. In particular, some maps contain smaller maps inset into otherwise blank areas of the map: for example: * a map at a much smaller scale showing the whole globe and the position of the main map on that globe, or * showing "regions of interest" (such as cities) at a larger scale to show details that would not otherwise fit, or * showing places that do not fit on the main map, such as Alaska and Hawaii on maps of the United States, or the Shetland and Orkney Islands on maps of Britain. == Design == {{main|Cartographic design}} The design and production of maps is a craft that has developed over thousands of years, from clay tablets to [[Geographic information systems]]. As a form of [[Design]], particularly closely related to [[Graphic design]], map making incorporates scientific knowledge about how maps are used, integrated with principles of artistic expression, to create an aesthetically attractive product, carries an aura of authority, and functionally serves a particular purpose for an intended audience. Designing a map involves bringing together a number of elements and making a large number of decisions. The elements of design fall into several broad topics, each of which has its own theory, its own research agenda, and its own best practices. That said, there are synergistic effects between these elements, meaning that the overall design process is not just working on each element one at a time, but an iterative feedback process of adjusting each to achieve the desired [[Holism|gestalt]]. * [[Map projections]]: The foundation of the map is the plane on which it rests (whether paper or screen), but projections are required to flatten the surface of the Earth. All projections distort this surface, but the cartographer can be strategic about how and where distortion occurs.<ref name="Albrecht 2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/~jochen/gtech201/lectures/lec6concepts/map%20coordinate%20systems/how%20to%20choose%20a%20projection.htm|last=Albrecht|first=Jochen|title=Maps projections|access-date=2013-08-13}}</ref> * [[Cartographic generalization|Generalization]]: All maps must be drawn at a smaller scale than reality, requiring that the information included on a map be a very small sample of the wealth of information about a place. Generalization is the process of adjusting the level of detail in geographic information to be appropriate for the scale and purpose of a map, through procedures such as selection, simplification, and classification. * [[Map symbol|Symbology]]: Any map visually represents the location and properties of geographic features using map symbols, graphical depictions composed of several [[visual variable]]s, such as size, shape, color, and pattern. * Composition: As all of the symbols are brought together, their interactions have major effects on map reading, such as [[Gestalt psychology#Prägnanz|grouping]] and [[Visual hierarchy]]. * [[Typography (cartography)|Typography or Labeling]]: Text serves a number of purposes on the map, especially aiding the recognition of features, but labels must be designed and positioned well to be effective.<ref>Jill Saligoe-Simmel,[https://www.drjill.net/map-fonts-article-1-the-basics-of-typography-for-cartography/ "Using Text on Maps: Typography in Cartography"]</ref> * [[Page layout (cartography)|Layout]]: The map image must be placed on the page (whether paper, web, or other media), along with related elements, such as the title, legend, additional maps, text, images, and so on. Each of these elements has its own design considerations, as does their integration, which largely follows the principles of [[Graphic design]]. * Map type-specific design: Different kinds of maps, especially [[thematic map]]s, have their own design needs and best practices. ==Types{{anchor|Map_types_and_projections}}== {{Category see also|Map types}}<!--This link doesn't seem appropriate--> [[File:Map of United States accessible colors shown.svg|thumb|A four-colored map of the states of the United States (ignoring lakes and oceans)]] [[File:Mid-ocean ridge system.gif|thumb| {{center|[[Bathymetry]] of the ocean floor showing the [[continental shelf|continental shelves]] and [[oceanic plateau]]s (red), the [[mid-ocean ridge]]s (yellow-green) and the [[abyssal plain]]s (blue to purple)}}]] Maps of the world or large areas are often either "political" or "physical". The most important purpose of the ''political map'' is to show territorial [[border]]s and [[administrative region]]s; the purpose of the ''physical map'' is to show features of [[geography]] such as mountains, soil type, or land use including infrastructures such as roads, railroads, and buildings. [[File:The geologic map of the Moon at 1-2.5M scale.png|thumb|Geological map of the Moon]] [[Topographic map]]s show [[elevation]]s and [[Terrain|relief]] with [[contour line]]s or shading. [[Geological map]]s show not only the physical surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, [[fault (geology)|fault]] lines, and subsurface structures. ===Electronic===<!-- Electronic map redirects here --> {{Further|Web page|PDF#Optional Content Groups (layers)|MapQuest|Google Maps|Google Earth|OpenStreetMap|Yahoo! Maps}} [[File:Topographic map example.png|thumb|A [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] [[digital raster graphic]].]] From the last quarter of the 20th century, the indispensable tool of the [[cartographer]] has been the computer. Much of cartography, especially at the data-gathering [[surveying|survey]] level, has been subsumed by [[geographic information system|geographic information systems]] (GIS). The functionality of maps has been greatly advanced by technology simplifying the superimposition of spatially located variables onto existing geographic maps. Having local information such as rainfall level, distribution of wildlife, or demographic data integrated within the map allows more efficient analysis and better decision making. In the pre-electronic age such [[superimposition]] of data led [[John Snow (physician)|Dr. John Snow]] to identify the location of an outbreak of [[cholera]]. Today, it is used by agencies around the world, as diverse as wildlife conservationists and militaries. [[File:Maps-for-free Sierra Nevada.png|thumb|[[Topographic map|Relief map]] of the [[Sierra Nevada]]]] Even when GIS is not involved, most cartographers now use a variety of computer graphics programs to generate new maps. Interactive, computerized maps are commercially available, allowing users to ''zoom in'' or ''zoom out'' (respectively meaning to increase or decrease the scale), sometimes by replacing one map with another of different scale, centered where possible on the same point. In-car [[global navigation satellite system]]s are computerized maps with route planning and advice facilities that monitor the user's position with the help of satellites. From the computer scientist's point of view, zooming in entails one or more of: # replacing the map by a more detailed one # enlarging the same map without enlarging the [[pixel]]s, hence showing more detail by removing less information compared to the less detailed version # enlarging the same map with the pixels enlarged (replaced by rectangles of pixels); no additional detail is shown, but, depending on the user's vision, possibly more detail can be seen. If a computer display does not show adjacent pixels really separately, but overlapping instead (this does not apply for an [[Liquid crystal display|LCD]], but may apply for a [[cathode-ray tube]]), then replacing a pixel by a rectangle of pixels does show more detail. A variation of this method is [[interpolation]]. [[File:World.pdf|thumb|A world map in PDF format.]] For example: * Typically (2) applies to a [[Portable Document Format]] (PDF) file or other format based on [[vector graphics]]. The increase in detail is limited to the information contained in the file: enlargement of a curve may eventually result in a series of standard geometric figures such as straight lines, arcs of circles, or [[spline (mathematics)|splines]]. * (2) may apply to text and (3) to the outline of a map feature such as a forest or building. * (1) may apply to the text as needed (displaying labels for more features), while (2) applies to the rest of the image. Text is not necessarily enlarged when zooming in. Similarly, a road represented by a double line may or may not become wider when one zooms in. * The map may also have layers that are partly [[raster graphics]] and partly [[vector graphics]]. For a single raster graphics image (2) applies until the pixels in the image file correspond to the pixels of the display, thereafter (3) applies. ===Climatic{{anchor|Climate}}=== [[File:Geography of Ohio - DPLA - aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14 (page 27) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Mean Annual Temperature map of Ohio from ''Geography of Ohio'' 1923]] The maps that reflect the territorial distribution of [[climate|climatic]] conditions based on the results of long-term observations are called ''climatic maps''.<ref>{{Citation |date=2010 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_1966 |work=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning |pages=136 |editor-last=Evert |editor-first=Klaus-Jürgen |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_1966 |isbn=978-3-540-76455-7 |access-date=2023-01-25 |editor2-last=Ballard (deceased) |editor2-first=Edward B. |editor3-last=Elsworth |editor3-first=David J. |editor4-last=Oquiñena |editor4-first=Icíar |title=833 climatic map &#91;n&#93; }}</ref> These maps can be compiled both for individual climatic features (temperature, precipitation, humidity) and for combinations of them at the earth's surface and in the upper layers of the atmosphere. Climatic maps show climatic features across a large region and permit values of climatic features to be compared in different parts of the region. When generating the map, [[spatial interpolation]] can be used to synthesize values where there are no measurements, under the assumption that conditions change smoothly. Climatic maps generally apply to individual months and the year as a whole, sometimes to the four seasons, to the growing period, and so forth. On maps compiled from the observations of ground meteorological stations, atmospheric pressure is converted to sea level. Air temperature maps are compiled both from the actual values observed on the surface of the Earth and from values converted to sea level. The pressure field in the free atmosphere is represented either by maps of the distribution of pressure at different standard altitudes—for example, at every kilometer above sea level—or by maps of baric topography on which altitudes (more precisely geopotentials) of the main isobaric surfaces (for example, 900, 800, and 700 millibars) counted off from sea level are plotted. The temperature, humidity, and wind on aero climatic maps may apply either to standard altitudes or to the main isobaric surfaces. Isolines are drawn on maps of such climatic features as the long-term mean values (of atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, total precipitation, and so forth) to connect points with equal values of the feature in question—for example, isobars for pressure, isotherms for temperature, and isohyets for precipitation. Isoamplitudes are drawn on maps of amplitudes (for example, annual amplitudes of air temperature—that is, the differences between the mean temperatures of the warmest and coldest month). Isanomals are drawn on maps of anomalies (for example, deviations of the mean temperature of each place from the mean temperature of the entire latitudinal zone). Isolines of frequency are drawn on maps showing the frequency of a particular phenomenon (for example, the annual number of days with a thunderstorm or snow cover). Isochrones are drawn on maps showing the dates of onset of a given phenomenon (for example, the first frost and appearance or disappearance of the snow cover) or the date of a particular value of a meteorological element in the course of a year (for example, passing of the mean daily air temperature through zero). Isolines of the mean numerical value of wind velocity or isotachs are drawn on wind maps (charts); the wind resultants and directions of prevailing winds are indicated by arrows of different lengths or arrows with different plumes; lines of flow are often drawn. Maps of the zonal and meridional components of wind are frequently compiled for the free atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure and wind are usually combined on climatic maps. Wind roses, curves showing the distribution of other meteorological elements, diagrams of the annual course of elements at individual stations, and the like are also plotted on climatic maps. Maps of climatic regionalization, that is, division of the earth's surface into climatic zones and regions according to some classification of climates, are a special kind of climatic map. Climatic maps are often incorporated into climatic atlases of varying geographic ranges (globe, hemispheres, continents, countries, oceans) or included in comprehensive atlases. Besides general climatic maps, applied climatic maps and atlases have great practical value. Aero climatic maps, aero climatic atlases, and agro climatic maps are the most numerous. ===Extraterrestrial=== Maps exist of the [[Solar System]], and other cosmological features such as [[star map]]s. In addition maps of other bodies such as the Moon and other planets are technically not ''[[geospatial|geo]]''graphical maps. [[Floor map]]s are also spatial but not necessarily geospatial. ===Topological=== {{Main|Topological map}} [[File:Inventory Locations Represented as a Map.png|thumb|upright=1.3|In a [[topological map]], like this one showing inventory locations, the distances between locations are not important. Only the layout and connectivity between them matters.]] Diagrams such as [[schematic diagram]]s and [[Gantt chart]]s and [[treemap|tree map]]s display logical relationships between items, rather than geographic relationships. [[Topological]] in nature, only the connectivity is significant. The [[London Underground map]] and similar subway maps around the world are a common example of these maps. ===General=== General-purpose maps provide many types of information on one map. Most atlas maps, wall maps, and road maps fall into this category. The following are some features that might be shown on general-purpose maps: bodies of water, roads, railway lines, parks, elevations, towns and cities, political boundaries, latitude and longitude, national and provincial parks. These maps give a broad understanding of the location and features of an area. The reader may gain an understanding of the type of landscape, the location of urban places, and the location of major transportation routes all at once. ===Extremely large maps=== ====The Great Polish Map of Scotland==== [[File:The Great Polish Map of Scotland.JPG|thumb|The Great Polish Map of Scotland at Barony Castle, Scotland]] Polish general [[Stanisław Maczek]] had once been shown an impressive outdoor map of land and water in the Netherlands demonstrating the working of the waterways (which had been an obstacle to the Polish forces progress in 1944). This had inspired Maczek and his companions to create [[Great Polish Map of Scotland]] as a 70-ton permanent three-dimensional reminder of Scotland's hospitality to his compatriots. In 1974, the coastline and relief of Scotland were laid out by Kazimierz Trafas, a Polish student geographer-planner, based on existing Bartholomew Half-Inch map sheets. Engineering infrastructure was put in place to surround it with a sea of water and at the General's request some of the main rivers were even arranged to flow from headwaters pumped into the mountains. The map was finished in 1979, but had to be restored between 2013 and 2017.<ref>Mapa Scotland. [http://www.mapascotland.org/story-of-the-map/ ''Story of the Map''].</ref> ====Challenger Relief Map of British Columbia==== The Challenger Relief Map of [[British Columbia]] is a hand-built topographic map of the province, 80 feet by 76 feet. Built by George Challenger and his family from 1947 to 1954, it features all of B.C.'s mountains, lakes, rivers and valleys in exact-scaled topographical detail. Residing in the British Columbia Pavilion at the [[Pacific National Exhibition]] (PNE) in Vancouver from 1954 to 1997 it was viewed by millions of visitors. The [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of Records]] cites the Challenger Map as the largest of its kind in the world. The map in its entirety occupies 6,080 square feet (1,850 square metres) of space. It was disassembled in 1997; there is a project to restore it in a new location.<ref>[https://challengermap.ca/ The Challenger Relief Map of British Columbia].</ref> ====Relief map of Guatemala==== [[File:Mapa en Relieve de Guatemala.jpg|thumb|Mapa en Relieve de Guatemala]] The [[Relief map of Guatemala]] was made by Francisco Vela in 1905 and still exists. This map (horizontal scale 1:10,000; vertical scale 1:2,000) measures 1,800 m², and was created to educate children in the scape of their country.<ref>''Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen'', annual 72, 1926, pp. 212–214.</ref> ===List=== {{Div col|colwidth=10em}} * [[Aeronautical chart]] * [[Atlas]] * [[Cadastre#Cadastral map|Cadastral map]] * [[#Climatic maps|Climatic map]] * [[Geologic map]] * [[History of cartography|Historical map]] * [[Linguistic map]] * [[Nautical map]] * [[#Map types and projections|Physical map]] * [[Political map]] * [[Terrain cartography|Relief map]] * [[Resource map]] * [[Road map]] * [[Star map]] * [[Street map]] * [[Thematic map]] * [[Topographic map]] * [[Train track map]] * [[Transit map]] * [[Weather map]] * [[World map]] {{Div col end}} ==Legal regulation== Some countries required that all published maps represent their national claims regarding [[border dispute]]s. For example: * Within Russia, Google Maps shows [[Crimea]] as part of Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/04/12/302337754/google-maps-displays-crimean-border-differently-in-russia-u-s |title=Google Maps Displays Crimean Border Differently In Russia, U.S. |date=12 April 2014 |work=[[NPR.org]] |first=Bill |last=Chappell |author-link=Bill Chappell |access-date=6 September 2018}}</ref> * Both the Republic of India and the People's Republic of China require that all maps show areas subject to the [[Sino-Indian border dispute]] in their own favor.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-asia-idUSBRE82M0I020120323 |title=Google charts a careful course through Asia's maps |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |first=Jeremy |last=Wagstaff |access-date=6 September 2018 |date=23 March 2012}}</ref> * In 2010, the People's Republic of China began requiring that all online maps served from within China be hosted there, making them [[Restrictions on geographic data in China|subject to Chinese laws]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Guanqun |first=Wang |title=China issues new rules on Internet map publishing |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-05/19/c_13302696.htm |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |access-date=27 July 2016 |date=19 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527193512/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-05/19/c_13302696.htm |archive-date=27 May 2016}}</ref> * In 2017, Turkey banned the terms "[[Kurdistan]]" and "Kurdish regions". In 2018, the government had a user-generated map of Kurdistan, which it deemed "terrorist propaganda", removed from Google Maps.<ref>[https://shafaq.com/en/Kurdistan/after-turkey-complains-google-removes-offending-kurdistan-map After Turkey Complains, Google Removes Offending ‘Kurdistan’ Map]</ref> * In Pakistan, the [[Surveying and Mapping (Amendment) Act, 2020]] made printing, displaying, or using any unofficial or "incorrect" map of Pakistan a crime punishable by 5 years in jail and a fine of 5 million [[Pakistani rupee|rupees]]. It asserts that India is illegally occupying some Pakistani territory along the northern [[India–Pakistan border]].<ref>[https://www.app.com.pk/national/use-of-pakistans-unofficial-map-a-crime-punishable-by-jail-term-fine/ Use of Pakistan’s unofficial map a crime punishable by jail term, fine]</ref> ==See also== === General === {{Div col}} * [[Counter-mapping]] * [[Map–territory relation]] * [[Censorship of maps]] * [[List of online map services]] * [[Map collection]] {{div col end}} === Map designing and types === {{Div col}} * [[Automatic label placement]] * [[City map]] * [[Compass rose]] * [[Contour line|Contour map]] * [[Estate map]] * [[Fantasy map]] * [[Floor plan]] * [[Geologic map]] * [[Hypsometric tints]] * [[Cartography|Map design]] * [[Orthophotomap]]—A map created from [[orthophoto]]graphy * [[Pictorial maps]] * [[Plat]] * [[Road atlas]] * [[Strip map]] * [[Transit map]] *[[Page layout (cartography)]] {{div col end}} === Map history === {{Div col}} * [[Early world maps]] * [[History of cartography]] * [[List of cartographers]] {{div col end}} === Related topics === {{Div col}} * [[Aerial landscape art]] * [[Digital geologic mapping]] * [[Economic geography]] * [[Geographic coordinate system]] * [[Index map]] * [[Global Map]] * [[List of online map services]] * [[Map database management]] {{div col end}} ==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Bibliography=== * David Buisseret, ed., ''Monarchs, Ministers and Maps: The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of Government in Early Modern Europe.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-226-07987-2}} * Denis E. Cosgrove (ed.) ''Mappings''. Reaktion Books, 1999 {{ISBN|1-86189-021-4}} * Freeman, Herbert, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071029195807/http://www.maptext.com/ProductLiterature/Freeman-White-Paper-041027.pdf Automated Cartographic Text Placement.] White paper. * Ahn, J. and Freeman, H., "A program for automatic name placement," Proc. AUTO-CARTO 6, Ottawa, 1983. 444–455. * Freeman, H., "Computer Name Placement," ch. 29, in Geographical Information Systems, 1, D.J. Maguire, M.F. Goodchild, and D.W. Rhind, John Wiley, New York, 1991, 449–460. * Mark Monmonier, ''How to Lie with Maps'', {{ISBN|0-226-53421-9}} * O'Connor, J.J. and E.F. Robertson, ''[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Cartography.html The History of Cartography]''. Scotland : St. Andrews University, 2002. ==External links== * [http://www.icaci.org/ International Cartographic Association (ICA)], the world body for mapping and GIScience professionals * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/guide/gmilltoc.html Geography and Maps, an Illustrated Guide], by the staff of the U.S. [[Library of Congress]]. * [http://www.geography.wisc.edu/histcart/ The History of Cartography Project] at the University of Wisconsin, a comprehensive research project in the history of maps and mapping {{Atlas}} {{Visualization}} {{Orienteering|type=collapsed}} {{sister bar|auto=1|d=1|wikt=map}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Maps| ]] [[Category:Cartography]] [[Category:Geodesy]] d9i11y90etlk9gluw7w7vgguhhpupxo 0 171 177 2025-01-20T01:35:23Z Kl8876883 28775193 Created page with "[[File:Play I’m just going home .jpg|thumb]] {{Chinese Communist Revolution sidebar}} '''National Day''' ({{lang-zh|s=国庆节|t=|p=guóqìng jié|l=national celebration day|links=yes}}), officially the '''National Day of the People's Republic of China''' ({{lang|zh|中华人民共和国国庆节}}), is a [[Public holidays in China|public holiday in China]] celebrated annually on 1 October as the [[national day]] of the [[People's Republic of China]], commemorating ..." 177 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Play I’m just going home .jpg|thumb]] {{Chinese Communist Revolution sidebar}} '''National Day''' ({{lang-zh|s=国庆节|t=|p=guóqìng jié|l=national celebration day|links=yes}}), officially the '''National Day of the People's Republic of China''' ({{lang|zh|中华人民共和国国庆节}}), is a [[Public holidays in China|public holiday in China]] celebrated annually on 1 October as the [[national day]] of the [[People's Republic of China]], commemorating [[Mao Zedong]]'s formal [[Proclamation of the People's Republic of China|proclamation]] of the establishment of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949. The [[Chinese Communist Party]] victory in the [[Chinese Civil War]] resulted in the [[Republic of China retreat to Taiwan|Kuomintang retreat to Taiwan]] and the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]] whereby the People's Republic of China [[Succession of states|replaced]] the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-10/01/content_12143336.htm |title=Flag-raising ceremony held for China's National Day celebration |date=1 October 2009 |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |url-status=dead |access-date=30 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004102023/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-10/01/content_12143336.htm |archive-date=4 October 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/decisiveencounte00west |url-access=registration |title=Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950 |last=Westad |first=Odd |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8047-4484-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/decisiveencounte00west/page/305 305]}}</ref> [[File:One thing that makes sense for .webp|thumb]] Although it is observed on 1 October, another six days are added to the official holiday, normally in lieu of the two weekend breaks around 1 October, making it a de facto public holiday comprising seven consecutive days also known as [[Golden Week (China)|Golden Week]] with specifics regulated by the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2018-12/06/content_5346276.htm |script-title=zh:国务院办公厅关于2019年部分节假日安排的通知 |date=4 December 2018 |trans-title=Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Some Holiday Arrangements in 2019 |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518062404/http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2018-12/06/content_5346276.htm |archive-date=18 May 2019 |url-status=live |language=zh}}</ref> Festivities and concerts are usually held nationwide on this day, with a grand [[military parade]] and [[parade|mass pageant]] event held on select years.{{efn-ua|Since the founding of the people's republic to 2009, the country has held 14 National Day grand military parades in 1949–1959, 1984, 1999, and 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/test/2009-08/21/content_1398265.htm |date=21 August 2009 |website=gov.cn |script-title=zh:新中国历次大阅兵 |trans-title=New China's previous grand military parades |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227205241/http://www.gov.cn/test/2009-08/21/content_1398265.htm |archive-date=27 December 2009 |access-date=26 September 2019 |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |language=zh}}</ref>}} The parade held on 1 October 2019 marked the [[70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China]]. [[File:One ☝️ thing that makes sense for the .jpg|thumb]] == History == {{Main|Proclamation of the People's Republic of China}} [[File:Oilers have the most playoff .webp|thumb]] The [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) defeated the incumbent [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) [[nationalist government]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] in the [[Chinese Civil War]] that took place from [[Nanchang uprising|1927]] to [[Battle of Hainan Island|1950]] except for a [[Second United Front|brief alliance]] against [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. In its aftermath, the nationalist government [[Retreat of the Government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|withdrew]] to the [[Geography of Taiwan|island of Taiwan]], previously a [[Taiwan under Qing rule|prefecture of the]] [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]] that was ceded to Japan under its [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|colonial rule]] from 1895 to 1945.<ref name="p657">{{cite book | last=Mass | first=K. | title=History of Taiwan: Its Challenges, Separation from China, and More | publisher=Efalon Acies | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cn8EAAAQBAJ | access-date=2024-07-12 | page=}}</ref> [[File:Post your own pics on I.webp|thumb]] The People's Republic of China was founded on 1 October 1949, with a ceremony celebrating the forming of the [[Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–54)|Central People's Government]] taking place in [[Tiananmen Square]] in its new national capital of [[Beijing|Peking]] (previously Peiping) on the same day that year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/festival/national.htm |title=China National Day: October 1st, Golden Week |website=travelchinaguide.com |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420161124/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/festival/national.htm |archive-date=20 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first public parade of the new [[People's Liberation Army]] took place there, following the address by the first [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Chairman]] [[Mao Zedong]] officially declaring the formal establishment of the Republic.<ref>{{cite news |title=China says National Day parade 'won't disappoint' in scale or weapons |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3030206/china-says-national-day-military-parade-wont-disappoint-scale |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=South China Morning Post |date=24 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> [[File:One ☝️ thing that makes .jpg|thumb]] After the Founding Ceremony, [[Ma Xulun]], the [[Ministry of Education (China)|Minister of Education]] and Chairman of the Central Committee of the [[China Association for Promoting Democracy]], believed that China should establish its own National Day. He drafted a proposal entitled "Suggesting October 1 as the National Day", which he intended to present to the forthcoming first session of the [[1st National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]].<ref name="s441">{{cite book | title=马叙伦与中国民主促进会 | publisher=广东人民出版社 | series=中国各民主党派主要创始人传记丛书 | year=2004 | isbn=978-7-218-04417-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gjg7AAAAMAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-07-12 | page=136}}</ref> [[File:One thing that makes sense for i.webp|thumb]] On October 9, 1949, the meeting was held at the [[Qinzheng Hall]] in [[Zhongnanhai]], where Ma Xulun, due to illness, had his proposal conveyed by [[Xu Guangping]].<ref name="n442">{{cite book | author=上海鲁迅纪念馆 | title=上海鲁迅研究 | publisher=上海社会科学院出版社 | year=2009 | isbn=978-7-80745-354-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgFLAQAAIAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-07-12 | page=49}}</ref> The Secretary General of the [[Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–1954)|Central People's Government]], [[Lin Boqu]], spoke in favor of the proposal, and [[Mao Zedong]] also expressed his support.<ref name="o109">{{cite book | last=Yamada | first=N.C.F. | title=Preferential Education Policies in Multi-ethnic China: National Rhetoric, Local Realities | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Education and Society in China | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-000-20695-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8g8HEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 | access-date=2024-07-12 | page=90}}</ref> Finally, the meeting unanimously adopted the proposal and made a resolution "Requesting the Government to designate October 1 as the National Day of the People's Republic of China to replace the old National Day of October 10", which was sent to the Central People's Government for adoption and implementation.<ref name="q909">{{cite book | title=中国共产党纪念活动史 | publisher=[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] | series=国家哲学社会科学成果文库 | year=2017 | isbn=978-7-5201-1292-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUcEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA342 | language=zh | access-date=2024-07-12 | page=342}}</ref> [[File:Unfortunately for you I have .png|thumb]] On December 2, 1949, the Fourth Session of the [[Central People's Government Committee]] ({{lang-zh|中央人民政府委员会}}) adopted the Resolution on the National Day of the People's Republic of China, which proclaimed that since 1950, October 1 of each year, the day on which the People's Republic of China was proclaimed, would be the National Day of the People's Republic of China.<ref name="t440">{{cite book | title=中国节日 | publisher=五洲传播出版社 | series=人文中国书系 | year=2005 | isbn=978-7-5085-0807-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9J61W335jwC&pg=PA65 | language=zh | access-date=2024-07-12 | page=65}}</ref><ref name="s564">{{cite book | author=国务院法制办公室 | title=法律法规全书 | publisher=中国法制出版社 | year=2006 | isbn=978-7-80226-018-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXGHYzzMMyAC&pg=SA1-PA69 | language=zh | access-date=2024-07-12 | page=1-PA69}}</ref> On December 23, 1949, the Twelfth Political Affairs Conference of the [[State Council of the Central People's Government]] ({{lang-zh|中央人民政府政务院}}) passed the Measures for National Holidays on Annual and Memorial Days, stipulating that National Day should be a national holiday for all the people as the October 1 and October 2.<ref name="l961">{{cite book | title=劳动科学与经济体制 | publisher=中国劳动社会保障出版社 | year=2000 | isbn=978-7-5045-2764-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ccoPAQAAMAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-07-12 | page=65}}</ref><ref name="w660">{{cite book | author=China. Guo wu yuan | title=中华人民共和国国务院令, 1949.10-2001.4 | publisher=中国民主法制出版社 | issue=第 4 卷 | year=2001 | isbn=978-7-206-03703-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ly_lAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2570 | language=zh | access-date=2024-07-12 | page=2570}}</ref> On October 1, 1950, the first National Day celebrations were held in [[Tiananmen Square]].<ref name="q113">{{cite book | title=亮阵: 共和国大阅兵 | publisher=中央文献出版社 | year=2009 | isbn=978-7-5073-2746-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHpMAQAAIAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-07-12 | page=86}}</ref> In September 1960, the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]] and the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] implemented the policy of "practicing economy and frugality to build up the country", and reformed the system of National Day ceremonies by implementing "one small celebration in five years and one big parade in ten years". In 1984, based on [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s proposal, the Central Committee decided to hold a large National Day parade on the [[35th anniversary of the People's Republic of China|35th anniversary of the National Day]] in that year. In 1999, the Central Committee decided to hold a military parade for the [[50th anniversary of the People's Republic of China]], and a large-scale military parade was held on October 1 of the same year in Tiananmen Square.<ref name="b441">{{cite web | title=1949-1999 -- Celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China | website=Chineseposters.net | url=https://chineseposters.net/posters/e13-828 | access-date=2024-07-13}}</ref> In 2009, a large military parade was held on the [[60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China]] on the National Day.<ref name="n992">{{cite web | title=People's Republic of China marks 60th anniversary | website=CNN.com | date=2009-10-01 | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/09/25/china.60th.anniversary/index.html | access-date=2024-07-13}}</ref> In 2019, a grand celebration of the [[70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China]] was held in Beijing on the National Day.<ref name="f129">{{cite web | title=China anniversary: Beijing celebrations mark 70 years of Communist rule | website=BBC Home | date=2019-09-30 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49808078 | access-date=2024-07-13}}</ref><ref name="o220">{{cite web | title=China celebrates 70 years of People's Republic – in pictures | website=the Guardian | date=2019-10-01 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2019/sep/30/china-prepares-to-mark-70-years-of-peoples-republic-in-pictures | access-date=2024-07-13}}</ref> == National celebrations == National Day marks the start of a [[Golden Week (China)|Golden Week]], a weeklong public holiday.<ref>{{cite news |title=China National Day holiday 2018 |url=https://www.scmp.com/video/china/2167021/china-celebrates-national-day-golden-week-holiday-colour-and-crowds |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Disappointing start to 'golden week' for Hong Kong retailers |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/3103861/disappointing-start-golden-week-hong-kong |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=South China Morning Post |date=1 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Golden Week 2022, 2023 and 2024 |url=https://publicholidays.cn/golden-week/ |website=PublicHolidays.cn |access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> The day is celebrated throughout [[mainland China]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Macau]] with a variety of [[Government of the People's Republic of China|government]]-organized festivities, including fireworks and concerts, as well as sports events and cultural events. Public places, such as Tiananmen Square in [[Beijing]], are decorated in a festive theme. Portraits of revered leaders, such as Mao Zedong, are publicly displayed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2009/1002/1224255680525.html |title=China celebrates with elaborate display of power and ideology |date=2 October 2009 |publisher=[[The Irish Times]] |url-status=live |access-date=30 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017232416/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2009/1002/1224255680525.html |archive-date=17 October 2012 }}</ref> The holiday is also celebrated by many overseas Chinese. === Wreath-laying ceremony at the Monument to the People's Heroes === From 2004 to 2013, a national wreath-laying ceremony was held on National Day in Tiananmen Square following the flag raising ceremony on years with no parades. The ceremony was centered on the [[Monument to the People's Heroes]], built in 1958 in remembrance of the millions of Chinese who perished during the long years of national struggle. Beginning in 2014, they have been held on a new holiday, [[Martyrs' Day (China)|Martyrs' Day]], set on the eve of National Day, 30 September, and is presided by [[List of national leaders of the People's Republic of China|party and state leaders]].<ref>{{cite news |title=First national Martyrs' Day remembers those who sacrificed for China |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1604473/first-national-martyrs-day-remembers-those-who-sacrificed-china |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=South China Morning Post |date=30 September 2014 |language=en}}</ref> === National flag-raising ceremony === For many years, a flag-raising ceremony has been held at Tiananmen Square in the morning of the day if no parade is scheduled on the day.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-10/01/content_12171628.htm |title=National Day celebrated across China |date=1 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124023/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-10/01/content_12143336.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=30 April 2011 |agency=Xinhua News Agency }}</ref> The 6 a.m. National Day flag-raising ceremony is important in years without any anniversary parades. Held at the Tiananmen Square, since 2017 the [[Beijing Garrison Honor Guard Battalion]]'s Color Guard Company is present for the ceremony with the National Marching Band of the PLA. Until 2016 the Beijing People's Armed Police units provided men for the ceremonial color guard unit. The ceremony is open to the public and tourists and is widely televised and streamed online for viewers at home and abroad. At the end of the ceremony, doves and colorful balloons are released.<ref name="c044">{{cite book | title=图文20世纪中国史 | publisher=广东旅游出版社 | issue=第 5 卷 | year=1999 | isbn=978-7-80521-977-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rPwQAQAAMAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-07-12 | page=1691}}</ref><ref name="j906">{{cite book | author=中国广播电视出版社 | title=中国广播电视年鉴 | publisher=中国广播电视出版社 | year=2000 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHLlAAAAMAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-07-12 | page=319}}</ref> === National civil-military parade === [[File:China 10th Anniversary Parade in Beijing 01.jpg|thumb|Marshal [[Lin Biao]] surveying the soldiers during the 10th anniversary military parade in 1959.]] {{Main|Chinese National Day Parade}} The special civil-military parade of the People's Liberation Army, [[People's Armed Police]] and the [[Militia (China)|Militia]] together with representatives of the people of all walks of life including the [[Young Pioneers of China]] is held on special years in the morning of National Day itself. It has been televised on China Central Television since 1984 (and broadcast around the world from that year as well via satellite and cable television), is a key highlight of the national celebrations in Beijing.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://theconversation.com/amp/the-history-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-through-70-years-of-mass-parades-123727 | title=The history of the People's Republic of China – through 70 years of mass parades | date=30 September 2019 | access-date=8 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001185010/https://theconversation.com/amp/the-history-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-through-70-years-of-mass-parades-123727 | archive-date=1 October 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> The parade was annual from 1950 to 1959 and terminated until 1984.<ref>{{cite news |title=The history of the People's Republic of China – through 70 years of mass parades |url=https://theconversation.com/amp/the-history-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-through-70-years-of-mass-parades-123727 |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=theconversation.com}}</ref> There was a parade planned for 1989 but was cancelled following the June 4th crackdown. Parades were held again in 1999 and 2009.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.gov.cn/test/2009-08/27/content_1402555.htm | title=1960年至1983年为什么没有国庆阅兵 | access-date=8 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008002408/http://www.gov.cn/test/2009-08/27/content_1402555.htm | archive-date=8 October 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 20192777|title = Mao's Parades: State Spectacles in China in the 1950s|journal = The China Quarterly|volume = 190|issue = 190|pages = 411–431|last1 = Hung|first1 = Chang-tai|year = 2007|doi = 10.1017/S0305741007001269|s2cid = 154319855|url = http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-3547/1/hung.pdf|access-date = 16 October 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170813035045/http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-3547/1/hung.pdf|archive-date = 13 August 2017|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="The Celebrations of the People's Republic of China's Sixty-Year Anniversary Hwang">{{cite journal |last1=Hwang |first1=Yih-Jye |last2=Schneider |first2=Florian |title=Performance, Meaning, and Ideology in the Making of Legitimacy: The Celebrations of the People's Republic of China's Sixty-Year Anniversary |journal=China Review |date=2011 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=27–55 |jstor=23462196 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23462196 |access-date=2 October 2022 |issn=1680-2012}}</ref> The parade is overseen by the [[president of China]] as well as other top leadership.<ref name="The Celebrations of the People's Republic of China's Sixty-Year Anniversary Hwang"/> ==Gallery== <gallery> File:1950-10-China-P-国庆节.jpg|National Day in 1950 File:1950-10-China-P-国庆节2.jpg|National Day in 1950 File:1950-10国庆节毛泽东刘少奇.jpg|[[Mao Zedong]] and [[Liu Shaoqi]] gestured to the crowd on National Day 1950 File:China 10th Anniversary Parade in Beijing 02.jpg|the 10th anniversary of the People's Republic of China in 1959 File:1964-11 1964年 国庆15周年.jpg|the 15th anniversary of the National Day of the People's Republic of China in 1964 File:1964-11 1964年 中华人民共和国国庆15周年 刘少奇毛泽东.jpg|Chairman Mao and President Liu on the 15th Anniversary of the National Day of the People's Republic of China in 1964 File:50th anniversary of PRC 4.jpg|the 50th anniversary of the People's Republic of China in 1999 File:Tiananmen Square - National Day 2004.JPG|2004 National Day celebration in Tiananmen Square, Beijing File:Tiananmen Square - National Day 2006.jpg|[[Tiananmen Square]], 2006 National Day of the PRC. The [[placard]] reads "Warmly celebrate the 57th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China". The portrait is that of [[Sun Yat-sen]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/01/china-anniversary-progress-trade |title=China at 60: Nostalgia and progress |last=Fu |first=Ying |date=16 July 2008 |work=[[The Guardian]] |url-status=live |access-date=30 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908033004/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/01/china-anniversary-progress-trade |archive-date=8 September 2013 }}</ref> File:Macau-China-National-Day-0821.jpg|2008 National Day celebration in Macau File:63rd China's National Day Fireworks Extravaganza (Hong Kong).jpg|2012 National Day celebration in Hong Kong File:201909 长安街70周年国庆花坛.jpg|Flower bed for celebrating the 70th National Day on [[Jianguomen (Beijing)|Jianguomennei Street]] File:Starting aerial formation of PRC70 Parade (20191001112401).jpg|A KJ-2000 and aerobatic J-10s for celebrating the 70th National Day </gallery> ==See also== {{Commons category|National Day of the People's Republic of China}} *[[National Day]] *[[History of the People's Republic of China]] *[[35th anniversary of the People's Republic of China]] *[[50th anniversary of the People's Republic of China]] *[[60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China]] *[[70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China]] ==Notes== {{notelist-ua}} == References == {{Reflist}}{{PRC Holidays}} {{Hong Kong Holidays}} {{Portal bar|China|Holidays}} [[Category:Public holidays in China]] [[Category:October observances]] [[Category:Autumn events in China]] [[Category:Republic days|China, Peoples Republic]] h5n5g9br75q3vmp38jq4fap80r0xc79 0 1 1 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 1 wikitext text/x-wiki <mainpage-leftcolumn-start /> <div style="text-align: center; font-size: x-large; padding: 1em;">'''Welcome to the {{SITENAME}}!'''</div> We're a collaborative community website about {{topic}} that anyone, including you, can build and expand. 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Visit [[w:c:community|Fandom's Community Central]]! ''Community Founders'': Write a good and paragraph-length description for your welcome section about your topic. Let your readers know what your topic is about and add some general information about it. Then you should visit [[Special:AdminDashboard|the admin dashboard for more tips]]. <mainpage-endcolumn /> [[Category:{{SITENAME}}]] n7jhcxb3u27ru0lq3n6n040y78zsbgf 165 143 2025-01-20T01:04:57Z Kl8876883 28775193 165 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Play a little game .webp|thumb]] {{American Revolution sidebar}} The '''Declaration of Independence''', formally titled '''The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen {{not a typo|united}} States of America''' in the engrossed version and original printing, is the founding document of the [[United States]]. On July 4, 1776, it was adopted unanimously by the 56 delegates to the [[Second Continental Congress]], who convened at Pennsylvania State House, later renamed [[Independence Hall]], in the [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial era]] capital of [[Philadelphia]]. These delegates became known as the nation's [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]]. The Declaration explains why the [[Thirteen Colonies]] regarded themselves as independent sovereign states no longer subject to [[British colonization of the Americas|British colonial]] rule, and has become one of the most circulated, reprinted, and influential documents in history. [[File:Me when the first episode .jpg|thumb]] The Second Continental Congress charged the [[Committee of Five]], including [[John Adams]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Robert R. Livingston]], and [[Roger Sherman]], with authoring the Declaration. Adams, a leading proponent of independence, persuaded the Committee to charge Jefferson with writing the document's original draft, which the Second Continental Congress then edited. Jefferson largely wrote the Declaration in isolation between 11-28 June 1776, from the home he was renting at 700 [[Market Street (Philadelphia)|Market Street]] in Philadelphia. The Declaration was a formal explanation of why the Continental Congress voted to declare American independence from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], over a year after the [[American Revolutionary War]] commenced with the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]], in April 1775. Two days prior to the Declaration's adoption, the Second Continental Congress passed the [[Lee Resolution]], which established the consensus of the Congress that the British had no governing authority over the Thirteen Colonies. The Declaration justified the independence of the United States by listing [[Grievances of the United States Declaration of Independence|27 colonial grievances]] against [[George III|King George III]] and by asserting certain natural and legal rights, including a right of revolution. [[File:IPhones 📲 have the most powerful .jpg|thumb]] After unanimously ratifying the text, Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms. It was published as the printed [[Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence#Dunlap broadside|Dunlap broadside]], which was widely distributed. The Declaration was first read to the public simultaneously at noon on July 8, 1776, in three exclusively designated locations: [[Easton, Pennsylvania]]; Philadelphia; and [[Trenton, New Jersey]].<ref>[https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=86216 "The Declaration of Independence in Easton"]</ref> What Jefferson called his "original Rough draft", one of several revisions,<ref name="journals.psu.edu" /> is preserved at the [[Library of Congress]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], complete with changes made by Adams and Franklin, and Jefferson's notes of changes made by Congress. The best-known version is the signed copy displayed at the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] in Washington, D.C., popularly regarded as the official document; this copy, [[Western calligraphy|engrossed]] by [[Timothy Matlack]], was ordered by Congress on July 19, and signed primarily on August 2, 1776.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2005/nr05-83.html|title=Did You Know ... Independence Day Should Actually Be July 2?|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|date=June 1, 2005|access-date=July 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626044314/http://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2005/nr05-83.html|archive-date=June 26, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_history.html | title=The Declaration of Independence: A History | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917142419/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_history.html| archive-date=September 17, 2008 |date=January 17, 2010 | publisher=The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration | access-date=January 15, 2022}}</ref> The 56 delegates who signed the Declaration represented each of the [[Thirteen Colonies]]. [[File:Ion like 👍🏾 this one ☝️ .jpg|thumb]] The Declaration inspired many similar documents, the first being the 1789 ''Declaration of [[United Belgian States]]'' issued during the [[Brabant Revolution]] in the [[Austrian Netherlands]]. It served as the primary model for numerous declarations of independence in [[Europe]], [[Latin America]], [[Africa]], and [[Oceania]] following its adoption.<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|page=113}} The Declaration has proven an influential and globally impactful statement on human rights, particularly its second sentence: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that [[all men are created equal]], that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are [[Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness]]." Stephen Lucas called the Declaration of Independence "one of the best-known sentences in the English language."<ref>{{cite book | first=Stephen E. | last=Lucas | chapter=Justifying America: The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document | editor-first=Thomas W. | editor-last=Benson | title=American Rhetoric: Context and Criticism | location=Carbondale, Illinois | publisher=Southern Illinois University Press | date=1989 | page=85}}</ref> Historian [[Joseph Ellis]] wrote that it contains "the most potent and consequential words in American history".<ref name="American Creation">{{cite book | author-link=Joseph Ellis | first=Joseph | last=Ellis | title=American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic | location=New York | publisher=Knopf | date=2007 | isbn=978-0-307-26369-8 | pages=55–56}}</ref> The passage came to represent a moral standard to which the United States should strive. This view was notably promoted by [[Abraham Lincoln]], who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy and argued that it is a statement of principles through which the [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]] should be interpreted.<ref name="Second AR">{{cite book | last=McPherson | first=James | title=Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=1991 | isbn=0-19-505542-X}}</ref>{{rp|page=126}} In 1863, following the [[Battle of Gettysburg]], the bloodiest battle of the [[American Civil War]], Lincoln made the Declaration the centerpiece of his [[Gettysburg Address]], an enduring 271-word statement dedicating [[Gettysburg National Cemetery]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hirsch|first1=David |title=The ultimate guide to the Declaration of Independence |date=2017 |first2=Dan |last2=Van Haften |isbn=978-1-61121-374-4 |edition=First |location=El Dorado Hills, California |oclc=990127604}}</ref> [[File:Please don’t be a jerk and just .jpg|thumb]] ==Background== [[File:Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800)(cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Jefferson]], the principal author of the Declaration, largely wrote the first draft of the Declaration in isolation between June 11, 1776, and June 28, 1776, from the second floor of a three-story home he was renting at 700 [[Market Street (Philadelphia)|Market Street]] in [[Philadelphia]]]] {{blockquote|text=Believe me, dear Sir: there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do. But, by the God that made me, I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose; and in this, I think I speak the sentiments of America.|sign=[[Thomas Jefferson]], November 29, 1775<ref>Hazelton, ''Declaration History'', 19.</ref>}} [[File:Play a little game and I’ll .webp|thumb]] By the time the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776, the [[Thirteen Colonies]] and Great Britain had been at war for more than a year. Relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763. [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies, such as the [[Stamp Act 1765|Stamp Act of 1765]] and the [[Townshend Acts]] of 1767. Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the [[British Empire]].<ref>Christie and Labaree, ''Empire or Independence'', 31.</ref> [[File:Don roiled his own .jpg|thumb]] Many colonists, however, had developed a different perspective of the empire. The colonies were not directly represented in Parliament, and colonists argued that Parliament had [[No taxation without representation|no right to levy taxes]] upon them. This tax dispute was part of a larger divergence between British and American interpretations of the [[Constitution of the United Kingdom|British Constitution]] and the extent of Parliament's authority in the colonies.<ref name="Ideological Origins">{{cite book | author-link=Bernard Bailyn | first=Bernard | last=Bailyn | title=The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution | edition=Enlarged | orig-date=1967 | publisher=Harvard University Press | date=1992 | isbn=0-674-44302-0}}</ref>{{rp|page=162}} The orthodox British view, dating from the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688, was that Parliament was the [[Parliamentary sovereignty|supreme authority]] throughout the empire, and anything that Parliament did was constitutional.<ref name="Ideological Origins"/>{{rp|pages=200–202}} In the colonies, however, the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain [[Natural rights and legal rights|fundamental rights]] that no government could violate, including Parliament.<ref name="Ideological Origins"/>{{rp|pages=180–182}} After the Townshend Acts, some essayists questioned whether Parliament had any [[Legitimacy (political)|legitimate]] jurisdiction in the colonies.<ref>Middlekauff, ''Glorious Cause'', 241.</ref> As a result of this ideological shift in the colonies, many colonialists participated in tax protests against the Royal authority such as the [[Pine Tree Riot]] in 1772 and the [[Boston Tea Party]] in 1773.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murrow |first=Pamela |date=2013-02-04 |title=The Pine Tree Riot |url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2013/02/the-pine-tree-riot/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Journal of the American Revolution |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Weare NH Historical Society |url=http://www.wearehistoricalsociety.org/pineriot.php |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.wearehistoricalsociety.org}}</ref> [[File:Ok so you are a little bit of an .jpg|thumb]] Anticipating the arrangement of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]], by 1774 American writers such as [[Samuel Adams]], [[James Wilson (Founding Father)|James Wilson]], and Thomas Jefferson argued that Parliament was the legislature of Great Britain only, and that the colonies, which had their own legislatures, were connected to the rest of the empire only through their allegiance to the Crown.<ref name="Ideological Origins"/>{{rp|pages=224–225}}<ref>Middlekauff, ''Glorious Cause'', 241–42. The writings in question include Wilson's ''Considerations on the Authority of Parliament'' and Jefferson's ''[[A Summary View of the Rights of British America]]'' (both 1774), as well as Samuel Adams's 1768 [[Massachusetts Circular Letter|Circular Letter]].</ref> [[File:4 Of July.webp|thumb]] ===Continental Congress convenes=== {{Further|First Continental Congress|Second Continental Congress}} [[File:United States Central change 1776-07-04.png|thumb|The [[Thirteen Colonies]] as they existed on July 4, 1776, when the [[Second Continental Congress]] unanimously approved the text of the Declaration of Independence. (Most border disputes omitted. Some colonies had already declared independence; see {{section link|Territorial evolution of the United States|1776–1784 (American Revolution)}}.)]] In 1774, Parliament passed the [[Intolerable Acts|Coercive Acts]], known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies. This was intended to punish the colonists for the [[Gaspee Affair]] of 1772 and the [[Boston Tea Party]] of 1773. Many colonists considered the Coercive Acts to be in violation of the British Constitution and a threat to the liberties of all of [[British America]]. In September 1774, the [[First Continental Congress]] convened in [[Philadelphia]] to coordinate a formal response. Congress organized a [[Continental Association|boycott of British goods]] and [[Petition to the King|petitioned the king]] for repeal of the acts. These measures were unsuccessful, however, since King George and the Prime Minister, [[Frederick North, Lord North|Lord North]], were determined to enforce parliamentary supremacy over the Thirteen Colonies. In November 1774, King George, in a letter to North, wrote, "blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent".<ref>Middlekauff, ''Glorious Cause'', 168</ref><ref>Ferling, ''Leap in the Dark'', 123–24</ref> [[File:One ☝️ thing that makes sense for .jpg|thumb]] Most colonists still hoped for reconciliation with Great Britain, even after fighting began in the [[American Revolutionary War]] at [[Battles of Lexington and Concord|Lexington and Concord]] in April 1775.<ref>Hazelton, ''Declaration History'', 13</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Middlekauff, ''Glorious Cause'', 318</ref> The [[Second Continental Congress]] convened at Pennsylvania State House, later renamed [[Independence Hall]], in Philadelphia in May 1775. Some delegates supported eventual independence for the colonies, but none had yet declared it publicly, which was an act of treason punishable by death under the laws of the British monarchy at the time.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> [[File:If I was in a .jpg|thumb]] Many colonists believed that Parliament no longer had sovereignty over them, but they were still loyal to King George, thinking he would intercede on their behalf. They were disabused of that notion in late 1775, when the king rejected Congress's [[Olive Branch Petition|second petition]], issued a [[Proclamation of Rebellion]], and announced before Parliament on October 26 that he was considering "friendly offers of foreign assistance" to suppress the rebellion.<ref name="American Scripture">{{cite book | author-link=Pauline Maier | first=Pauline | last=Maier | title=American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence | location=New York | publisher=Knopf | date=1997 | isbn=0-679-45492-6}}</ref>{{rp|page=25}}<ref name="king's speech">The text of the 1775 [[Speech from the Throne|king's speech]] is [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/rbpe:@field(DOCID+@lit(rbpe1440150a)) online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119060115/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem%2Frbpe%3A%40field%28DOCID+%40lit%28rbpe1440150a%29%29 |date=January 19, 2020 }}, published by the [[American Memory]] project</ref> A pro-American minority in Parliament warned that the government was driving the colonists toward independence.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=25}} [[File:It’s the best part is I .jpg|thumb]] ===Growing support for independence=== [[File:Independence Hall Assembly Room.jpg|thumb|The Assembly Room in [[Independence Hall]] in [[Philadelphia]], where the [[Second Continental Congress]] unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence]] Despite this growing popular support for independence, the [[Second Continental Congress]] initially lacked the clear authority to declare it. Delegates had been elected to Congress by 13 different governments, which included extralegal conventions, ad hoc committees, and elected assemblies, and they were bound by the instructions given to them. Regardless of their personal opinions, delegates could not vote to declare independence unless their instructions permitted such an action.<ref>Friedenwald, ''Interpretation'', 77.</ref> Several colonies, in fact, expressly prohibited their delegates from taking any steps toward separation from Great Britain, while other delegations had instructions that were ambiguous on the issue;<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=30}} consequently, advocates of independence sought to have the Congressional instructions revised. For Congress to declare independence, a majority of delegations would need authorization to vote for it, and at least one colonial government would need to specifically instruct its delegation to propose a declaration of independence in Congress. Between April and July 1776, a "complex political war"<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=59}} was waged to bring this about.<ref name="Founding Nation">{{cite book | author-link=Merrill Jensen | first=Merrill | last=Jensen | title=The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution, 1763–1776 | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=1968}}</ref>{{rp|page=671}}<ref>Friedenwald, ''Interpretation'', 78.</ref> In January 1776, [[Thomas Paine]]'s pamphlet ''[[Common Sense]]'', which described the uphill battle against the British for independence as a challenging but achievable and necessary objective, was published in [[Philadelphia]].<ref>Rakove, ''Beginnings of National Politics'', 88–90.</ref> In ''Common Sense'', Paine wrote the famed phrase: {{Blockquote|These are the times that try men's souls; the summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country; but he that stands it ''now,'' deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.<ref>Christie and Labaree, ''Empire or Independence'', 270</ref><ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=31–32}} }}''Common Sense'' made a persuasive, impassioned case for independence, which had not been given serious consideration in the colonies. Paine linked independence with Protestant beliefs, as a means to present a distinctly American political identity, and he initiated open debate on a topic few had dared to discuss.<ref>Rakove, ''Beginnings of National Politics'', 89</ref><ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=33}} As ''Common Sense'' was circulated throughout the [[Thirteen Colonies]], public support for independence from Great Britain steadily increased. After reading it, [[George Washington|Washington]] ordered that it be read by his [[Continental Army]] troops, who were demoralized following recent military defeats. A week later, [[George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River|Washington led the crossing of the Delaware]] in one of the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]'s most complex and daring military campaigns, resulting in a much-needed military victory in the [[Battle of Trenton]] against a [[Hessian (soldier)|Hessian]] military garrison at [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]].<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=33–34}} ''Common Sense'' was sold and distributed widely and read aloud at taverns and meeting places. In proportion to the population of the colonies at that time (2.5 million), it had the largest sale and circulation of any book published in American history.<ref name="Conway">{{Harvp|Conway|1893}}</ref> As of 2006, it remains the all-time best-selling American title and is still in print today.<ref>{{harvp|Kaye|2005|p=43}}.</ref> While some colonists still hoped for reconciliation, public support for independence strengthened considerably in early 1776. In February 1776, colonists learned of Parliament's passage of the [[Prohibitory Act]], which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels. [[John Adams]], a strong supporter of independence, believed that Parliament had effectively declared American independence before Congress had been able to. Adams labeled the Prohibitory Act the "Act of Independency", calling it "a compleat<!-- sic --> Dismemberment of the British Empire".<ref>Hazelton, ''Declaration History'', 209</ref><ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=25–27}} Support for declaring independence grew even more when it was confirmed that King George had hired German mercenaries to use against his American subjects.<ref>Friedenwald, ''Interpretation'', 67.</ref> ===Revising instructions=== In the campaign to revise Congressional instructions, many Americans formally expressed their support for separation from Great Britain in what were effectively state and local declarations of independence. Historian [[Pauline Maier]] identifies more than ninety such declarations that were issued throughout the Thirteen Colonies from April to July 1776.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=48,Appendix A}} These "declarations" took a variety of forms. Some were formal written instructions for Congressional delegations, such as the [[Halifax Resolves]] of April 12, with which North Carolina became the first colony to explicitly authorize its delegates to vote for independence.<ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|pages=678–679}} Others were legislative acts that officially ended British rule in individual colonies, such as the Rhode Island legislature renouncing its allegiance to Great Britain on May 4—the first colony to do so.<ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|page=679}}<ref>Friedenwald, ''Interpretation'', 92–93.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sos.ri.gov/divisions/Civics-And-Education/ri-history/archives-treasures/renunciation |title=Treasures from the Archives: The Act of Renunciation |website=Rhode Island Department of State |access-date=July 29, 2019 |quote=Rhode Island was the first colony to renounce allegiance to Great Britain's King George III by an official legislative act. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729150525/http://sos.ri.gov/divisions/Civics-And-Education/ri-history/archives-treasures/renunciation |archive-date=July 29, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many declarations were resolutions adopted at town or county meetings that offered support for independence. A few came in the form of jury instructions, such as the statement issued on April 23, 1776, by Chief Justice [[William Henry Drayton]] of South Carolina: "the law of the land authorizes me to declare ... that ''George'' the Third, King of ''Great Britain'' ... has no authority over us, and we owe no obedience to him."<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=69–72}} Most of these declarations are now obscure, having been overshadowed by the resolution for independence, approved by Congress on July 2, and the declaration of independence, approved and printed on July 4 and signed in August.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=48}} The modern scholarly consensus is that the best-known and earliest of the local declarations is most likely inauthentic, the [[Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence]], allegedly adopted in May 1775 (a full year before other local declarations).<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=174}} Some colonies held back from endorsing independence. Resistance was centered in the [[Middle Colonies|middle colonies]] of New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Advocates of independence saw Pennsylvania as the key; if that colony could be converted to the pro-independence cause, it was believed that the others would follow.<ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|page=682}} On May 1, however, opponents of independence retained control of the [[Province of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania Assembly]] in a special election that had focused on the question of independence.<ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|page=683}} In response, Congress passed a resolution on May 10 which had been promoted by John Adams and [[Richard Henry Lee]], calling on colonies without a "government sufficient to the [[wikt:exigency|exigencies]] of their affairs" to adopt new governments.<ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|page=684}}<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=37}}<ref name="May 10 resolve">{{cite web | url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc004109)): | title=Journals of the Continental Congress | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329080755/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r%3Fammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID%2B@lit(jc004109)): | archive-date=March 29, 2019 | date=March 29, 2019 }}</ref> The resolution passed unanimously, and was even supported by Pennsylvania's [[John Dickinson]], the leader of the anti-independence faction in Congress, who believed that it did not apply to his colony.<ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|page=684}} ===May 15 preamble=== {{quote box|align=right|width=30em|quote=This Day the Congress has passed the most important Resolution, that ever was taken in America.|source=—John Adams, May 15, 1776<ref>Burnett, ''Continental Congress'', 159. The text of Adams's letter is [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(dg003624)):: online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329081130/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r%3Fammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID%2B@lit(dg003624)):: |date=March 29, 2019 }}.</ref>}} As was the custom, Congress appointed a committee to draft a [[preamble]] to explain the purpose of the resolution. [[John Adams]] wrote the preamble, which stated that because King George had rejected reconciliation and was hiring foreign mercenaries to use against the colonies, "it is necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority under the said crown should be totally suppressed".<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=37}}<ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|page=684}}<ref>May 15 preamble [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc004113)) ''Journals of the Continental Congress''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329081130/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r%3Fammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID%2B@lit(jc004113)) |date=March 29, 2019 }}.</ref> Adams' preamble was meant to encourage the overthrow of the governments of [[Province of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] and [[Province of Maryland|Maryland]], which were still under [[proprietary colony|proprietary]] governance.<ref>Rakove, ''National Politics'', 96</ref><ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|page=684}}<ref>Friedenwald, ''Interpretation'', 94.</ref> Congress passed the preamble on May 15 after several days of debate, but four of the middle colonies voted against it, and the Maryland delegation walked out in protest.<ref>Rakove, ''National Politics'', 97</ref><ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|page=685}} Adams regarded his May 15 preamble effectively as an American declaration of independence, although a formal declaration would still have to be made.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=38}} ===Lee Resolution=== {{main|Lee Resolution}} On the same day that Congress passed Adams' preamble, the [[Fifth Virginia Convention|Virginia Convention]] set the stage for a formal Congressional declaration of independence. On May 15, the Convention instructed Virginia's congressional delegation "to propose to that respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent States, absolved from all allegiance to, or dependence upon, the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain".<ref>Boyd, ''Evolution'', 18</ref><ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=63}}<ref>The text of the May 15 Virginia resolution is [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/const/const02.htm online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620032827/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/const/const02.htm |date=June 20, 2008 }} at Yale Law School's Avalon Project.</ref> In accordance with those instructions, [[Richard Henry Lee]] of Virginia presented a [[Lee Resolution|three-part resolution]] to Congress on June 7.<ref>{{cite web|url={{wdl|109}} |last=Jefferson |first=Thomas |date=July 4, 1776 |title=Declaration of Independence. In Congress, July 4, 1776, a Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled |work=World Digital Library |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=July 1, 2013 }}</ref> The motion was seconded by John Adams, calling on Congress to declare independence, form foreign alliances, and prepare a plan of colonial confederation. The part of the resolution relating to declaring independence read: "Resolved, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved."<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=41}}<ref name="Boyd, Evolution, 19">Boyd, ''Evolution'', 19.</ref> Lee's resolution met with resistance in the ensuing debate. Opponents of the resolution conceded that reconciliation was unlikely with Great Britain, while arguing that declaring independence was premature, and that securing foreign aid should take priority.<ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|pages=689–690}}<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=42}} Advocates of the resolution countered that foreign governments would not intervene in an internal British struggle, and so a formal declaration of independence was needed before foreign aid was possible. All Congress needed to do, they insisted, was to "declare a fact which already exists".<ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|page=689}}<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|pages=33–34}}<ref>Boyd, ''Papers of Jefferson'', 1:311</ref> Delegates from Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland, and New York were still not yet authorized to vote for independence, however, and some of them threatened to leave Congress if the resolution were adopted. Congress, therefore, voted on June 10 to postpone further discussion of Lee's resolution for three weeks.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=42–43}}<ref>Friedenwald, ''Interpretation'', 106.</ref> Until then, Congress decided that a committee should prepare a document announcing and explaining independence in case Lee's resolution was approved when it was brought up again in July. ===Final push=== [[File:Writing the Declaration of Independence 1776 cph.3g09904.jpg|thumb|upright=1|''Writing the Declaration of Independence, 1776'', a 1900 portrait by [[Jean Leon Gerome Ferris]] depicting [[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin]], [[John Adams|Adams]], and [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] [[Committee of Five|working on the Declaration]]<ref>Dupont and Onuf, 3.</ref>]] Support for a Congressional declaration of independence was consolidated in the final weeks of June 1776. On June 14, the Connecticut Assembly instructed its delegates to propose independence and, the following day, the legislatures of New Hampshire and Delaware authorized their delegates to declare independence.<ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|pages=691–692}} In Pennsylvania, political struggles ended with the dissolution of the colonial assembly, and a new Conference of Committees under [[Thomas McKean]] authorized Pennsylvania's delegates to declare independence on June 18.<ref>Friedenwald, ''Interpretation'', 106–07</ref><ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|page=691}} The [[Provincial Congress of New Jersey]] had been governing the province since January 1776; they resolved on June 15 that [[Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies|Royal Governor]] [[William Franklin]] was "an enemy to the liberties of this country" and had him arrested.<ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|page=692}} On June 21, they chose new delegates to Congress and empowered them to join in a declaration of independence.<ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|page=693}} As of the end of June, only two of the thirteen colonies had yet to authorize independence, Maryland and New York. Maryland's delegates previously walked out when the Continental Congress adopted Adams' May 15 preamble, and had sent to the [[Annapolis Convention (1774–1776)|Annapolis Convention]] for instructions.<ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|page=694}} On May 20, the Annapolis Convention rejected Adams' preamble, instructing its delegates to remain against independence. But [[Samuel Chase]] went to Maryland and, thanks to local resolutions in favor of independence, was able to get the Annapolis Convention to change its mind on June 28.<ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|pages=694–696}}<ref>Friedenwald, ''Interpretation'', 96</ref><ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=68}} Only the New York delegates were unable to get revised instructions. When Congress had been considering the resolution of independence on June 8, the [[New York Provincial Congress]] told the delegates to wait.<ref>Friedenwald, ''Interpretation'', 118</ref><ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|page=698}} But on June 30, the Provincial Congress evacuated New York as British forces approached, and would not convene again until July 10. This meant that New York's delegates would not be authorized to declare independence until after Congress had made its decision.<ref>Friedenwald, ''Interpretation'', 119–20.</ref> ==Draft and adoption== {{main|Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence}} [[File:Jefferson's+deskdetail.jpg|thumb|The portable writing desk on which [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] drafted the Declaration of Independence]] [[File:Declaration House Graff House.jpg|thumb|Declaration House, the reconstructed boarding house at [[Market Street (Philadelphia)|Market]] and South 7th Streets in [[Philadelphia]], where Jefferson wrote the Declaration]] [[File:US-original-Declaration-1776.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The opening of the Declaration's original printing on July 4, 1776, under [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]]'s supervision. The engrossed copy signed in August had slightly different phrasing of the opening lines, and pointedly added the word "unanimous".<ref name="journals.psu.edu">Julian P. Boyd, [http://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/43289/43010 "The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212073815/http://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/43289/43010 |date=February 12, 2015 }}. ''[[Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography]]'' 100, number 4 (October 1976), p. 456.</ref>]] [[File:David Filippo Mazzei.jpg|thumb|[[Filippo Mazzei]], an Italian physician, philosopher, diplomat, and author, whose phrase "All men are by nature equally free and independent" was incorporated into the United States Declaration of Independence<ref name="Gazette"/><ref name="Kennedy"/><ref name="Resolution"/>]] Political maneuvering was setting the stage for an official declaration of independence even while a document was being written to explain the decision. On June 11, 1776, Congress appointed the [[Committee of Five]] to draft a declaration, including [[John Adams]] of Massachusetts, [[Benjamin Franklin]] of Pennsylvania, [[Thomas Jefferson]] of Virginia, [[Robert R. Livingston]] of New York, and [[Roger Sherman]] of Connecticut. The committee took no minutes, so there is some uncertainty about how the drafting process proceeded; contradictory accounts were written many years later by Jefferson and Adams, too many years to be regarded as entirely reliable, although their accounts are frequently cited.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=97–105}}<ref>Boyd, ''Evolution'', 21.</ref> What is certain is that the committee discussed the general outline which the document should follow and decided that Jefferson would write the first draft.<ref>Boyd, ''Evolution'', 22.</ref> The committee in general, and Jefferson in particular, thought that Adams should write the document, but Adams persuaded them to choose Jefferson and promised to consult with him personally.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/revolution/revolution_declaringindependence.cfm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504103803/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/revolution/revolution_declaringindependence.cfm | archive-date=May 4, 2015 | date=May 4, 2015 | work=Digital History | title=Explorations: The Revolution | publisher=University of Houston | access-date=January 15, 2022 | quote=From Adams's notes: "Why will you not? You ought to do it." "I will not." "Why?" "Reasons enough." "What can be your reasons?" "Reason first, you are a Virginian, and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business. Reason second, I am obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular. You are very much otherwise. Reason third, you can write ten times better than I can." "Well," said Jefferson, "if you are decided, I will do as well as I can." "Very well. When you have drawn it up, we will have a meeting."}}</ref> Jefferson largely wrote the Declaration of Independence in isolation between June 11, 1776, and June 28, 1776, from the second floor of a three-story home he was renting at 700 [[Market Street (Philadelphia)|Market Street]] in [[Philadelphia]], now called the Declaration House and within walking distance of [[Independence Hall]].<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/inde/planyourvisit/declarationhouse.htm "Visit the Declaration House"], [[National Park Service]] official website</ref> Considering Congress's busy schedule, Jefferson probably had limited time for writing over these 17 days, and he likely wrote his first draft quickly.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=104}} Examination of the text of the early Declaration drafts reflects the influence that [[John Locke]] and [[Thomas Paine]], author of ''[[Common Sense]]'' had on Jefferson. He then consulted the other members of the Committee of Five who offered minor changes, and then produced another copy incorporating these alterations. The committee presented this copy to the Congress on June 28, 1776. The title of the document was "A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled."<ref name="Becker Declaration"/>{{rp|page=4}} [[Filippo Mazzei]], an Italian physician, was a close friend and confidant of Thomas Jefferson. In 1774 he published a pamphlet containing the phrase, which Jefferson incorporated essentially intact into the Declaration of Independence: "All men are by nature equally free and independent".<ref name="Gazette">Filippo Mazzei, ''[[The Virginia Gazette]]'', 1774. Translated by a friend and neighbor, Thomas Jefferson:<br>{{blockquote|''Tutti gli uomini sono per natura egualmente liberi e indipendenti. Quest'eguaglianza è necessaria per costituire un governo libero. Bisogna che ognuno sia uguale all'altro nel diritto naturale.''}}Translated by Jefferson as follow:{{blockquote|All men are by nature equally free and independent. Such equality is necessary in order to create a free government.<br> All men must be equal to each other in natural law}}</ref><ref name="Kennedy">{{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=John F.| author-link =John F. Kennedy |year=2008|title=[[A Nation of Immigrants]]|publisher=Perennial|pages=15–16|isbn=978-0061447549|quote=The great doctrine 'All men are created equal' and incorporated into the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson, was paraphrased from the writing of Philip Mazzei, an Italian-born patriot and pamphleteer, who was a close friend of Jefferson. A few alleged scholars try to discredit Mazzei as the creator of this statement and idea, saying that "there is no mention of it anywhere until after the Declaration was published". This phrase appears in Italian in Mazzei's own hand, written in Italian, several years prior to the writing of the Declaration of Independence. Mazzei and Jefferson often exchanged ideas about true liberty and freedom. No one man can take complete credit for the ideals of American democracy.}}.</ref><ref name="Resolution">According to [http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=103_cong_bills&docid=f:hj175eh.pdfJoint Resolution 175 of the 103rd Congress]: the phrase in the Declaration of Independence 'All men are created equal', was suggested by the Italian patriot and immigrant Filippo Mazzei.</ref> Congress ordered that the draft "lie on the table"<ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|page=701}} and then methodically edited Jefferson's primary document for the next two days, shortening it by a fourth, removing unnecessary wording, and improving sentence structure.<ref name="Ferling (2000), pp. 131–137"/> They removed Jefferson's assertion that King George III had forced [[Slavery in the colonial United States|slavery]] onto the colonies,<ref name="shiplerreport.blogspot.com">[[David K. Shipler|Shipler, David K.]], ''[https://shiplerreport.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-paragraph-missing-from-declaration.html The Paragraph Missing From The Declaration of Independence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708172710/https://shiplerreport.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-paragraph-missing-from-declaration.html |date=July 8, 2020 }}'', The Shipler Report, July 4, 2020</ref> in order to moderate the document and appease those in South Carolina and Georgia, both states which had significant involvement in the [[Atlantic slave trade|slave trade]]. Jefferson later wrote in his autobiography that Northern states were also supportive towards the clauses removal, "for though their people had very few slaves themselves, yet they had been pretty considerable carriers of them to others."<ref>{{cite web |title=A Closer Look at Jefferson's Declaration |url=https://www.nypl.org/blog/2012/07/02/closer-look-jeffersons-declaration |website=[[New York Public Library]] |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref> Jefferson wrote that Congress had "mangled" his draft version, but the Declaration that was finally produced was "the majestic document that inspired both contemporaries and posterity", in the words of his biographer [[John E. Ferling|John Ferling]].<ref name="Ferling (2000), pp. 131–137">[[John E. Ferling]], ''Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution'', Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-513409-4}}. {{OCLC|468591593}}, pp. 131–37</ref> Congress tabled the draft of the declaration on Monday, July 1 and resolved itself into a [[committee of the whole]], with [[Benjamin Harrison V|Benjamin Harrison]] of Virginia presiding, and they resumed debate on Lee's resolution of independence.<ref>Burnett, ''Continental Congress'', 181.</ref> [[John Dickinson]] made one last effort to delay the decision, arguing that Congress should not declare independence without first securing a foreign alliance and finalizing the [[Articles of Confederation]].<ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|page=699}} John Adams gave a speech in reply to Dickinson, restating the case for an immediate declaration. A vote was taken after a long day of speeches, each colony casting a single vote, as always. The delegation for each colony numbered from two to seven members, and each delegation voted among themselves to determine the colony's vote. Pennsylvania and South Carolina voted against declaring independence. The New York delegation abstained, lacking permission to vote for independence. Delaware cast no vote because the delegation was split between [[Thomas McKean]], who voted yes, and [[George Read (American politician, born 1733)|George Read]], who voted no. The remaining nine delegations voted in favor of independence, which meant that the resolution had been approved by the committee of the whole. The next step was for the resolution to be voted upon by Congress itself. [[Edward Rutledge]] of South Carolina was opposed to Lee's resolution but desirous of unanimity, and he moved that the vote be postponed until the following day.<ref>Burnett, ''Continental Congress'', 182</ref><ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|page=700}} On July 2, South Carolina reversed its position and voted for independence. In the Pennsylvania delegation, Dickinson and [[Robert Morris (financier)|Robert Morris]] abstained, allowing the delegation to vote three-to-two in favor of independence. The tie in the Delaware delegation was broken by the timely arrival of [[Caesar Rodney]], who voted for independence. The New York delegation abstained once again since they were still not authorized to vote for independence, although they were allowed to do so a week later by the [[New York Provincial Congress]].<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=45}} The resolution of independence was adopted with twelve affirmative votes and one abstention, and the colonies formally severed political ties with Great Britain.<ref name="Boyd, Evolution, 19"/> John Adams wrote to his wife on the following day and predicted that July 2 would become a great American holiday<ref name="Founding Nation"/>{{rp|pages=703–704}} He thought that the vote for independence would be commemorated; he did not foresee that Americans would instead celebrate [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]] on the date when the announcement of that act was finalized.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=160–161}} <blockquote>I am apt to believe that [Independence Day] will be celebrated, by succeeding Generations, as the great anniversary Festival. It ought to be commemorated, as the Day of Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade, with shews, Games, Sports, Guns, Bells, Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more.<ref>As quoted in {{cite book|last=Adams|first=John|title=My Dearest Friend: Letters of Abigail and John Adams|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTzX2ROPOCwC|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02606-3|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vTzX2ROPOCwC&dq=%22I+am+apt+to+believe%22&pg=PA125 125]}} </ref></blockquote> Congress next turned its attention to the committee's draft of the declaration. They made a few changes in wording during several days of debate and deleted nearly a fourth of the text. The wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved on July 4, 1776, and sent to the printer for publication. There is a distinct change in wording from this original broadside printing of the Declaration and the final official engrossed copy. The word "unanimous" was inserted as a result of a Congressional resolution passed on July 19, 1776: "Resolved, That the Declaration passed on the 4th, be fairly engrossed on parchment, with the title and stile of 'The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America,' and that the same, when engrossed, be signed by every member of Congress."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00538)):|title=Journals of the Continental Congress – Friday, July 19, 1776|website=memory.loc.gov|access-date=April 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122150729/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem%2Fhlaw%3A%40field%28DOCID+%40lit%28jc00538%29%29%3A|archive-date=January 22, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Historian [[George Athan Billias]] says: "Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence: the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status. America thus became a member of the international community, which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances, a military ally in diplomacy, and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis."<ref>George Billias ''American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World, 1776–1989'' (2011) p 17.</ref> ==Annotated text of the engrossed declaration== The declaration is not divided into formal sections; but it is often discussed as consisting of five parts: ''introduction'', ''preamble'', ''indictment'' of King George III, ''denunciation'' of the British people, and ''conclusion''.<ref name="Lucas">{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_style.html|title=The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence|last=Lucas|first=Stephen E.|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|access-date=July 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630232450/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_style.html|archive-date=June 30, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" |- | valign=top | {{anchor|Introduction}}'''Introduction'''<br /><br /> Asserts as a matter of Natural Law the ability of a people to assume political independence; acknowledges that the grounds for such independence must be reasonable, and therefore explicable, and ought to be explained. | {{center|In CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.}}<br /> {{center|The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America,}} "When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the [[Natural law|Laws of Nature]] and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript|title=Declaration of Independence: A Transcription|date=November 1, 2015|website=National Archives|access-date=July 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706173513/https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript|archive-date=July 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- | valign=top | {{anchor|Preamble}}'''Preamble'''<br /><br /> Outlines a general philosophy of government that justifies revolution when government harms natural rights.<ref name="Lucas" /> | "We hold these truths to be [[self-evident]], that [[all men are created equal]], that they are endowed by their [[Creator deity|Creator]] with certain [[Inalienable rights|unalienable Rights]], that among these are [[Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness|Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness]].{{--}}That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the [[consent of the governed]],{{--}}That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the [[right to revolution|Right of the People to alter or to abolish it]], and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute [[Despotism]], it is their right, it is their duty, to [[Revolution#Political and socioeconomic revolutions|throw off such Government]], and to provide new Guards for their future security." |- | valign=top | {{anchor|Indictment}}'''Indictment'''<br /><br /> A [[Grievances of the United States Declaration of Independence|bill of grievances]] documenting the king's "repeated injuries and usurpations" of the Americans' rights and liberties.<ref name="Lucas" /> | "Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. "He has refused his [[Royal assent|Assent to Laws]], the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. "He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. "He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. "He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. "He has [[Legislative session|dissolved]] Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people. "He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. "He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the [[Plantation Act 1740|Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners]]; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands. "He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers. "He has made [[Judicial independence|Judges dependent]] on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. "He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. "He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures. "He has affected to render the Military [[Civilian control of the military|independent of and superior to the Civil Power]]. "He has combined with others to subject us to a [[Parliament of Great Britain|jurisdiction foreign to our constitution]], and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: "For [[Quartering Acts|quartering]] large bodies of armed troops among us: "For protecting them, by a [[Kangaroo court|mock Trial]] from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: "For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world: "For [[No taxation without representation|imposing Taxes on us without our Consent]]: "For depriving us in many cases, of the benefit of [[Jury trial|Trial by Jury]]: "For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences: "For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a [[Quebec Act|neighbouring Province]], establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies: "For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws and [[Massachusetts Government Act|altering fundamentally]] the Forms of our Governments: "For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. "He has abdicated Government here, by [[Proclamation of Rebellion|declaring]] us out of his Protection and [[Prohibitory Act|waging War]] against us. "He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. "He is at this time transporting large Armies of [[Hessian (soldier)|foreign Mercenaries]] to compleat the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. "He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to [[Impressment|bear Arms against their Country]], to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. "He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the [[Stereotypes of indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States|merciless Indian Savages]] whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. "In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a [[Tyrant]], is unfit to be the ruler of a free people." |- | valign=top | {{anchor}}'''Failed warnings'''<br /><br /> Describes the colonists' attempts to inform and warn the British people of the king's injustice, and the British people's failure to act. Even so, it affirms the colonists' ties to the British as "brethren."<ref name="Lucas" /> | "Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity." |- | valign=top | {{anchor|Denunciation}}'''Denunciation'''<br /><br /> This section essentially finishes the case for independence. The conditions that justified revolution have been shown.<ref name="Lucas" /> | "We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends." |- | valign=top | {{anchor|Conclusion}}'''Conclusion'''<br /><br /> The signers assert that there exist conditions under which people must change their government, that the British have produced such conditions and, by necessity, the colonies must throw off political ties with the British Crown and become independent states. The conclusion contains, at its core, the [[Lee Resolution]] that had been passed on July 2. | "We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in [[Second Continental Congress|General Congress]], Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and [[Lee Resolution|declare]], That these united Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent [[Sovereign state|States]]; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor." |- | valign=top | {{anchor|Signatures}}'''Signatures'''<br /><br /> The first and most famous signature on the engrossed copy was that of [[John Hancock]], President of the Continental Congress. Two future presidents ([[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[John Adams]]) and a father and great-grandfather of two other presidents ([[Benjamin Harrison V]]) were among the signatories. [[Edward Rutledge]] (age 26) was the youngest signer, and [[Benjamin Franklin]] (age 70) was the oldest signer. The fifty-six signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows (from north to south):<ref>{{cite web|title=Index of Signers by State|publisher=ushistory.org – Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia|url=http://www.ushistory.org/Declaration/signers/index.htm|access-date=October 12, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929123110/http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/index.htm|archive-date=September 29, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> | {{plainlist | * ''[[Province of New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]'': [[Josiah Bartlett]], [[William Whipple]], [[Matthew Thornton]] * ''[[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts]]'': [[Samuel Adams]], [[John Adams]], [[John Hancock]], [[Robert Treat Paine]], [[Elbridge Gerry]] * ''[[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations|Rhode Island]]'': [[Stephen Hopkins (politician)|Stephen Hopkins]], [[William Ellery]] * ''[[Connecticut Colony|Connecticut]]'': [[Roger Sherman]], [[Samuel Huntington (statesman)|Samuel Huntington]], [[William Williams (signer)|William Williams]], [[Oliver Wolcott]] * ''[[Province of New York|New York]]'': [[William Floyd]], [[Philip Livingston]], [[Francis Lewis]], [[Lewis Morris]] * ''[[Province of New Jersey|New Jersey]]'': [[Richard Stockton (1730-1781)|Richard Stockton]], [[John Witherspoon]], [[Francis Hopkinson]], [[John Hart (New Jersey politician)|John Hart]], [[Abraham Clark]] * ''[[Province of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]'': [[Robert Morris (merchant)|Robert Morris]], [[Benjamin Rush]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[John Morton (Pennsylvania)|John Morton]], [[George Clymer]], [[James Smith (political figure)|James Smith]], [[George Taylor (Pennsylvania politician)|George Taylor]], [[James Wilson (Founding Father)|James Wilson]], [[George Ross (delegate)|George Ross]] * ''[[Delaware Colony|Delaware]]'': [[George Read (signer)|George Read]], [[Caesar Rodney]], [[Thomas McKean]] * ''[[Province of Maryland|Maryland]]'': [[Samuel Chase]], [[William Paca]], [[Thomas Stone]], [[Charles Carroll of Carrollton]] * ''[[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]]'': [[George Wythe]], [[Richard Henry Lee]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Benjamin Harrison V|Benjamin Harrison]], [[Thomas Nelson Jr.]], [[Francis Lightfoot Lee]], [[Carter Braxton]] * ''[[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]]'': [[William Hooper]], [[Joseph Hewes]], [[John Penn (delegate)|John Penn]] * ''[[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]]'': [[Edward Rutledge]], [[Thomas Heyward Jr.]], [[Thomas Lynch Jr.]], [[Arthur Middleton]] * ''[[Province of Georgia|Georgia]]'': [[Button Gwinnett]], [[Lyman Hall]], [[George Walton]] }} |} The version of the signed document that people saw at the time was also signed by [[Mary Katherine Goddard]]. She was the [[postmaster]] of [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]] and was tasked by the Continental Congress with printing the signed Declaration. Her normal signature, in her capacity as the owner of the [[Maryland Journal]], was "M.K. Goddard," but she signed the Declaration of Independence with her full name.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://getpocket.com/explore/item/mary-katharine-goddard-the-woman-who-signed-the-declaration-of-independence|title=Mary Katharine Goddard, the Woman Who Signed the Declaration of Independence|last=Trickey|first=Erick|access-date=July 12, 2024}}</ref> ==Influences and legal status== [[File:JohnLocke.png|thumb|upright=1|A 1697 portrait of English political philosopher [[John Locke]]]] Historians have often sought to identify the sources that most influenced the words and [[political philosophy]] of the Declaration of Independence. By Jefferson's own admission, the Declaration contained no original ideas, but was instead a statement of sentiments widely shared by supporters of the [[American Revolution]]. As he explained in 1825: <blockquote>Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment, nor yet copied from any particular and previous writing, it was intended to be an expression of the American mind, and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion.<ref>{{cite book | title=To Henry Lee&nbsp;– Thomas Jefferson The Works, vol. 12 (Correspondence and Papers 1816–1826; 1905) |date=May 8, 1825}}</ref></blockquote> Jefferson's most immediate sources were two documents written in June 1776: his own draft of the preamble of the [[Constitution of Virginia]], and [[George Mason]]'s draft of the [[Virginia Declaration of Rights]]. Ideas and phrases from both of these documents appear in the Declaration of Independence.<ref>Malone, ''Jefferson the Virginian'', 221</ref><ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=125–126}} Mason's opening was: <blockquote> Section 1. That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.<ref>see [http://cdn.constitutionreader.com/files/pdf/constitution/ch19.pdf "Virginia Declaration of Rights"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704190228/http://cdn.constitutionreader.com/files/pdf/constitution/ch19.pdf |date=July 4, 2021 }}</ref></blockquote> Mason was, in turn, directly influenced by the 1689 [[Bill of Rights 1689|English Declaration of Rights]], which formally ended the reign of [[James II of England|King James&nbsp;II]].<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=126–128}} During the American Revolution, Jefferson and other Americans looked to the English Declaration of Rights as a model of how to end the reign of an unjust king.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=53–57}} The Scottish [[Declaration of Arbroath]] (1320) and the Dutch [[Act of Abjuration]] (1581) have also been offered as models for Jefferson's Declaration, but these models are now accepted by few scholars. Maier found no evidence that the Dutch Act of Abjuration served as a model for the Declaration, and considers the argument "unpersuasive".<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=264}} Armitage discounts the influence of the Scottish and Dutch acts, and writes that neither was called "declarations of independence" until fairly recently.<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|pages=42–44}} Stephen E. Lucas argued in favor of the influence of the Dutch act.<ref>{{cite magazine | title=The 'Plakkaat van Verlatinge': A Neglected Model for the American Declaration of Independence | first=Stephen E. | last=Lucas | editor-first1=Rosemarijn | editor-last1=Hofte | editor-first2=Johanna C. | editor-last2=Kardux | volume=31 | date=1994 | oclc=808030037 | magazine=Connecting Cultures: The Netherlands in Five Centuries of Transatlantic Exchange | location=[[Amsterdam]] | pages=189–207}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Barbara | last=Wolff |title=Was the Declaration of Independence Inspired by the Dutch? |work=University of Wisconsin Madison News |date=June 29, 1988 |url=http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213022057/http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049 |archive-date=December 13, 2007 |access-date=July 3, 2013}}</ref> Jefferson wrote that a number of authors exerted a general influence on the words of the Declaration.<ref>Boyd, ''Evolution'', 16–17.</ref> English political theorist [[John Locke]] is usually cited as one of the primary influences, a man whom Jefferson called one of "the three greatest men that have ever lived".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm033.html |title=The Three Greatest Men |website=[[Library of Congress]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601213713/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm033.html |archive-date=June 1, 2009 |access-date=June 13, 2009 |quote=Jefferson identified [[Francis Bacon|Bacon]], [[John Locke|Locke]], and [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] as "the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception". Their works in the physical and moral sciences were instrumental in Jefferson's education and world view.}}</ref> In 1922, historian [[Carl L. Becker]] wrote, "Most Americans had absorbed Locke's works as a kind of political gospel; and the Declaration, in its form, in its phraseology, follows closely certain sentences in Locke's [[Two Treatises of Government|second treatise on government]]."<ref name="Becker Declaration"/>{{rp|page=27}} The extent of Locke's influence on the American Revolution has been questioned by some subsequent scholars, however. Historian Ray Forrest Harvey argued in 1937 for the dominant influence of Swiss jurist [[Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui|Jean Jacques Burlamaqui]], declaring that Jefferson and Locke were at "two opposite poles" in their political philosophy, as evidenced by Jefferson's use in the Declaration of Independence of the phrase "pursuit of happiness" instead of "property".<ref>Ray Forrest Harvey, ''Jean Jacques Burlamaqui: A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism'' (Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1937), 120.</ref> Other scholars emphasized the influence of [[republicanism]] rather than Locke's [[classical liberalism]].<ref>A brief, online overview of the classical liberalism vs. republicanism debate is Alec Ewald, [http://www.flowofhistory.org/themes/american_republic/overview.php "The American Republic: 1760–1870" (2004)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517080053/http://www.flowofhistory.org/themes/american_republic/overview.php |date=May 17, 2008 }}.Historian Robert Middlekauff argues that the political ideas of the independence movement took their origins mainly from the "eighteenth-century [[commonwealthmen]], the radical [[Radical Whigs|Whig]] ideology", which in turn drew on the political thought of [[John Milton]], [[James Harrington (author)|James Harrington]], and [[John Locke]]. See [[Robert Middlekauff]] (2005), ''The Glorious Cause'', pp. 3–6, 51–52, 136</ref> Historian [[Garry Wills]] argued that Jefferson was influenced by the [[Scottish Enlightenment]], particularly [[Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)|Francis Hutcheson]], rather than Locke,<ref>Wills, ''Inventing America'', especially chs. 11–13. Wills concludes (p. 315) that "the air of enlightened America was full of Hutcheson's politics, not Locke's".</ref> an interpretation that has been strongly criticized.<ref>Hamowy, "Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment", argues that Wills gets much wrong (p. 523), that the Declaration seems to be influenced by Hutcheson because Hutcheson was, like Jefferson, influenced by Locke (pp. 508–09), and that Jefferson often wrote of Locke's influence, but never mentioned Hutcheson in any of his writings (p. 514). See also Kenneth S. Lynn, "Falsifying Jefferson", ''Commentary'' 66 (Oct. 1978), 66–71. [[Ralph Luker]], in [http://www.vqronline.org/articles/1980/spring/luker-garry-wills/ "Garry Wills and the New Debate Over the Declaration of Independence"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325023204/http://www.vqronline.org/articles/1980/spring/luker-garry-wills/ |date=March 25, 2012 }} (''The Virginia Quarterly Review'', Spring 1980, 244–61) agreed that Wills overstated Hutcheson's influence to provide a [[communitarian]] reading of the Declaration, but he also argued that Wills's critics similarly read their own views into the document.</ref> Legal historian John Phillip Reid has written that the emphasis on the political philosophy of the Declaration has been misplaced. The Declaration is not a philosophical tract about natural rights, argues Reid, but is instead a legal document—an [[indictment]] against King George for violating the constitutional rights of the colonists.<ref>{{cite book |last=Reid |first=John Phillip |chapter=The Irrelevance of the Declaration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/lawinamericanrev0000unse/page/46/ |editor-last=Hartog |editor-first=Hendrik |title=Law in the American Revolution and the Revolution in the Law |publisher=New York University Press |date=1981 |pages=46–89 |isbn=978-0-8147-3413-1 }}</ref> As such, it follows the process of the 1550 ''[[Magdeburg Confession]]'', which legitimized resistance against [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Charles V]] in a multi-step legal formula now known as the doctrine of the [[lesser magistrate]].<ref>Whitford, David, ''Tyranny and Resistance: The Magdeburg Confession and the Lutheran Tradition'', 2001, 144 pages and [https://canadafreepress.com/article/the-right-to-resist-evil-leaders-the-christian-history Kelly OConnell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221090554/https://canadafreepress.com/article/the-right-to-resist-evil-leaders-the-christian-history |date=December 21, 2018 }} of Canada Free Press, August 4, 2014, parts II. Magdeburg Confession and III. Doctrine of Lesser Magistrates</ref> Historian [[David Armitage (historian)|David Armitage]] has argued that the Declaration was strongly influenced by de [[Emer de Vattel|Vattel's]] ''[[The Law of Nations]]'', the dominant [[international law]] treatise of the period, and a book that Benjamin Franklin said was "continually in the hands of the members of our Congress".<ref>Benjamin Franklin to Charles F.W. Dumas, December 19, 1775, in ''The Writings of Benjamin Franklin'', ed. Albert Henry Smyth (New York: 1970), 6:432.</ref> Armitage writes, "Vattel made independence fundamental to his definition of statehood"; therefore, the primary purpose of the Declaration was "to express the international legal sovereignty of the United States". If the United States were to have any hope of being recognized by the European powers, the American revolutionaries first had to make it clear that they were no longer dependent on Great Britain.<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|pages=21,38–40}} The Declaration of Independence does not have the force of law domestically, but nevertheless it may help to provide historical and legal clarity about the Constitution and other laws.<ref>Gulf, C. & SFR Co. v. Ellis, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4471514776465320556 165 US 150] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523100431/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4471514776465320556 |date=May 23, 2020 }} (1897): "While such declaration of principles may not have the force of organic law, or be made the basis of judicial decision as to the limits of right and duty...it is always safe to read the letter of the Constitution in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence."</ref><ref>Wills, Gary. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=V-XP_riSQU8C&pg=PR25 Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926085714/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-XP_riSQU8C&pg=PR25 |date=September 26, 2015 }}'', p. 25 (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002): "the Declaration is not a legal instrument, like the Constitution".</ref><ref>Cuomo, Mario. ''Why Lincoln Matters: Now More Than Ever'', p. 137 (Harcourt Press 2004) (it "is not a law and therefore is not subjected to rigorous interpretation and enforcement").</ref><ref>Strang, Lee [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2654408 "Originalism's Subject Matter: Why the Declaration of Independence Is Not Part of the Constitution"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905092933/https://ssrn.com/abstract=2654408 |date=September 5, 2015 }}, ''[[Southern California Law Review]]'', Vol. 89, 2015.</ref> ==Signing== {{Main|Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence}} [[File:USA declaration independence.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The signed Declaration of Independence, now badly faded because of poor preservation practices during the 19th century, is on display at the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]]] [[File:JohnHancocksSignature.svg|thumb|upright=1|On July 4, 1776, [[Second Continental Congress]] President [[John Hancock]]'s signature authenticated the Declaration of Independence.]] [[File:Syng inkstand.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The [[Syng inkstand]] used for the signing of the Declaration and the Constitution]] The Declaration became official when Congress recorded its vote adopting the document on July 4; it was transposed on paper and signed by [[John Hancock]], President of the Congress, on that day. Signatures of the other delegates were not needed to further authenticate it.<ref name="U.S. State Department">The U.S. State Department (1911), ''The Declaration of Independence, 1776'', pp. 10, 11.</ref> The signatures of fifty-six delegates are affixed to the Declaration, though the exact date when each person signed became debatable.<ref name="U.S. State Department"/> Jefferson, Franklin, and Adams all wrote that the Declaration was signed by Congress on July 4.<ref>Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", 242–43.</ref> But in 1796, signer [[Thomas McKean]] disputed that, because some signers were not then present, including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date.<ref name="U.S. State Department"/><ref>Hazelton, ''Declaration History'', 299–302; Burnett, ''Continental Congress'', 192.</ref> Historians have generally accepted McKean's version of events.<ref>Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", 245–46</ref><ref>Hazelton, ''Declaration History'', 208–19</ref><ref>Wills, ''Inventing America'', 341.</ref> History particularly shows most delegates signed on August 2, 1776, and those who were not then present added their names later.<ref>Hazelton, ''Declaration History'', 208–19.</ref> In an 1811 letter to Adams, [[Benjamin Rush]] recounted the signing on August 2 in stark fashion, describing it as a scene of "pensive and awful silence". Rush said the delegates were called up, one after another, and then filed forward somberly to subscribe what each thought was their ensuing death warrant.<ref name=Rush>{{cite web| url=https://www.nps.gov/inde/learn/historyculture/resources-declaration-quotes.htm| title=Benjamin Rush to John Adams, July 20, 1811| publisher=National Park Service|access-date=November 22, 2019}}</ref> He related that the "gloom of the morning" was briefly interrupted when the rotund [[Benjamin Harrison V|Benjamin Harrison]] of Virginia said to a diminutive [[Elbridge Gerry]] of Massachusetts, at the signing table, "I shall have a great advantage over you, Mr. Gerry, when we are all hung for what we are now doing. From the size and weight of my body I shall die in a few minutes and be with the Angels, but from the lightness of your body you will dance in the air an hour or two before you are dead."<ref name=Rush/> According to Rush, Harrison's remark "procured a transient smile, but it was soon succeeded by the Solemnity with which the whole business was conducted."<ref name=Rush/> The signatories include then future presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, though the most legendary signature is John Hancock's.<ref>Hazelton, ''Declaration History'', 209.</ref> His large, flamboyant signature became iconic, and the term ''John Hancock'' emerged in the United States as a metaphor of "signature".<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/John%20Hancock Merriam-Webster online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424104245/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/john%20hancock |date=April 24, 2009 }}; [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/john%20hancock Dictionary.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409191115/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/john%20hancock |date=April 9, 2009 }}.</ref> A commonly circulated but apocryphal account claims that, after Hancock signed, the delegate from Massachusetts commented, "The British ministry can read that name without spectacles." Another report indicates that Hancock proudly declared, "There! I guess King George will be able to read that!"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teachamericanhistory.org/File/John_Hancock.pdf|title=TeachAmericanHistory.org: John Hancock|access-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510132936/http://www.teachamericanhistory.org/File/John_Hancock.pdf|archive-date=May 10, 2013}}</ref> A legend emerged years later about the signing of the Declaration, after the document had become an important national symbol. John Hancock is supposed to have said that Congress, having signed the Declaration, must now "all hang together", and Benjamin Franklin replied: "Yes, we must indeed all hang together, or most assuredly we shall all hang separately." That quotation first appeared in print in an 1837 London humor magazine.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Gurney Papers |journal=The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist |date=1837 |issue=Part 1 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyA8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA17 |access-date=4 July 2021}}</ref> The [[Syng inkstand]] used at the signing was also used at the signing of the United States Constitution in 1787. ==Publication and reaction== [[File:Johannes Adam Simon Oertel Pulling Down the Statue of King George III, N.Y.C. ca. 1859.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Johannes Adam Simon Oertel]]'s portrait ''Pulling Down the Statue of King George III, N.Y.C.'', c. 1859, depicts citizens destroying a statue of [[George III of Great Britain|King George]] after the Declaration was read in [[New York City]] on July 9, 1776.]] [[File:William Whipple by Walter Gilman Page, 1897.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[William Whipple]], signer of the Declaration of Independence, manumitted his slave, believing that he could not both fight for liberty and own slaves.]] After Congress approved the final wording of the Declaration on July 4, a handwritten copy was sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of [[John Dunlap]]. Through the night, Dunlap printed about 200 [[Broadside (printing)|broadsides]] for distribution. The source copy used for this printing has been lost and may have been a copy in Thomas Jefferson's hand.<ref name=":0">Boyd (1976), ''The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original'', p. 438.</ref> It was read to audiences and reprinted in newspapers throughout the 13 states. The first formal public readings of the document took place on July 8, in Philadelphia (by [[John Nixon (financier)|John Nixon]] in the yard of Independence Hall), [[Trenton, New Jersey]], and [[Easton, Pennsylvania]]; the first newspaper to publish it was ''[[The Pennsylvania Evening Post]]'' on July 6.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=156}} A [[German language|German]] translation of the Declaration was published in Philadelphia by July 9.<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|page=72}} President of Congress [[John Hancock]] sent a broadside to General [[George Washington]], instructing him to have it proclaimed "at the Head of the Army in the way you shall think it most proper".<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=155}} Washington had the Declaration read to his troops in [[New York City]] on July 9, with thousands of British troops on ships in the harbor. Washington and Congress hoped that the Declaration would inspire the soldiers, and encourage others to join the army.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=156}} After hearing the Declaration, crowds in many cities tore down and destroyed signs or statues representing royal authority. An equestrian statue of King George in New York City was pulled down and the lead used to make musket balls.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=156–157}} One of the first readings of the Declaration by the British is believed to have taken place at the [[Rose and Crown Tavern]] on [[Staten Island, New York]] in the presence of [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe|General Howe]].<ref>Papas, Philip. That Ever Loyal Island. Staten Island in the American Revolution. New York University Press, 2007, pp. 74–76</ref> British officials in North America sent copies of the Declaration to Great Britain.<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|page=73}} It was published in British newspapers beginning in mid-August, it had reached Florence and Warsaw by mid-September, and a German translation appeared in Switzerland by October. The first copy of the Declaration sent to France got lost, and the second copy arrived only in November 1776.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/courses/teachers_corner/34411.html|title=The Declaration of Independence in World Context|date=July 10, 2006|access-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082017/http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/courses/teachers_corner/34411.html|archive-date=October 6, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> News of the Declaration managed to reach Russia on August 13 via a dispatch from the Russian ''[[chargé d'affaires]]'' in London, [[Nikita Panin]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bolkhovitinov |first=Nikolai N. |date=March 1999 |title=The Declaration of Independence: A View from Russia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2568261 |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=1389–1398 |doi=10.2307/2568261 |jstor=2568261 |access-date=January 13, 2023 |issn = 0021-8723 }}</ref> It reached Portuguese America by Brazilian medical student "Vendek" José Joaquim Maia e Barbalho, who had met with Thomas Jefferson in Nîmes. The Spanish-American authorities banned the circulation of the Declaration, but it was widely transmitted and translated: by Venezuelan Manuel García de Sena, by Colombian Miguel de Pombo, by Ecuadorian Vicente Rocafuerte, and by New Englanders Richard Cleveland and William Shaler, who distributed the Declaration and the United States Constitution among Creoles in Chile and Indians in Mexico in 1821.<ref name="scholar.harvard.edu">{{Cite web|url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/armitage/files/sahj.pdf|title=The Contagion of Sovereignty: Declarations of Independence since 1776|access-date=August 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916051325/http://scholar.harvard.edu/armitage/files/sahj.pdf|archive-date=September 16, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[North ministry|North Ministry]] did not give an official answer to the Declaration, but instead secretly commissioned pamphleteer [[John Lind (barrister)|John Lind]] to publish a response entitled ''Answer to the Declaration of the American Congress''.<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|page=75}} British Tories denounced the signers of the Declaration for not applying the same principles of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" to African Americans.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Jessup |first=John J. |title=America and the Future |magazine=Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA105 |page=105 |date=September 20, 1943 |access-date=March 9, 2011}}</ref> [[Thomas Hutchinson (governor)|Thomas Hutchinson]], the former royal governor of Massachusetts, also published a rebuttal.<ref> {{citation |title=Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia in a Letter to a Noble Lord, &c. |first=Thomas |last=Hutchinson |editor-first=Hans |editor-last=Eicholz |location=London |year=1776 }}</ref><ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|page=74}} These pamphlets challenged various aspects of the Declaration. Hutchinson argued that the American Revolution was the work of a few conspirators who wanted independence from the outset, and who had finally achieved it by inducing otherwise loyal colonists to rebel.<ref name="Ideological Origins"/>{{rp|pages=155–156}} Lind's pamphlet had an anonymous attack on the concept of [[Natural rights and legal rights|natural rights]] written by [[Jeremy Bentham]], an argument that he repeated during the [[French Revolution]].<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|pages=79–80}} Both pamphlets questioned how the American slaveholders in Congress could proclaim that "all men are created equal" without freeing their own slaves.<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|pages=76–77}} [[William Whipple]], a signer of the Declaration of Independence who had fought in the war, freed his slave [[Prince Whipple]] because of his revolutionary ideals. In the postwar decades, other slaveholders also freed their slaves; from 1790 to 1810, the percentage of free blacks in the Upper South increased to 8.3 percent from less than one percent of the black population.<ref>Peter Kolchin, ''American Slavery, 1619–1877'' (1993), pp. 77–79, 81</ref> Northern states began abolishing slavery shortly after the war for Independence began, and all had abolished slavery by 1804. Later in late November 1776, a group of 547 [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]], largely from [[New York (state)|New York]], signed a Declaration of Dependence in [[New York City]] at [[Fraunces Tavern]] in [[Manhattan]] pledging their loyalty to the Crown.<ref>{{cite web |last=McNamara |first=Sandra |date=December 20, 2018 |title=The Loyalist Declaration of Dependence, 1776 |url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2018/12/the-loyalist-declaration-of-dependence-of-1776/ |website=Journal of the American Revolution}}</ref> ==History of the documents== {{main|Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence}} [[File:ArchivesRotunda.jpg|thumb|The [[United States National Archives|National Archives']] [[Charters of Freedom|Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom]] where, between two [[Barry Faulkner]] murals, the original United States Declaration of Independence, [[United States Constitution]], and other American founding documents are publicly exhibited]] The official copy of the Declaration of Independence was the one printed on July 4, 1776, under Jefferson's supervision. It was sent to the states and to the Army and was widely [[Early American publishers and printers|reprinted in newspapers]]. The slightly different "engrossed copy" (shown at the top of this article) was made later for members to sign. The engrossed version is the one widely distributed in the 21st century. Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions.<ref name="journals.psu.edu"/> The copy of the Declaration that was signed by Congress is known as the engrossed or [[parchment]] copy. It was probably engrossed (that is, carefully handwritten) by clerk [[Timothy Matlack]].<ref name=archives>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_history.html|title=The Declaration of Independence: A History|work=Charters of Freedom|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|access-date=July 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126014257/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_history.html|archive-date=January 26, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> A facsimile made in 1823 has become the basis of most modern reproductions rather than the original because of poor conservation of the engrossed copy through the 19th century.<ref name=archives /> In 1921, custody of the engrossed copy of the Declaration was transferred from the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] to the [[Library of Congress]], along with the [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]]. After the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor]] in 1941, the documents were moved for safekeeping to the [[United States Bullion Depository]] at [[Fort Knox]] in [[Kentucky]], where they were kept until 1944.<ref>Malone, ''Story of the Declaration'', 263.</ref> In 1952, the engrossed Declaration was transferred to the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] and is now on permanent display at the National Archives in the "Rotunda for the [[Charters of Freedom]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/press/press-kits/charters.html#pressrelaese1 |title=Charters of Freedom Re-encasement Project |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] |access-date=July 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919005306/http://www.archives.gov/press/press-kits/charters.html#pressrelaese1 |archive-date=September 19, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The document signed by Congress and enshrined in the National Archives is usually regarded as ''the'' Declaration of Independence, but historian [[Julian P. Boyd]] argued that the Declaration, like [[Magna Carta]], is not a single document. Boyd considered the printed broadsides ordered by Congress to be official texts, as well. The Declaration was first published as a broadside that was printed the night of July 4 by [[John Dunlap]] of [[Philadelphia]]. Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides, of which 26 are known to survive. The 26th copy was discovered in [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] in England in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title= Rare copy of United States Declaration of Independence found in Kew |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/5727812/Rare-copy-of-United-States-Declaration-of-Independence-found-in-Kew.html |newspaper= The Daily Telegraph |date= July 3, 2009 |access-date= July 1, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113051140/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/5727812/Rare-copy-of-United-States-Declaration-of-Independence-found-in-Kew.html |archive-date= November 13, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref> In 1777, Congress commissioned [[Mary Katherine Goddard]] to print a new broadside that listed the signers of the Declaration, unlike the Dunlap broadside.<ref name=archives /><ref name=Dube /> Nine copies of the Goddard broadside are known to still exist.<ref name=Dube>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/dube/inde2.htm |title=The Declaration of Independence |first=Ann Marie |last=Dube |date=May 1996 |work=A Multitude of Amendments, Alterations and Additions: The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution of the United States |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=July 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108130901/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/dube/inde2.htm |archive-date=November 8, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> A variety of broadsides printed by the states are also extant, including seven copies of the Solomon Southwick broadside, one of which was acquired by [[Washington University in St. Louis]] in 2015.<ref name=Dube /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/books-and-literature/made-in-rare-copy-of-the-declaration-of-independence-goes/article_7e07b5dd-3129-5ebc-a0da-47169f0fd0ae.html|title=Made in 1776: Rare copy of the Declaration of Independence goes on view at Washington U.|last=Henderson|first=Jane|website=STLtoday.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702044653/https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/books-and-literature/made-in-rare-copy-of-the-declaration-of-independence-goes/article_7e07b5dd-3129-5ebc-a0da-47169f0fd0ae.html|archive-date=July 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Several early handwritten copies and drafts of the Declaration have also been preserved. Jefferson kept a four-page draft that late in life he called the "original Rough draught".<ref name="Boyd, Lost Original, 446">Boyd, "Lost Original", 446.</ref> Historians now understand that Jefferson's Rough draft was one in a series of drafts used by the Committee of Five before being submitted to Congress for deliberation. According to Boyd, the first, "original" handwritten draft of the Declaration of Independence that predated Jefferson's Rough draft, was lost or destroyed during the drafting process.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boyd |first=Julian |author-link=Julian P. Boyd |date=1976 |title=The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original |journal=[[Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography]] |volume=100 |issue=4}}</ref> It is not known how many drafts Jefferson wrote prior to this one, and how much of the text was contributed by other committee members. In 1947, Boyd discovered a fragment of an earlier draft in Jefferson's handwriting that predates Jefferson's Rough draft.<ref>Boyd, ''Papers of Jefferson'', 1:421.</ref> In 2018, the Thomas Paine National Historical Association published findings on an additional early handwritten draft of the Declaration, referred to as the "Sherman Copy", that John Adams copied from the lost original draft for [[Committee of Five]] members Roger Sherman and Benjamin Franklin's initial review. An inscription on the document noting "A beginning perhaps...", the early state of the text, and the manner in which this document was hastily taken, appears to chronologically place this draft earlier than both the fair Adams copy held in the Massachusetts Historical Society collection and the Jefferson "rough draft".<ref>{{Cite web |title=TPNHA |url=https://www.thomaspaine.org/pages/resources/sherman-copy-di.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.thomaspaine.org |language=en}}</ref> After the text was finalized by Congress as a whole, Jefferson and Adams sent copies of the rough draft to friends, with variations noted from the original drafts. During the writing process, Jefferson showed the rough draft to Adams and Franklin, and perhaps to other members of the drafting committee,<ref name="Boyd, Lost Original, 446"/> who made a few more changes. Franklin, for example, may have been responsible for changing Jefferson's original phrase "We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable" to "We hold these truths to be self-evident".<ref name="Becker Declaration"/>{{rp|1:427–28}} Jefferson incorporated these changes into a copy that was submitted to Congress in the name of the committee.<ref name="Boyd, Lost Original, 446"/> The copy that was submitted to Congress on June 28 has been lost and was perhaps destroyed in the printing process,<ref>Boyd, "Lost Original", 448–50. Boyd argued that, if a document was signed on July 4 (which he thought unlikely), it would have been the Fair Copy, and probably would have been signed only by Hancock and Thomson.</ref> or destroyed during the debates in accordance with [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 3: Record of proceedings|Congress's secrecy rule]].<ref>Ritz, "From the ''Here''", speculates that the Fair Copy was immediately sent to the printer so that copies could be made for each member of Congress to consult during the debate. All of these copies were then destroyed, theorizes Ritz, to preserve secrecy.</ref> On April 21, 2017, it was announced that a second engrossed copy had been discovered in the archives at [[West Sussex County Council]] in [[Chichester]], England.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-sussex-44703928/declaration-of-independence-found-in-chichester-archives |title=Declaration of Independence document found |website=BBC News |date=July 4, 2018 |access-date=July 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704003338/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-sussex-44703928/declaration-of-independence-found-in-chichester-archives |archive-date=July 4, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Named by its finders the "Sussex Declaration", it differs from the National Archives copy (which the finders refer to as the "Matlack Declaration") in that the signatures on it are not grouped by States. How it came to be in England is not yet known, but the finders believe that the randomness of the signatures points to an origin with signatory [[James Wilson (Founding Father)|James Wilson]], who had argued strongly that the Declaration was made not by the States but by the whole people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/21/declaration-of-independence-sussex-england-rare|last=Yuhas|first=Alan|title=Rare parchment copy of US Declaration of Independence found in England|work=The Guardian|date=April 22, 2017|access-date=April 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422012036/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/21/declaration-of-independence-sussex-england-rare|archive-date=April 22, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/resources/sussex-dec|title=The Sussex Declaration|work=Declaration Resources Project|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=April 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422212148/http://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/resources/sussex-dec|archive-date=April 22, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Years of exposure to damaging lighting resulted in the original Declaration of Independence document having much of its ink fade by 1876.<ref>Pappalardo, Joe (July 3, 2020). [https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/a22025447/declaration-of-independence-science/#:~:text=It%20sounded%20like%20a%20smart,remained%20to%20fade%20even%20more. "The Science of Saving the Declaration of Independence."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109093650/https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/a22025447/declaration-of-independence-science/#:~:text=It%20sounded%20like%20a%20smart,remained%20to%20fade%20even%20more. |date=November 9, 2020 }} ''[[Popular Mechanics]]''. Retrieved February 3, 2020.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/was-the-declaration-of-independence-defaced-experts-say-yes/2016/10/21/5bb6efaa-96d9-11e6-bb29-bf2701dbe0a3_story.html |title=Was the Declaration of Independence 'defaced'? Experts say yes. |newspaper=The Washington Post |last=Ruane |first=Michael E. |date=October 21, 2016 |access-date=August 27, 2021 }}</ref> ==Legacy== The Declaration was given little attention in the years immediately following the American Revolution, having served its original purpose in announcing the independence of the United States.<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|pages=87–88}}<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=162, 168–169}} Early celebrations of [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]] largely ignored the Declaration, as did early histories of the Revolution. The ''act'' of declaring independence was considered important, whereas the ''text'' announcing that act attracted little attention.<ref>McDonald, "Jefferson's Reputation", 178–79</ref><ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=160}} The Declaration was rarely mentioned during the debates about the [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]], and its language was not incorporated into that document.<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|page=92}} George Mason's draft of the [[Virginia Declaration of Rights]] was more influential, and its language was echoed in state constitutions and state bills of rights more often than Jefferson's words.<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|page=90}}<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=165–167}} "In none of these documents", wrote Pauline Maier, "is there any evidence whatsoever that the Declaration of Independence lived in men's minds as a classic statement of American political principles."<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=167}} ===Global influence=== Many leaders of the [[French Revolution]] admired the Declaration of Independence<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=167}} but were also interested in the new American state constitutions.<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|page=82}} The inspiration and content of the French [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] (1789) emerged largely from the ideals of the [[American Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Georges|last=Lefebvre|title=The Coming of the French Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4EYuia7buUC&pg=PA212|year=2005|publisher=Princeton UP|page=212|isbn=0-691-12188-5|access-date=October 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913023125/https://books.google.com/books?id=P4EYuia7buUC&pg=PA212|archive-date=September 13, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette|Lafayette]] prepared its key drafts, working closely in Paris with his friend Thomas Jefferson. It also borrowed language from [[George Mason]]'s [[Virginia Declaration of Rights]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=George Athan|editor-last=Billias|title=American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World, 1776–1989: A Global Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WV0nP5n_AoC&pg=PA92|year=2009|publisher=NYU Press|page=92|isbn=978-0-8147-9139-4|access-date=October 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527204714/https://books.google.com/books?id=7WV0nP5n_AoC&pg=PA92|archive-date=May 27, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Susan Dunn, ''Sister Revolutions: French Lightning, American Light'' (1999) pp. 143–145</ref> The declaration also influenced [[Russia and the American Revolution|the Russian Empire]], and it had a particular impact on the [[Decembrist revolt]] and other Russian thinkers. According to historian [[David Armitage (historian)|David Armitage]], the Declaration of Independence did prove to be internationally influential, but not as a statement of human rights. Armitage argues that the Declaration was the first in a new genre of [[Declaration of independence|declarations of independence]] which announced the creation of new states. Other French leaders were directly influenced by the text of the Declaration of Independence itself. The ''Manifesto of the Province of Flanders'' (1790) was the first foreign derivation of the Declaration;<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|page=113}} others include the [[Venezuelan Declaration of Independence]] (1811), the [[Liberian Declaration of Independence]] (1847), the declarations of secession by the [[Confederate States of America]] (1860–61), and the [[Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam|Vietnamese Proclamation of Independence]] (1945).<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|pages=120–135}} These declarations echoed the United States Declaration of Independence in announcing the independence of a new state, without necessarily endorsing the political philosophy of the original.<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|pages=104,113}} Other countries have used the Declaration as inspiration or have directly copied sections from it. These include the Haitian declaration of January 1, 1804, during the [[Haitian Revolution]], the [[United Provinces of New Granada]] in 1811, the [[Argentine Declaration of Independence]] in 1816, the [[Chilean Declaration of Independence]] in 1818, [[Costa Rica]] in 1821, [[El Salvador]] in 1821, [[Guatemala]] in 1821, [[Honduras]] in 1821, [[Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire|Mexico in 1821]], [[Nicaragua]] in 1821, [[Peru]] in 1821, [[Bolivian War of Independence]] in 1825, [[Uruguay]] in 1825, [[Ecuador]] in 1830, [[Colombia]] in 1831, [[Paraguay]] in 1842, [[Dominican Republic]] in 1844, [[Texas Declaration of Independence]] in March 1836, [[California Republic]] in November 1836, [[Hungarian Declaration of Independence]] in 1849, [[Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand]] in 1835, and the [[Czechoslovak declaration of independence]] from 1918 drafted in [[Washington, D.C.]], with [[Gutzon Borglum]] among the drafters. The [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|Rhodesian declaration of independence]] is based on the American one, as well, ratified in November 1965, although it omits the phrases "[[all men are created equal]]" and "[[Consent of the governed|the consent of the governed]]".<ref name="scholar.harvard.edu"/><ref>{{cite book |title=The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888–1965, with Special Reference to Imperial Control |last=Palley |first=Claire |year=1966 |edition=First |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |oclc=406157 |page=750}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Sourcebook on Public International Law |last=Hillier |first=Tim |year=1998 |edition=1st |location=London & Sydney |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-050-2 |page=207}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia |last=Gowlland-Debbas |first=Vera |publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] |location=Leiden and New York |year=1990 |edition=1st |isbn=0-7923-0811-5 |page=71}}</ref> The [[s:Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union|South Carolina declaration of secession]] from December 1860 also mentions the U.S. Declaration of Independence, though it omits references to "all men are created equal" and "consent of the governed". ===Revival of interest=== Interest in the Declaration was revived in the 1790s with the emergence of the United States's [[First Party System|first political parties]].<ref>McDonald, "Jefferson's Reputation", 172.</ref> Throughout the 1780s, few Americans knew or cared who wrote the Declaration.<ref>McDonald, "Jefferson's Reputation", 172, 179.</ref> But in the next decade, [[Democratic-Republican Party|Jeffersonian Republicans]] sought political advantage over their rival [[Federalist Party|Federalists]] by promoting both the importance of the Declaration and Jefferson as its author.<ref>McDonald, "Jefferson's Reputation", 179</ref><ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=168–171}} Federalists responded by casting doubt on Jefferson's authorship or originality, and by emphasizing that independence was declared by the whole Congress, with Jefferson as just one member of the drafting committee. Federalists insisted that Congress's act of declaring independence, in which Federalist John Adams had played a major role, was more important than the document announcing it.<ref>McDonald, "Jefferson's Reputation", 180–184</ref><ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=171}} But this view faded away, like the Federalist Party itself, and, before long, the act of declaring independence became synonymous with the document. A less partisan appreciation for the Declaration emerged in the years following the [[War of 1812]], thanks to a growing American nationalism and a renewed interest in the history of the Revolution.<ref name="Detweiler Changing">{{cite journal | last=Detweiler | first=Philip F. | title=The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence: The First Fifty Years | journal=The William and Mary Quarterly | volume=19 | issue=4 | date=October 1962 | pages=557–574 | doi=10.2307/1920163 | jstor=1920163}}</ref>{{rp|pages=571–572}}<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=175–178}} In 1817, Congress commissioned [[John Trumbull]]'s [[Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)|famous painting]] of the signers, which was exhibited to large crowds before being installed in the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]].<ref name="Detweiler Changing"/>{{rp|page=572}}<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=175}} The earliest commemorative printings of the Declaration also appeared at this time, offering many Americans their first view of the signed document.<ref name="Detweiler Changing"/>{{rp|page=572}}<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=175–176}}<ref>Wills, ''Inventing America'', 324</ref><ref>John C. Fitzpatrick, ''Spirit of the Revolution'' (Boston 1924).</ref> Collective biographies of the signers were first published in the 1820s,<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=176}} giving birth to what Garry Wills called the "cult of the signers".<ref>Wills, ''Inventing America'', 90.</ref> In the years that followed, many stories about the writing and signing of the document were published for the first time. When interest in the Declaration was revived, the sections that were most important in 1776 were no longer relevant: the announcement of the independence of the United States and the grievances against King George. But the second paragraph was applicable long after the war had ended, with its talk of self-evident truths and unalienable rights.<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|page=93}} The identity of natural law since the 18th century has seen increasing ascendancy towards political and moral norms versus the law of nature, God, or human nature as seen in the past.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Armitage |first1=David |date=2002 |title=The Declaration of Independence and International Law |publication-place=Williamsburg |publisher=Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly | volume=59 |number=1 | pages=39–64 |doi=10.2307/3491637 |issn=0043-5597 |jstor=3491637}}</ref> The Constitution and the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]] lacked sweeping statements about rights and equality, and advocates of groups with grievances turned to the Declaration for support.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=196–197}} Starting in the 1820s, variations of the Declaration were issued to proclaim the rights of workers, farmers, women, and others.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=197}}<ref>Philip S. Foner, ed., ''We, the Other People: Alternative Declarations of Independence by Labor Groups, Farmers, Woman's Rights Advocates, Socialists, and Blacks, 1829–1975'' (Urbana 1976).</ref> In 1848, for example, the [[Seneca Falls Convention]] of women's rights advocates [[Declaration of Sentiments|declared]] that "all men and women are created equal".<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=197}}<ref name="Global History"/>{{rp|page=95}} ===John Trumbull's ''Declaration of Independence'' (1817–1826)=== {{main|Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)}} [[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|upright=1|alt=About 50 men, most of them seated, are in a large meeting room. Most are focused on the five men standing in the center of the room. The tallest of the five is laying a document on a table.|[[John Trumbull]]'s [[Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)|famous 1818 portrait]] is often identified as a depiction of the Declaration's signing, but it actually shows the [[Committee of Five|drafting committee]] presenting its work to the [[Second Continental Congress]].<ref>Wills, ''Inventing America'', 348.</ref>]] [[File:US $2 reverse.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[United States two-dollar bill]] (reverse)]] [[John Trumbull]]'s painting ''Declaration of Independence'' has played a significant role in popular conceptions of the Declaration of Independence. The painting is {{convert|12|by|18|ft|adj=on}} in size and was commissioned by the [[United States Congress]] in 1817; it has hung in the [[United States Capitol rotunda|United States Capitol Rotunda]] since 1826. It is sometimes described as the signing of the Declaration of Independence, but it actually shows the [[Committee of Five]] presenting their draft of the Declaration to the [[Second Continental Congress]] on June 28, 1776, and not the signing of the document, which took place later.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tv47AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA30 |title=[[Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography]] |volume=31 |year=1907 |author=John Hazelton |chapter= The Historical Value of Trumbull's – Declaration of Independence |page=38 }}</ref> Trumbull painted the figures from life whenever possible, but some had died and images could not be located; hence, the painting does not include all the signers of the Declaration. One figure had participated in the drafting but did not sign the final document; another refused to sign. In fact, the membership of the Second Continental Congress changed as time passed, and the figures in the painting were never in the same room at the same time. It is, however, an accurate depiction of the room in [[Independence Hall]], the centerpiece of the [[Independence National Historical Park]] in [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]. Trumbull's painting has been depicted multiple times on U.S. currency and postage stamps. Its first use was on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]] side of the $100 [[National Bank Note]] issued in 1863. A few years later, the [[steel engraving]] used in printing the bank notes was used to produce a 24-cent stamp, issued as part of the [[1869 Pictorial Issue]]. An engraving of the signing scene has been featured on the reverse side of the [[United States two-dollar bill]] since 1976. ===Slavery and the Declaration=== {{further |Slavery in the colonial United States}} The apparent contradiction between the claim that "all men are created equal" and the existence of [[slavery in the United States]] attracted comment when the Declaration was first published. Many of the founders understood the incompatibility of the statement of natural equality with the institution of slavery, but continued to enjoy the "Rights of Man".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tsesis |first1=Alexander |date=May 2012 |title=Self-government and the Declaration of Independence |journal=Cornell Law Review |volume=97 |issue=4 |publication-place=Ithaca |publisher=Cornell University |issn=0010-8847 |url=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol97/iss4/1/}}</ref> Jefferson had included a paragraph in his initial rough [[s:Draft of the Declaration of Independence|Draft of the Declaration of Independence]] vigorously condemning the evil of the [[Slave Trade|slave trade]], and condemning King George III for forcing it onto the colonies, but this was deleted from the final version.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=146–150}}<ref name="shiplerreport.blogspot.com"/> {{blockquote|he has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating it's most sacred rights of life & liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating & carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither. this piratical warfare, the opprobrium of '''infidel''' powers, is the warfare of the CHRISTIAN king of Great Britain. determined to keep open a market where MEN should be bought & sold, he has prostituted his negative for suppressing every legislative attempt to prohibit or to restrain this execrable commerce: and that this assemblage of horrors might want no fact of distinguished die, he is now exciting those very people to rise in arms among us, and to purchase that liberty of which he had deprived them, & murdering the people upon whom he also obtruded them; thus paying off former crimes committed against the '''liberties''' of one people, with crimes which he urges them to commit against the '''lives''' of another.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/declara/ruffdrft.html Jefferson's "original Rough draught" of the Declaration of Independence], Library of Congress, citing: ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson''. Vol. 1, 1760-1776. Ed. Julian P. Boyd. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950, pp 243-247</ref> <!--spelling, capitalization, emphasis and punctuation as in cited ref-->}} Jefferson himself was a prominent [[Virginia]] slaveowner, owning six hundred enslaved Africans on his [[Monticello]] [[Plantation complexes in the Southern United States|plantation]].<ref>Cohen (1969), ''Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery''</ref> Referring to this contradiction, English abolitionist [[Thomas Day (writer)|Thomas Day]] wrote in a 1776 letter, "If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature, it is an American patriot, signing resolutions of independency with the one hand, and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves."<ref name="Global History">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/declarationofind00armi/ | first=David | last=Armitage | title=The Declaration of Independence: A Global History | publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02282-9 | date=2009 | orig-date=2007 | access-date=January 16, 2022}} {{Google Books | id=X2QCAa27Zy4C}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Day|first=Thomas|url=https://archive.org/stream/fragmentoforigin00dayt#page/10/mode/2up|title=Fragment of an original letter on the Slavery of the Negroes, written in the year 1776|publisher=London: Printed for John Stockdale (1784). Boston: Re-printed by [[William Lloyd Garrison|Garrison]] and Knapp, at the office of "[[The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)|The Liberator]]" (1831)|page=10|access-date=February 26, 2014|quote=If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature, it is an American patriot, signing resolutions of independency with the one hand, and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316112142/https://archive.org/stream/fragmentoforigin00dayt#page/10/mode/2up|archive-date=March 16, 2016|url-status=live}} At: [https://archive.org/ Internet Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304015927/https://archive.org/ |date=March 4, 2014 }}: [https://archive.org/details/Johns_Hopkins_University The Johns Hopkins University Sheridan Libraries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423235217/https://archive.org/details/Johns_Hopkins_University |date=April 23, 2014 }}: [https://archive.org/details/birney James Birney Collection of Antislavery Pamphlets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806025911/https://archive.org/details/birney |date=August 6, 2014 }}.</ref> The African-American writer [[Lemuel Haynes]] expressed similar viewpoints in his essay "Liberty Further Extended", where he wrote that "Liberty is Equally as pre[c]ious to a Black man, as it is to a white one".<ref>{{Cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line-->|date=2020-02-24|title=Lemuel Haynes' Liberty Further Extended|url=https://thefoundingproject.com/lemuel-haynes-liberty-further-extended/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=The Founding Project|language=en-US|archive-date=October 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027095546/https://thefoundingproject.com/lemuel-haynes-liberty-further-extended/}}</ref> In the 19th century, the Declaration took on a special significance for the abolitionist movement. Historian [[Bertram Wyatt-Brown]] wrote that "abolitionists tended to interpret the Declaration of Independence as a theological as well as a political document".<ref name=WB287>Wyatt-Brown, ''Lewis Tappan'', 287.</ref> Abolitionist leaders [[Benjamin Lundy]] and [[William Lloyd Garrison]] adopted the "twin rocks" of "the Bible and the Declaration of Independence" as the basis for their philosophies. He wrote, "As long as there remains a single copy of the Declaration of Independence, or of the Bible, in our land, we will not despair."<ref>Mayer, ''All on Fire'', 53, 115.</ref> For radical abolitionists such as Garrison, the most important part of the Declaration was its assertion of the [[right of revolution]]. Garrison called for the destruction of the government under the Constitution, and the creation of a new state dedicated to the principles of the Declaration.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=198–199}} On July 5, 1852, [[Frederick Douglass]] delivered a speech asking the question, "[[What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?]]". The controversial question of whether to allow additional [[Slave states and free states|slave states]] into the United States coincided with the growing stature of the Declaration. The first major public debate about slavery and the Declaration took place during the [[Missouri Compromise|Missouri controversy]] of 1819 to 1821.<ref name="Congressional Debate">{{cite journal | last=Detweiler | first=Philip F. | title=Congressional Debate on Slavery and the Declaration of Independence, 1819–1821 | journal=American Historical Review | volume=63 | issue=3 | date=April 1958 | publisher=Oxford University Press | doi=10.2307/1848882 | pages=598–616 | jstor=1848882 }}</ref> Anti-slavery Congressmen argued that the language of the Declaration indicated that the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]] had been opposed to slavery in principle, and so new slave states should not be added to the country.<ref name="Congressional Debate"/>{{rp|page=604}} Pro-slavery Congressmen led by Senator [[Nathaniel Macon]] of North Carolina argued that the Declaration was not a part of the Constitution and therefore had no relevance to the question.<ref name="Congressional Debate"/>{{rp|page=605}} With the abolitionist movement gaining momentum, defenders of slavery such as [[John Randolph of Roanoke|John Randolph]] and [[John C. Calhoun]] found it necessary to argue that the Declaration's assertion that "all men are created equal" was false, or at least that it did not apply to black people.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=199}}<ref name="Ideological Origins"/>{{rp|page=246}} During the debate over the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]] in 1853, for example, Senator [[John Pettit]] of Indiana argued that the statement "all men are created equal" was not a "self-evident truth" but a "self-evident lie".<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=200}} Opponents of the Kansas–Nebraska Act, including [[Salmon P. Chase]] and [[Benjamin Wade]], defended the Declaration and what they saw as its antislavery principles.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=200–201}} ===John Brown's Declaration of Liberty=== In preparing for his [[John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry|raid on Harper's Ferry]], said by [[Frederick Douglass]] to be the beginning of the end of [[slavery in the United States]],<ref name=Storer>{{cite book|first=Frederick|last=Douglass|author-link=Frederick Douglass|location=[[Dover, New Hampshire]]|year=1881|title=John Brown. An Address at the Fourteenth Anniversary of Storer College, May 30, 1881 |publisher=Morning Star job printing house |url=https://archive.org/details/johnbrownaddress00doug/page/n1/mode/2up}} Also available at [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31839/31839-h/31839-h.htm Project Gutenberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015093740/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31839/31839-h/31839-h.htm |date=October 15, 2011 }}.</ref>{{rp|27–28}} abolitionist [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] had many copies printed of a [[John Brown's Provisional Constitution|Provisional Constitution]]. When the [[secession crisis|seceding states]] created the [[Confederate States of America]] 16 months later, they operated for over a year under a [[Constitution of the Confederate States|Provisional Constitution]]. It outlines the three branches of government in the quasi-country he hoped to set up in the [[Appalachian Mountains]]. It was widely reproduced in the press, and in full in the Select Senate Committee report on John Brown's insurrection (the [[James M. Mason|Mason]] Report).<ref>{{cite web |title=Senate Select Committee Report on the Harper's Ferry Invasion |url=http://www.wvculture.org/history/jbexhibit/masonreport.html |date=June 15, 1860 |series="His Soul Goes Marching On": The Life and Legacy of John Brown |website=West Virginia Division of Culture and History |access-date=July 25, 2016 |archive-date=July 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710135118/http://www.wvculture.org/history/jbexhibit/masonreport.html }}</ref> Brown did not have it printed, and his Declaration of Liberty, dated July 4, 1859, was found among his papers at the [[Kennedy Farm]].<ref name=Hinton/>{{rp|330–331}} It was written out on sheets of paper attached to fabric, to allow it to be rolled, and it was rolled when found. The hand is that of [[Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1824)|Owen Brown]], who often served as his father's [[amanuensis]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/12/john-brown-the-abolitionist-s-declaration-of-liberty-written-by-owen-brown-in-scroll-form.html |journal=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |title=John Brown's Passionate 'Declaration of Liberty', Written on a Lengthy Scroll |first=Rebecca |last=Onion |date=December 2, 2013}}</ref> Imitating the vocabulary, punctuation, and capitalization of the 73-year-old U.S. Declaration, the 2000-word document begins: {{poemquote|July 4th 1859 {{Center|A Declaration of Liberty By the Representatives of the slave {{sic|Popolation}} of the United States of America}} When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for an Oppressed People to Rise, and assert their Natural Rights, as Human Beings, as Native & mutual Citizens of a free Republic, and break that odious Yoke of oppression, which is so unjustly laid upon them by their fellow Countrymen, and to assume among the powers of Earth the same equal privileges to which the Laws of Nature, & natures God entitle them; A moderate respect for the opinions of Mankind, requires that they should declare the causes which incite them to this just & worthy action. We hold these truths to be Self Evident; That All Men are Created Equal; That they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights. That among these are Life, Liberty; & the persuit of happiness. That Nature hath freely given to all Men, a full Supply of Air. Water, & Land; for their sustinance, & mutual happiness, That No Man has any right to deprive his fellow Man, of these Inherent rights, except in punishment of Crime. That to secure these rights governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That when any form of Government, becomes destructive to these ends, It is the right of the People, to alter, Amend, or Remoddel it, Laying its foundation on Such Principles, & organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect the safety, & happiness of the Human Race.<ref>{{cite book |series=Preserving American Freedom : The Evolution of American Liberties in Fifty Documents |publisher=[[Historical Society of Pennsylvania]] |date=July 4, 1859 |first=John |last=Brown |author-link=John Brown (abolitionist) |url=http://digitalhistory.hsp.org/pafrm/doc/declaration-liberty-representatives-slave-population-united-states-america-july-4-1859 |title=A Declaration of Liberty By the Representatives of the slave Popolation of the United States of America }}</ref>}} The document was apparently intended to be read aloud, but so far as is known Brown never did so, even though he read the Provisional Constitution aloud the day the raid on Harpers Ferry began.<ref name=Decaro/>{{rp|74}} Very much aware of the history of the [[American Revolution]], he would have read the Declaration aloud after the revolt had started. The document was not published until 1894, and by someone who did not realize its importance and buried it in an appendix of documents.<ref name=Hinton>{{cite book |title=John Brown and his men; with some account of the roads they traveled to reach Harper's Ferry |last=Hinton |first=Richard J. |location=New York |publisher=[[Funk & Wagnalls]] |year=1894 |edition=Revised |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/ack4822.0001.001/3}}</ref>{{rp|637–643}} It is missing from most but not all studies of John Brown.<ref>{{cite journal |first=John |last=Mead |title=Declarations of Liberty: Representations of Black/White Alliances Against Slavery by John Brown, James Redpath, and Thomas Wentworth Higginson |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=3 |number=1 |date=2008 |pages=111–144 |doi=10.1353/jsr.0.0017 |jstor=41887620 |s2cid=159213688 }}</ref><ref name=Decaro>{{cite book |last=DeCaro |first=Louis A. Jr. |title=The Untold Story of Shields Green: The Life and Death of a Harper's Ferry Raider |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4798-0275-3}}</ref>{{rp|69–73}} ===Lincoln and the Declaration=== [[File:Abelincoln1846.jpeg|thumb|Then U.S. Congressman [[Abraham Lincoln]], who believed the Declaration expressed the highest principles of the [[American Revolution]], in 1846]] The Declaration's relationship to slavery was taken up in 1854 by [[Abraham Lincoln]], a little-known former Congressman who idolized the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]].<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=201–202}} Lincoln thought that the Declaration of Independence expressed the highest principles of the [[American Revolution]], and that the Founding Fathers had tolerated slavery with the expectation that it would ultimately wither away.<ref name="Second AR"/>{{rp|page=126}} For the United States to legitimize the expansion of slavery in the Kansas–Nebraska Act, thought Lincoln, was to repudiate the principles of the Revolution. In his October 1854 [[Abraham Lincoln's Peoria speech|Peoria speech]], Lincoln said: {{blockquote|Nearly eighty years ago we began by declaring that all men are created equal; but now from that beginning we have run down to the other declaration, that for some men to enslave others is a "sacred right of self-government". ... Our republican robe is soiled and trailed in the dust. ... Let us repurify it. Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence, and with it, the practices, and policy, which harmonize with it. ... If we do this, we shall not only have saved the Union: but we shall have saved it, as to make, and keep it, forever worthy of the saving.<ref name="Second AR"/>{{rp|pages=126–127}}}} The meaning of the Declaration was a recurring topic in the [[Lincoln–Douglas debates|famed debates]] between Lincoln and [[Stephen A. Douglas|Stephen Douglas]] in 1858. Douglas argued that the phrase "all men are created equal", which appears in the Declaration. referred to white men only. The purpose of the Declaration, he said, had simply been to justify the independence of the United States, and not to proclaim the equality of any "inferior or degraded race".<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=204}} Lincoln, however, thought that the language of the Declaration was deliberately universal, setting a high moral standard to which the American republic should aspire. "I had thought the Declaration contemplated the progressive improvement in the condition of all men everywhere", he said.<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|pages=204–205}} During the seventh and last joint debate with Stephen Douglas at Alton, Illinois, on October 15, 1858, Lincoln said about the declaration: {{blockquote|I think the authors of that notable instrument intended to include all men, but they did not mean to declare all men equal in all respects. They did not mean to say all men were equal in color, size, intellect, moral development, or social capacity. They defined with tolerable distinctness in what they did consider all men created equal—equal in "certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." This they said, and this they meant. They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth that all were then actually enjoying that equality, or yet that they were about to confer it immediately upon them. In fact, they had no power to confer such a boon. They meant simply to declare the right, so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit. They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society which should be familiar to all, constantly looked to, constantly labored for, and even, though never perfectly attained, constantly approximated, and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence, and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people, of all colors, everywhere.<ref>{{cite web |title=Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865): Political Debates Between Lincoln and Douglas 1897 |page=415 |url=http://www.bartleby.com/251/pages/page415.html |publisher=Bartleby |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510104632/http://www.bartleby.com/251/pages/page415.html |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} According to Pauline Maier, Douglas's interpretation was more historically accurate, but Lincoln's view ultimately prevailed. "In Lincoln's hands," wrote Maier, "the Declaration of Independence became first and foremost a living document" with "a set of goals to be realized over time".<ref name="American Scripture"/>{{rp|page=207}} {{quote box|align=right|width=33%|quote=[T]here is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence, the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. I hold that he is as much entitled to these as the white man.|source=—Abraham Lincoln, 1858<ref name="Lincoln at Gettysburg">{{cite book | last=Wills | first=Garry | title=Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Rewrote America | location=New York | publisher=Simon & Schuster | date=1992 | isbn=0-671-76956-1}}</ref>{{rp|page=100}}}} Like [[Daniel Webster]], [[James Wilson (Founding Father)|James Wilson]], and [[Joseph Story]] before him, Lincoln argued that the Declaration of Independence was a founding document of the United States, and that this had important implications for interpreting the Constitution, which had been ratified more than a decade after the Declaration.<ref name="Lincoln at Gettysburg"/>{{rp|pages=129–131}} The Constitution did not use the word "equality", yet Lincoln believed that the concept that "all men are created equal" remained a part of the nation's founding principles.<ref name="Lincoln at Gettysburg"/>{{rp|page=145}} He famously expressed this belief, referencing the year 1776, in the opening sentence of his 1863 [[Gettysburg Address]]: "Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." Lincoln's [[Declarationism|view of the Declaration]] became influential, seeing it as a moral guide to interpreting the Constitution. "For most people now," wrote Garry Wills in 1992, "the Declaration means what Lincoln told us it means, as a way of correcting the Constitution itself without overthrowing it."<ref name="Lincoln at Gettysburg"/>{{rp|page=147}} Admirers of Lincoln such as [[Harry V. Jaffa]] praised this development. Critics of Lincoln, notably [[Willmoore Kendall]] and [[Mel Bradford]], argued that Lincoln dangerously expanded the scope of the national government and violated [[states' rights]] by reading the Declaration into the Constitution.<ref name="Lincoln at Gettysburg"/>{{rp|pages=39, 145–146}}<ref>Harry V. Jaffa, ''Crisis of the House Divided'' (1959)</ref><ref>''A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War'' (2000)</ref><ref>Willmoore Kendall and George W. Carey, ''The Basic Symbols of the American Political Tradition'' (1970)</ref><ref>M. E. Bradford (1976), "The Heresy of Equality: A Reply to Harry Jaffa", reprinted in ''A Better Guide than Reason'' (1979) and ''Modern Age, the First Twenty-five Years'' (1988)</ref> ===Women's suffrage and the Declaration=== [[File:ElizabethCadyStanton-1848-Daniel-Henry.jpg|thumb|[[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] and her two sons in 1848]] In July 1848, the [[Seneca Falls Convention]] was held in [[Seneca Falls (hamlet), New York|Seneca Falls]], New York, the first women's rights convention. It was organized by [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]], [[Lucretia Mott]], [[Mary Ann M'Clintock|Mary Ann McClintock]], and Jane Hunt. They patterned their "[[Declaration of Sentiments]]" on the Declaration of Independence, in which they demanded social and political equality for women. Their motto was that "All men ''and women'' are created equal", and they demanded the right to vote.<ref>Norton, et al (2010), p. 301.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/senecafalls.html|title=Modern History Sourcebook: Seneca Falls: The Declaration of Sentiments, 1848|access-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020144859/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/senecafalls.html|archive-date=October 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Excerpt from "Declaration of Sentiments": {{blockquote|We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men and women are created equal|source=The Declaration of Rights and Sentiments 1848}} === Civil Rights Movement and the Declaration === In 1963, in [[Washington, D.C.]], at the [[March on Washington]] for Jobs and Freedom, [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.]] delivered his famous "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech. This speech was meant to inspire the nation, to take up the causes of the Civil Rights Movement. King uses quotations from the Declaration of Independence to encourage equal treatment of all persons regardless of race. Excerpt from King's speech: {{blockquote|I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal."|Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., 1963}} === LGBTQ+ rights movement and the Declaration === In 1978, at the Gay Pride Celebration in [[San Francisco]], activist and later politician [[Harvey Milk]] delivered a speech. Milk alluded to the Declaration of Independence, emphasizing that the inalienable rights established by the Declaration apply to all persons and cannot be hindered because of one's sexual orientation. Excerpt from Milk's speech: {{blockquote|All men are created equal and they are endowed with certain inalienable rights... that's what America is. No matter how hard you try, you cannot erase those words from the Declaration of Independence.|Harvey Milk, 1978}} In 2020, the [[Unitarian Universalist Association]], responding to threats from the Trump administration to undermine civil rights protections for transgender individuals, mirrored the language of the Declaration of Independence, stating any such actions would "threaten the inalienable right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unitarian Universalism Holds that No Person's Identity is Dictated by Laws and Legislation |url=https://www.uua.org/lgbtq/blog/unitarian-universalism-holds-no-persons-identity-dictated-laws-and-legislation |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=www.uua.org |publisher=Unitarian Universalist Association |language=en}}</ref> ===20th century and later=== The Declaration was one of the first texts to be made into an ebook (1971).<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |first=Alison |last=Flood |work=The Guardian |title=Michael Hart, inventor of the ebook, dies aged 64 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/08/michael-hart-inventor-ebook-dies |date=September 8, 2011 |access-date=December 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213052819/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/08/michael-hart-inventor-ebook-dies |archive-date=February 13, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence]] was dedicated in 1984 in [[Constitution Gardens]] on the [[National Mall]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], where the signatures of all the original signers are carved in stone with their names, places of residence, and occupations. The new [[One World Trade Center]] building in [[New York City]] (2014) is 1776 feet high to symbolize the year that the Declaration of Independence was signed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/10/us/new-york-world-trade-center-spire/index.html?hpt=hp_abar_wknd |title=Crews finish installing World Trade Center spire |publisher=CNN |date=May 10, 2013 |access-date=July 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719160917/http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/10/us/new-york-world-trade-center-spire/index.html?hpt=hp_abar_wknd |archive-date=July 19, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?cityID=8 |title=Tallest buildings in NY |publisher=Skyscraperpage.com |access-date=June 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721113248/http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?cityID=8 |archive-date=July 21, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?25002165 |title=Tallest buildings under construction in the world |publisher=Skyscraperpage.com |access-date=June 23, 2012}}</ref> ===Popular culture=== The adoption of the Declaration of Independence was dramatized in the 1969 Tony Award-winning musical ''[[1776 (musical)|1776]]'' and the [[1776 (film)|1972 film version]], as well as in the 2008 television miniseries ''[[John Adams (miniseries)|John Adams]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://1776themusical.us/about-us/|title=1776: The Musical About Us|publisher=Pratico|access-date=May 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509012540/http://1776themusical.us/about-us/|archive-date=May 9, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hbo.com/john-adams/episodes/2-independence/synopsis|title=John Adams: Independence |publisher=Home Box Office |access-date=May 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185703/https://www.hbo.com/john-adams/episodes/2-independence/synopsis|archive-date=May 8, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1970, [[The 5th Dimension]] recorded the opening of the Declaration on their album ''[[Portrait (The 5th Dimension album)|Portrait]]'' in the song "Declaration". It was first performed on the ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show|Ed Sullivan Show]]'' on December 7, 1969, and it was taken as a song of protest by some opposed to the Vietnam War.<ref>{{cite news| title=Independence| author=<!--Editorial staff; no by-line.-->| date=July 4, 2010| access-date=February 10, 2018| newspaper=[[Fort Wayne Journal Gazette]]| url=http://www.ufppc.org/us-a-world-news-mainmenu-35/9786-song-when-the-fifth-dimension-sang-the-declaration-of-independence.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331030957/http://www.ufppc.org/us-a-world-news-mainmenu-35/9786-song-when-the-fifth-dimension-sang-the-declaration-of-independence.html| archive-date=March 31, 2019| url-status=live}}</ref> The Declaration of Independence is a plot device in the 2004 American film ''[[National Treasure (film)|National Treasure]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://rottentomatoes.com/m/national_treasure/| title=National Treasure| website=Rotten Tomatoes| year=2004| access-date=June 10, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129005241/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/national_treasure/| archive-date=November 29, 2017| url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Fallout 3]]'' involves a quest where the playable character acquires the Declaration of Independence from the National Archives. The player is tasked with bringing the document back to a history lover who wants to reclaim pieces of America following a nuclear war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/wikis/fallout-3/Stealing_Independence|title=Stealing Independence |date=May 19, 2014|last=Gameguides|first=IGN|access-date=August 24, 2024|publisher=IGN}}</ref> After the 2009 death of radio broadcaster [[Paul Harvey]], Focus Today aired a clip of Harvey speaking about the lives of all the [[signers of the Declaration of Independence]].<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubHWyjEtfpY | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903114539/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubHWyjEtfpY&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=2020-09-03 |date=August 19, 2019 |title=The Price of Freedom |time= 1:36–8:50 |medium=Commentary |work=TheDove TV |access-date=June 20, 2020}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Journals of the Continental Congress]] * [[Signers Monument]] == References == {{reflist}} === Bibliography === {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{cite book|last=Becker |first=Carl Lotus |author-link=Carl L. Becker |title=The Declaration of independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas |publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company, Inc. |year=1922 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/declarationinde00beckgoog/page/n6/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Boyd |first=Julian P. |author-link=Julian P. Boyd |title=The Declaration of Independence: The Evolution of the Text as Shown in Facsimiles of Various Drafts by its Author, Thomas Jefferson |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1945 |location=Princeton, NJ |url=https://archive.org/details/declarationofind0000unse_s2d8/page/n5/mode/2up}} * Boyd, Julian P., ed. ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson'', vol. 1. Princeton University Press, 1950. * Boyd, Julian P. [http://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/43289/43010 "The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212073815/http://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/43289/43010 |date=February 12, 2015 }}. ''[[Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography]]'' 100, number 4 (October 1976), 438–67. * {{cite book|last=Burnett |first=Edmund Cody |title=The Continental Congress |publisher=The Macmillan Company |year=1941 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/continentalcongr0000burn/page/n5/mode/2up}} * Christie, Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree. ''Empire or Independence, 1760–1776: A British-American Dialogue on the Coming of the American Revolution''. New York: Norton, 1976. * Dumbauld, Edward. ''The Declaration of Independence And What It Means Today''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1950. * Dupont, Christian Y. and Peter S. Onuf, eds. ''Declaring Independence: The Origins and Influence of America's Founding Document''. Revised edition. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Library, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-9799997-1-0}}. * {{cite book|last=Ferling |first=John E. |author-link=John E. Ferling |title=A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic |publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc. |year=2003 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/leapindark00ferl/page/n5/mode/2up |isbn=0-19-515924-1}} * {{cite book |last=Friedenwald |first=Herbert |author-link=Herbert Friedenwald |title=The Declaration of Independence: An Interpretation and an Analysis |location=New York |publisher=The Macmillan Company |year=1904 |url=https://archive.org/details/declarationofind00frierich/page/n7/mode/2up}} * Gustafson, Milton. [https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/winter/travels-charters.html "Travels of the Charters of Freedom"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019174353/https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/winter/travels-charters.html |date=October 19, 2017 }}. ''Prologue Magazine'' 34, no 4 (Winter 2002). * [[Ronald Hamowy|Hamowy, Ronald]]. "Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment: A Critique of Garry Wills's ''Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence''". ''William and Mary Quarterly'', 3rd series, 36 (October 1979), 503–23. * Hazelton, John H. ''The Declaration of Independence: Its History''. Originally published 1906. New York: Da Capo Press, 1970. {{ISBN|0-306-71987-8}}. 1906 edition available on [https://archive.org/details/declarationinde00unkngoog Google Book Search] * Journals of the Continental Congress,1774–1789, Vol. 5 ( Library of Congress, 1904–1937) * Lucas, Stephen E., "Justifying America: The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document", in Thomas W. Benson, ed., ''American Rhetoric: Context and Criticism'', Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1989 * {{Cite journal |last1=Mahoney |first1=D. J. |doi=10.1007/BF02695936 |title=Declaration of independence |journal=Society |volume=24 |pages=46–48 |year=1986 |s2cid=189888819}} * {{cite book |last=Maier |first=Pauline |title=American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence |author-link=Pauline Maier |location=New York |publisher=Vintage Books |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-307-79195-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanscriptur00paul}} * [[Dumas Malone|Malone, Dumas]]. ''Jefferson the Virginian''. Volume 1 of ''Jefferson and His Time''. Boston: Little Brown, 1948. * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Mayer |first=David |editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |chapter=Declaration of Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |year=2008 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|Sage]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n72 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |pages=113–15}} * Mayer, Henry. ''All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-312-18740-8}}. * McDonald, Robert M. S. "Thomas Jefferson's Changing Reputation as Author of the Declaration of Independence: The First Fifty Years". ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 19, no. 2 (Summer 1999): 169–95. * [[Robert Middlekauff|Middlekauff, Robert]]. ''The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789''. Revised and expanded edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. * Norton, Mary Beth, ''et al''., ''A People and a Nation'', Eighth Edition, Boston, Wadsworth, 2010. {{ISBN|0-547-17558-2}}. * {{cite book|last=Rakove |first=Jack N. |author-link=Jack N. Rakove |title=The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. |year=1979 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/beginningsofnati00jack/page/n7/mode/2up |isbn=0-394-42370-4}} * Ritz, Wilfred J. "The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776". ''Law and History Review'' 4, no. 1 (Spring 1986): 179–204. * Ritz, Wilfred J. [http://dpubs.libraries.psu.edu/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&page=toc&handle=psu.pmhb/1172588457 "From the ''Here'' of Jefferson's Handwritten Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence to the ''There'' of the Printed Dunlap Broadside"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707032906/http://dpubs.libraries.psu.edu/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&page=toc&handle=psu.pmhb%2F1172588457 |date=July 7, 2008 }}. ''[[Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography]]'' 116, no. 4 (October 1992): 499–512. * {{cite book|last=Tsesis |first=Alexander |title=For Liberty and Equality: The Life and Times of the Declaration of Independence |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/forlibertyequali0000tses/page/n5/mode/2up |isbn=978-0-195-37969-3}} * Warren, Charles. "Fourth of July Myths". ''The William and Mary Quarterly'', Third Series, vol. 2, no. 3 (July 1945): 238–72. {{JSTOR|1921451}}. * United States Department of State, "[https://archive.org/details/declarationinde01statgoog The Declaration of Independence, 1776], 1911. * {{cite book|last=Wills |first=Garry |author-link=Garry Wills |title=Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence |publisher=Doubleday |year=1978 |location=Garden City, NY |url=https://archive.org/details/inventingamerica0000will_f4a7/page/n7/mode/2up |isbn=0-385-08976-7}} * Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. ''Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery''. Cleveland: Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1969. {{ISBN|0-8295-0146-0}}. * "Declaration of Sentiments Full Text – Text of Stanton's Declaration" Owleyes.org, 2018. * NPR. "Read Martin Luther King Jr.'s 'I Have a Dream" Speech in Its Entirety." NPR.org. January 18, 2010. * [https://www.onearchives.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1978_harvey_milk_gay_freedom_day_speech.pdf "That's What America Is"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503185119/https://www.onearchives.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1978_harvey_milk_gay_freedom_day_speech.pdf |date=May 3, 2021 }}, Harvey Milk, {{refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Category:United States Declaration of Independence |b=no |n=no |q=United States Declaration of Independence |s=United States Declaration of Independence |v=no}} * [http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/declare-causes-declaration-independence "Declare the Causes: The Declaration of Independence"] lesson plan for grades 9–12 from National Endowment for the Humanities * [https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration.html Declaration of Independence at the National Archives] * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/DeclarInd.html Declaration of Independence at the Library of Congress] * [//uscon.mobi/ind/ Mobile-friendly Declaration of Independence] {{United States Declaration of Independence}} {{American Revolution origins}} {{Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War}} {{American Revolutionary War|state=collapsed}} {{United States topics}} {{authority control}} [[Category:United States Declaration of Independence| ]] [[Category:1776 in American law]] [[Category:1776 in international relations]] [[Category:1776 in the United States|Declaration of Independence]] [[Category:1776 works]] [[Category:American Enlightenment]] [[Category:American political philosophy literature]] [[Category:Continental Congress|Declaration of Independence]] [[Category:Government documents of the United States|Declaration of Independence]] [[Category:Market Street (Philadelphia)]] [[Category:National human rights instruments]] [[Category:Philadelphia in the American Revolution]] [[Category:United States documents|Declaration of Independence]] [[Category:Works by Thomas Jefferson|Declaration of Independence]] a2ym78xsgbp2667xniof6vhv1baf7fu 0 162 168 2025-01-20T01:18:00Z Kl8876883 28775193 Created page with "[[File:Play a little game and .jpg|thumb]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html |title=USGS Correspondence Handbook—Chapter 4 |date=July 18, 2007 |publisher=United States Geological Survey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926000950/http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html |archive-date=September 26, 2012 |access-date=November 15, 2012}}</ref> (informal) * The Honou..." 168 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Play a little game and .jpg|thumb]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html |title=USGS Correspondence Handbook—Chapter 4 |date=July 18, 2007 |publisher=United States Geological Survey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926000950/http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html |archive-date=September 26, 2012 |access-date=November 15, 2012}}</ref> (informal) * [[The Honourable#United States|The Honorable]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm |title=Models of Address and Salutation |publisher=[[International Trade Administration]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720073107/http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm |archive-date=July 20, 2010 |access-date=September 4, 2010 }}</ref> (formal) * [[Excellency|His Excellency]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120927014351/http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf "Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs"], Protocol and Liaison Service, [[United Nations]]. Retrieved November 1, 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim |title=Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner |last=The White House Office of the Press Secretary |date=September 1, 2010 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |publisher=The White House |access-date=July 19, 2011}}</ref> (diplomatic) }} | type = {{plainlist| * [[Head of state]] * [[Head of government]] * [[Commander-in-chief]] }} | abbreviation = POTUS | member_of = {{plainlist| * [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]] * [[United States Domestic Policy Council|Domestic Policy Council]] * [[National Economic Council (United States)|National Economic Council]] * [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] }} | residence = [[White House]] | seat = [[Washington, D.C.]] | appointer = [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] or via succession | termlength = Four years, [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|renewable once]] | constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of the United States]] | formation = {{start date and age|1789|3|4|p=1|br=1}}<ref name="formation">"The conventions of nine states having adopted the Constitution, Congress, in September or October, 1788, passed a resolution in conformity with the opinions expressed by the Convention and appointed the first Wednesday in March of the ensuing year as the day, and the then seat of Congress as the place, 'for commencing proceedings under the Constitution.' <p>"Both governments could not be understood to exist at the same time. The new government did not commence until the old government expired. It is apparent that the government did not commence on the Constitution's being ratified by the ninth state, for these ratifications were to be reported to Congress, whose continuing existence was recognized by the Convention, and who were requested to continue to exercise their powers for the purpose of bringing the new government into operation. In fact, Congress did continue to act as a government until it dissolved on the first of November by the successive disappearance of its members. It existed potentially until March 2, the day preceding that on which the members of the new Congress were directed to assemble." {{ussc|name=Owings v. Speed|link=supreme.justia.com|volume=18|page=420|pin=422|year=1820|reporter=Wheat|reporter-volume=5}}</p></ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Maier |first=Pauline |title=Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788 |date=2010 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-86854-7 |location=New York, New York |page=433 |author-link=Pauline Maier}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics/ |title=March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history |date=March 4, 2013 |publisher=[[National Constitution Center]] |location=Philadelphia |access-date=July 29, 2018 |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224184927/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics |url-status=dead }}</ref> | first = [[George Washington]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-election-of-1789/ |title=Presidential Election of 1789 |website=Digital Encyclopedia |publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association |location=Mount Vernon, Virginia |access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref> | salary = $400,000 per year{{efn-ua|In addition to $100,000 in travel reimbursement, $19,000 for entertainment and $50,000 for additional expenses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elkins |first=Kathleen |date=2018-02-19 |title=Here's the last time the president of the United States got a raise |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/16/how-much-the-president-on-the-united-states-gets-paid.html |access-date= |website=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}</ref>}} | website = {{URL|whitehouse.gov}} }} {{Politics of the United States}} {{United States constitutional law}} [[File:Post your own pics on IG .jpg|thumb]] The '''president<!--"president" is uncapitalized as per [[MOS:JOBTITLES]]. Specifically, it is uncapitalized because it is preceded by the modifier "the" (see [[MOS:JOBTITLES]] bullet 3 and table column 2 example 1)--> of the United States''' ('''POTUS'''){{efn-ua|The informal term POTUS originated in the [[Phillips Code]], a shorthand method created in 1879 by [[Walter P. Phillips]] for the rapid transmission of press reports by telegraph.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Safire |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6ARDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA564 |title=Safire's Political Dictionary |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534061-7 |page=564 |language=en}}</ref>}} is the [[head of state]] and [[head of government]] of the [[United States]]. The president directs the [[Federal government of the United States#Executive branch|executive branch]] of the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]] and is the [[Powers of the president of the United States#Commander-in-chief|commander-in-chief]] of the [[United States Armed Forces]]. The power of the presidency has grown substantially<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ford|first=Henry Jones|date=1908|title=The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power|journal=Proceedings of the American Political Science Association|volume=5|pages=53–63|doi=10.2307/3038511|jstor=3038511| issn=1520-8605}}</ref> since the first president, [[George Washington]], took office in 1789.<ref name=formation /> While presidential power has ebbed and flowed over time, the presidency has played an increasingly significant role in American political life since the beginning of the 20th century, carrying over into the 21st century with notable expansions during the presidencies of [[Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Presidency of George W. Bush|George W. Bush]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2021-09-11 |title=How 9/11 Radically Expanded The Power of the U.S. Government |url=https://time.com/6096903/september-11-legal-history/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Erin |title=Presidential Power Surges |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/today/presidential-power-surges/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Harvard Law School |language=en-us}}</ref> In modern times, the president is one of the world's most powerful political figures and the leader of the world's only remaining [[superpower]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4657665/steve-bannon-donald-trump/|title=Is Steve Bannon the Second Most Powerful Man in the World?|last=Von Drehle|first=David|date=February 2, 2017|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jan/03/uselections2008.world|title=Who should be the world's most powerful person?|date=January 3, 2008|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/meacham-history-power-83117|title=Meacham: The History of Power|last=Meacham|first=Jon|date=December 20, 2008|website=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=September 4, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/newsweek-50-barack-obama-83041|title=The Newsweek 50: Barack Obama|last=Zakaria|first=Fareed|date=December 20, 2008|website=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=September 4, 2010}}</ref> As the leader of the nation with the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|largest economy by nominal GDP]], the president possesses significant domestic and international [[Hard power|hard]] and [[soft power]]. For much of the 20th century, especially during the [[Cold War]], the U.S. president was often called "the leader of the free world".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tierney |first1=Dominic |title=What Does It Mean That Trump Is 'Leader of the Free World'? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/01/trump-free-world-leader/514232/ |website=The Atlantic |language=en |date=24 January 2017}}</ref> [[Article Two of the United States Constitution|Article II of the Constitution]] establishes the executive branch of the federal government and vests executive power in the president. The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law and the responsibility to appoint federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers. Based on constitutional provisions empowering the president to appoint and receive ambassadors and conclude treaties with foreign powers, and on subsequent laws enacted by Congress, the modern presidency has primary responsibility for conducting U.S. foreign policy. The role includes responsibility for directing the world's [[List of countries by military expenditures|most expensive military]], which has the [[List of states with nuclear weapons|second-largest nuclear arsenal]]. The president also plays a leading role in federal legislation and domestic policymaking. As part of the system of [[Separation of powers under the United States Constitution|separation of powers]], [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Section 7: Bills|Article I, Section{{nbsp}}7]] of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or [[Veto power in the United States|veto]] federal legislation. Since modern presidents are typically viewed as leaders of their political parties, major policymaking is significantly shaped by the outcome of presidential elections, with presidents taking an active role in promoting their policy priorities to members of Congress who are often electorally dependent on the president.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pfiffner |first=J. P. |year=1988 |title=The President's Legislative Agenda |journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=499 |pages=22–35 |doi=10.1177/0002716288499001002 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716288499001002 |s2cid=143985489 }}</ref> In recent decades, presidents have also made increasing use of [[executive order]]s, agency regulations, and judicial appointments to shape domestic policy. The president is [[Indirect election|elected indirectly]] through the [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] to a four-year term, along with the [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]]. Under the [[Twenty-second Amendment]], ratified in 1951, no person who has been elected to two presidential terms may be elected to a third. In addition, nine vice presidents have become president by virtue of a [[List of presidents of the United States who died in office|president's intra-term death]] or [[Nixon resignation|resignation]].{{efn-ua|The nine vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor's death or resignation and served for the remainder of his term are: [[John Tyler]] (1841); [[Millard Fillmore]] (1850); [[Andrew Johnson]] (1865); [[Chester A. Arthur]] (1881); [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (1901); [[Calvin Coolidge]] (1923); [[Harry S. Truman]] (1945); [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (1963); and [[Gerald Ford]] (1974).}} In all, [[List of presidents of the United States|45 individuals]] have served 46 presidencies spanning 58 four-year terms.{{efn-ua|[[Grover Cleveland]] served two non-consecutive terms, so he is counted twice, as both the 22nd and 24th president.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/grover-cleveland-24/ |title=Grover Cleveland—24 |publisher=White House}}.</ref>}} [[Joe Biden]] is the 46th and current president, having [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|assumed office]] on January 20, 2021. Former president and [[President-elect of the United States|president-elect]] [[Donald Trump]] is scheduled to be [[Second inauguration of Donald Trump|inaugurated as]] the 47th president on January 20, 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bowden |first=George |date=2024-11-06 |title=When does Trump become US president again? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cde7ng85jwgo |access-date=2024-11-06 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Zeke |last2=Price |first2=Michelle L. |last3=Weissert |first3=Will |last4=Colvin |first4=Jill |date=2024-11-05 |title=Trump wins the White House in political comeback rooted in appeals to frustrated voters |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-day-trump-harris-white-house-83c8e246ab97f5b97be45cdc156af4e2 |access-date=2024-11-06 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] }}</ref> == History and development == === Origins === During the [[American Revolutionary War]], the [[Thirteen Colonies]], represented by the [[Second Continental Congress]] in [[Philadelphia]], declared themselves to be independent [[sovereign state]]s and no longer under [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] rule. The affirmation was made in the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], which was written predominantly by [[Thomas Jefferson]] and adopted unanimously on July 4, 1776, by the Second Continental Congress.<ref name="Milkis">{{Cite book |last1=Milkis |first1=Sidney M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkUvAAAAYAAJ |title=The American Presidency: Origins and Development |last2=Nelson |first2=Michael |publisher=CQ Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-87289-336-8 |edition=5th |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=1–25}}</ref> Recognizing the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]],<ref name="Kelly">{{Cite book |last1=Kelly |first1=Alfred H. |title=The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development |last2=Harbison |first2=Winfred A. |last3=Belz |first3=Herman |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co. |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-393-96056-3 |edition=7th |volume=I |location=New York |pages=76–81}}</ref> the Continental Congress simultaneously began the process of drafting a constitution that would bind the [[U.S. state|states]] together. There were long debates on a number of issues, including representation and voting, and the exact powers to be given the central government.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1776–1783/articles |title=Articles of Confederation, 1777–1781 |publisher=Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=January 20, 2019 }}{{dead link|date=August 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Congress finished work on the [[Articles of Confederation]] to establish a [[Perpetual Union|perpetual union]] between the states in November 1777 and sent it to the states for [[ratification]].<ref name=Milkis /> Under the Articles, which [[Coming into force|took effect]] on March 1, 1781, the [[Congress of the Confederation]] was a central political authority without any legislative power. It could make its own resolutions, determinations, and regulations, but not any laws, and could not impose any taxes or enforce local commercial regulations upon its citizens.<ref name=Kelly /> This institutional design reflected how Americans believed the deposed British system of [[The Crown|Crown]] and [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] ought to have functioned with respect to the royal [[dominion]]: a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire.<ref name=Kelly /> The states were out from under any monarchy and assigned some formerly [[royal prerogative]]s (e.g., making war, receiving ambassadors, etc.) to Congress; the remaining prerogatives were lodged within their own respective state governments. The members of Congress elected a [[President of the Continental Congress|president of the United States in Congress Assembled]] to preside over its deliberation as a neutral [[discussion moderator]]. Unrelated to and quite dissimilar from the later office of president of the United States, it was a largely ceremonial position without much influence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellis |first=Richard J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybmeEcpEvlsC |title=Founding the American Presidency |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=1999 |isbn=0-8476-9499-2 |location=Lanham, Maryland |page=1}}</ref> In 1783, the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] secured independence for each of the former colonies. With peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs.<ref name=Milkis /> By 1786, Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak and their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another. They witnessed their [[hard currency]] pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports, their [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] commerce preyed upon by [[North Africa]]n [[Barbary pirates|pirates]], and their foreign-financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest.<ref name=Milkis /> Civil and political unrest loomed. Events such as the [[Newburgh Conspiracy]] and [[Shays' Rebellion]] demonstrated that the Articles of Confederation were not working. Following the successful resolution of commercial and fishing disputes between [[Virginia]] and Maryland at the [[Mount Vernon Conference]] in 1785, Virginia called for a trade conference between all the states, set for September 1786 in [[Annapolis, Maryland]], with an aim toward resolving further-reaching interstate commercial antagonisms. When the [[Annapolis Convention (1786)|convention]] failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states, [[Alexander Hamilton]] of New York led the Annapolis delegates in a call for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles, to be held the next spring in [[Philadelphia]]. Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until [[James Madison]] and [[Edmund Randolph]] succeeded in securing [[George Washington]]'s attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia.<ref name=Milkis /><ref name="Beeman">{{Cite book |last=Beeman |first=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/plainhonestmenm00beem |title=Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution |publisher=Random House |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8129-7684-7 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}</ref> When the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]] convened in May 1787, the 12 state delegations in attendance ([[Rhode Island]] did not send delegates) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments. Most states maintained a weak executive without veto or appointment powers, elected annually by the legislature to a single term only, sharing power with an executive council, and countered by a strong legislature.<ref name=Milkis /> [[New York (state)|New York]] offered the greatest exception, having a strong, unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three-year term, and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter.<ref name=Milkis /> It was through the closed-door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]] emerged. === 1789–1933 === [[File:Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg|thumb|[[George Washington]], the first president of the United States]] As the nation's first president, [[George Washington]] established many norms that would come to define the office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://millercenter.org/president/washington/life-in-brief|title=George Washington: Life in Brief|last=Steven|first=Knott|date=October 4, 2016|work=Miller Center|access-date=September 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205001103/https://millercenter.org/president/washington/life-in-brief|archive-date=February 5, 2018|url-status=live|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stockwell |first1=Mary |title=Presidential Precedents |url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-precedents/ |publisher=Mount Vernon, Washington Library, Center for Digital History |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> His decision to retire after two terms helped address fears that the nation would devolve into monarchy and established a precedent that would not be broken until 1940 and would eventually be made permanent by the [[Twenty-Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-Second Amendment]]. By the end of his presidency, political parties had developed,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Feeling |first1=John |title=How the Rivalry Between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton Changed History |url=https://time.com/4210440/jefferson-hamilton-excerpt/ |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=Time |date=February 15, 2016}}</ref> with [[John Adams]] defeating [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1796, the first truly contested presidential election.<ref>{{cite news |last1=NCC staff |title=On This Day: The first bitter, contested presidential election takes place |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/on-this-day-the-first-bitter-contested-presidential-election-takes-place |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=National Constitution Center |date=November 4, 2019}}</ref> After Jefferson defeated Adams in 1800, he and his fellow Virginians [[James Madison]] and [[James Monroe]] would each serve two terms, eventually dominating the nation's politics during the [[Era of Good Feelings]] until Adams' son [[John Quincy Adams]] won election in 1824 after the [[Democratic-Republican Party]] split. The election of [[Andrew Jackson]] in 1828 was a significant milestone, as Jackson was not part of the Virginia and Massachusetts elite that had held the presidency for its first 40 years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Kenneth |title=The Most Consequential Elections in History: Andrew Jackson and the Election of 1828 |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/08/20/the-most-consequential-elections-in-history-andrew-jackson-and-the-election-of-1828 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |date=August 20, 2008}}</ref> [[Jacksonian democracy]] sought to strengthen the presidency at the expense of Congress, while broadening public participation as the nation rapidly expanded westward. However, his successor, [[Martin Van Buren]], became unpopular after the [[Panic of 1837]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bomboy |first1=Scott |title=Martin Van Buren's legacy: Expert politician, mediocre president |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/martin-van-burens-legacy-was-more-than-just-muttonchops-2/ |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=National Constitution Center |date=December 5, 2017}}</ref> and the death of [[William Henry Harrison]] and subsequent poor relations between [[John Tyler]] and Congress led to further weakening of the office.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Freehling |first1=William |title=John Tyler: Impact and Legacy |url=https://millercenter.org/president/tyler/impact-and-legacy |website=University of Virginia, Miller Center |date=October 4, 2016 |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> Including Van Buren, in the 24 years between 1837 and 1861, six presidential terms would be filled by eight different men, with none serving two terms.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McNamara |first1=Robert |title=Seven Presidents Served in the 20 Years Before the Civil War |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/presidents-before-the-civil-war-1773447 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=ThoughtCo |date=July 3, 2019}}</ref> The Senate played an important role during this period, with the [[Great Triumvirate]] of [[Henry Clay]], [[Daniel Webster]], and [[John C. Calhoun]] playing key roles in shaping national policy in the 1830s and 1840s until debates over slavery began pulling the nation apart in the 1850s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heidler |first1=David |last2=Heidler |first2=Jeanne |title=The Great Triumvirate |url=https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/the-great-triumvirate.html |website=Essential Civil War Curriculum |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Winters |first1=Michael Sean |title='Do not trust in princes': the limits of politics |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/politics/do-not-trust-princes-limits-politics |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=National Catholic Reporter |date=August 4, 2017}}</ref> [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s leadership during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] has led historians to regard him as one of the nation's greatest presidents.{{efn-ua|Nearly all scholars rank Lincoln among the nation's top three presidents, with many placing him first. See [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States]] for a collection of survey results.}} The circumstances of the war and Republican domination of Congress made the office very powerful,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Frank |title=Lincoln's War Powers: Part Constitution, Part Trust |url=https://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/lincolns_war_powers_part_constitution_part_trust |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=American Bar Association |date=April 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Weber |first1=Jennifer |title=Was Lincoln a Tyrant? |url=https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/25/was-lincoln-a-tyrant/ |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=New York Times Opinionator |date=March 25, 2013}}</ref> and Lincoln's re-election in 1864 was the first time a president had been re-elected since Jackson in 1832. After Lincoln's assassination, his successor [[Andrew Johnson]] lost all political support<ref>{{cite web |last1=Varon |first1=Elizabeth |title=Andrew Johnson: Campaigns and Elections |url=https://millercenter.org/president/johnson/campaigns-and-elections |website=University of Virginia, Miller Center |date=October 4, 2016 |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> and was nearly removed from office,<ref>{{cite news |last1=NCC Staff |title=The man whose impeachment vote saved Andrew Johnson |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-man-whose-impeachment-vote-saved-andrew-johnson |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=National Constitution Center |date=May 16, 2020}}</ref> with Congress remaining powerful during the two-term presidency of Civil War general [[Ulysses S. Grant]]. After the end of [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]], [[Grover Cleveland]] would eventually become the first Democratic president elected since before the war, running in three consecutive elections (1884, 1888, 1892) and winning twice. In 1900, [[William McKinley]] became the first incumbent to win re-election since Grant in 1872. After McKinley's [[Assassination of William McKinley|assassination]] by [[Leon Czolgosz]] in 1901, [[Theodore Roosevelt]] became a dominant figure in American politics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boissoneault |first1=Lorraine |title=The Debate Over Executive Orders Began With Teddy Roosevelt's Mad Passion for Conservation |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-theodore-roosevelts-executive-orders-reshaped-countryand-presidency-180962908/ |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine (website) |date=April 17, 2017}}</ref> Historians believe Roosevelt permanently changed the political system by strengthening the presidency,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Posner |first1=Eric |title=The inevitability of the imperial presidency |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/political-bookworm/post/the-inevitability-of-the-imperial-presidency/2011/04/22/AFTRBoPE_blog.html |access-date=September 12, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 22, 2011}}</ref> with some key accomplishments including breaking up trusts, conservationism, labor reforms, making personal character as important as the issues, and hand-picking his successor, [[William Howard Taft]]. The following decade, [[Woodrow Wilson]] led the nation to victory during [[World War I]], although Wilson's proposal for the [[League of Nations]] was rejected by the Senate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glass |first1=Andrew |title=Senate rejects League of Nations, Nov. 19, 2019 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/11/senate-rejects-league-of-nations-nov-19-1919-113006 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=Politico |date=November 19, 2014}}</ref> [[Warren Harding]], while popular in office, would see his legacy tarnished by scandals, especially [[Teapot Dome]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robenalt |first1=James |title=If we weren't so obsessed with Warren G. Harding's sex life, we'd realize he was a pretty good president |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/13/if-we-werent-so-obsessed-with-warren-g-hardings-sex-life-wed-realize-he-was-a-pretty-good-president/ |access-date=September 14, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 13, 2015}}</ref> and [[Herbert Hoover]] quickly became very unpopular after failing to alleviate the [[Great Depression]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Richard Norton |last2=Walch |first2=Timothy |title=The Ordeal of Herbert Hoover |journal=Prologue Magazine |date=Summer 2004 |volume=36 |issue=2 |url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/summer/hoover-1.html |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> === Imperial presidency === {{Main|Imperial presidency}} [[File:Franklin D Roosevelt - radio broadcast.jpg|thumb|President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] delivers a [[Fireside chats|radio address]] in 1933]] The ascendancy of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in 1933 led further toward what historians now describe as the [[Imperial Presidency|Imperial presidency]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialpresiden00schl|title=The Imperial Presidency|last=Schlesinger| first=Arthur M. Jr. |date=1973|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|others=Frank and Virginia Williams Collection of Lincolniana (Mississippi State University. Libraries)|isbn=0-395-17713-8|location=Boston|pages=x|oclc=704887|author-link=Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.|url-access=registration}}</ref> Backed by enormous Democratic majorities in Congress and public support for major change, Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] dramatically increased the size and scope of the federal government, including more executive agencies.<ref name=JohnYooFDR>{{cite journal |last1=Yoo |first1=John |title=Franklin Roosevelt and Presidential Power |journal=Chapman Law Review |date=February 14, 2018 |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=205 |ssrn=3123894 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3123894}}</ref>{{rp|211–12}} The traditionally small presidential staff was greatly expanded, with the [[Executive Office of the President]] being created in 1939, none of whom require Senate confirmation.<ref name=JohnYooFDR />{{rp|229–231}} Roosevelt's unprecedented re-election to a third and fourth term, the victory of the United States in [[World War II]], and the nation's growing economy all helped established the office as a position of global leadership.<ref name=JohnYooFDR />{{rp|269}} His successors, [[Harry Truman]] and [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], each served two terms as the [[Cold War]] led the presidency to be viewed as the "[[leader of the free world]]",<ref>Tierney, Dominic (January 24, 2017). [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/01/trump-free-world-leader/514232/ "What Does It Mean That Trump Is 'Leader of the Free World'?"]. ''[[The Atlantic]]''.</ref> while [[John F. Kennedy]] was a youthful and popular leader who benefited from the rise of television in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Eschner |first1=Kat |title=A Year Before His Presidential Debate, JFK Foresaw How TV Would Change Politics |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/what-jfk-had-say-about-tv-politics-180967172/ |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |date=November 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Simon |first1=Ron |title=See How JFK Created a Presidency for the Television Age |url=https://time.com/4795637/jfk-television/ |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=Time |date=May 29, 2017}}</ref> After [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] lost popular support due to the [[Vietnam War]] and [[Richard Nixon]]'s presidency collapsed in the [[Watergate scandal]], Congress enacted a series of reforms intended to reassert itself.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wallach |first1=Philip |title=When Congress won the American people's respect: Watergate |url=https://www.legbranch.org/2018-4-25-when-congress-won-the-american-peoples-respect-watergate/ |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=LegBranch.org |date=April 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Sam |last2=Tausanovitch |first2=Alex |title=Lessons From Watergate |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2018/07/30/454058/lessons-from-watergate/ |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=Center for American Progress |date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> These included the [[War Powers Resolution]], enacted over Nixon's veto in 1973,<ref>{{USStat|87|555}}, 559–560.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Madden |first1=Richard |title=House and Senate Override Veto by Nixon on Curb of War Powers; Backers of Bill Win 3-Year Fight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/08/archives/house-and-senate-override-veto-by-nixon-on-curb-of-war-powers.html |access-date=September 12, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 8, 1973}}</ref> and the [[Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974]] that sought to strengthen congressional fiscal powers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glass |first1=Andrew |title=Budget and Impoundment Control Act becomes law, July 12, 1974 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/12/budget-and-impoundment-control-act-becomes-law-july-12-1974-240372 |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=Politico |date=July 12, 2017}}</ref> By 1976, [[Gerald Ford]] conceded that "the historic pendulum" had swung toward Congress, raising the possibility of a "disruptive" erosion of his ability to govern.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shabecoff |first1=Philip |title=Presidency Is Found Weaker Under Ford |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/28/archives/presidency-is-found-weaker-under-ford-curbs-on-exerting-power-seen.html |access-date=September 9, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 28, 1976}}</ref> Ford failed to win election to a full term and his successor, [[Jimmy Carter]], failed to win re-election. [[Ronald Reagan]], who had been an actor before beginning his political career, used his talent as a communicator to help reshape the American agenda away from New Deal policies toward more conservative ideology.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Edwards |first1=Lee |title=What Made Reagan a Truly Great Communicator |url=https://www.heritage.org/conservatism/commentary/what-made-reagan-truly-great-communicator |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |date=February 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brands |first1=H. W. |title=What Reagan Learned from FDR |url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/159389 |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=History News Network}}</ref> With the Cold War ending and the United States becoming the world's undisputed leading power,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Theodore |title=America's First Post-Cold War President |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=Fall 1992 |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=13–30 |doi=10.2307/20045307 |jstor=20045307 |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1992-09-01/americas-first-post-cold-war-president}}</ref> [[Bill Clinton]], [[George W. Bush]], and [[Barack Obama]] each served two terms as president. Meanwhile, Congress and the nation gradually became more politically polarized, especially following the [[1994 United States elections|1994 mid-term elections]] that saw Republicans control the House for the first time in 40 years, and the rise of routine [[Filibuster in the United States Senate|filibusters]] in the Senate in recent decades.<ref>Barber, Michael; McCarty, Nolan (2013), [https://www.apsanet.org/portals/54/Files/Task%20Force%20Reports/Chapter2Mansbridge.pdf Causes and Consequences of Polarization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193351/https://www.apsanet.org/portals/54/Files/Task%20Force%20Reports/Chapter2Mansbridge.pdf |date=January 14, 2021 }}, American Political Science Association Task Force on Negotiating Agreement in Politics report, at 19–20, 37–38.</ref> Recent presidents have thus increasingly focused on [[executive order]]s, agency regulations, and judicial appointments to implement major policies, at the expense of legislation and congressional power.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rudalevige |first1=Andrew |title=The Letter of the Law: Administrative Discretion and Obama's Domestic Unilateralism |journal=The Forum |date=April 1, 2014 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=29–59 |doi=10.1515/for-2014-0023 |s2cid=145237493 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Presidential elections in the 21st century have reflected this continuing polarization, with no candidate except Obama in 2008 winning by more than five percent of the popular vote and two, George W. Bush ([[2000 United States presidential election|2000]]) and [[Donald Trump]] ([[2016 United States presidential election|2016]]), winning in the Electoral College while losing the popular vote.{{efn-ua|See [[List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin]].}} Bush ([[2004 United States presidential election|2004]]) and Trump ([[2024 United States presidential election|2024]]) were later re-elected, winning both in the Electoral College and the popular vote. === Critics of presidency's evolution === The nation's [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]] expected the [[United States Congress|Congress]], which was the first branch of government described in the [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]], to be the dominant branch of government; however, they did not expect a strong executive department.<ref name="tws9nov09">{{Cite news |last=Kakutani |first=Michiko |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html |title=Unchecked and Unbalanced |date=July 6, 2007 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 9, 2009 |quote=the founding fathers had "scant affection for strong executives" like England's king, and{{nbsp}}... Bush White House's claims are rooted in ideas "about the 'divine' right of kings"{{nbsp}}... and that certainly did not find their way into our founding documents, the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787.}}</ref> However, presidential power has shifted over time, which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful,<ref name="twsSEPnnxcvdf1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-conquest-of-president_b_120582 |first=David |last=Sirota |title=The Conquest of Presidentialism |date=August 22, 2008 |work=HuffPost |access-date=September 20, 2009}}</ref><ref name="twsSEPnn5454">{{Cite news |last=Schimke |first=David |url=http://www.utne.com/2008-09-01/Politics/presidential-Power-to-the-People.aspx |title=Presidential Power to the People—Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next President be taken down a notch |date=September–October 2008 |work=Utne Reader |access-date=September 20, 2009}}</ref> unchecked, unbalanced,<ref name="tws9nov07">{{Cite news |last=Linker |first=Ross |url=http://www.jhunewsletter.com/2007/09/26/critical-of-presidency-prof-ginsberg-and-crenson-unite-18626/ |title=Critical of Presidency, Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite |date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=November 9, 2017 |publisher=The Johns-Hopkins Newsletter |quote=Presidents slowly but surely gain more and more power with both the public at large and other political institutions doing nothing to prevent it.}}</ref> and "monarchist" in nature.<ref name="tws9nov08">{{Cite news |last=Kakutani |first=Michiko |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html |title=Unchecked and Unbalanced |date=July 6, 2007 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 9, 2009 |quote=Unchecked and Unbalanced: Presidential Power in a Time of Terror By Frederick A. O. Schwarz Jr. and Aziz Z. Huq (authors)}}</ref> In 2008 professor [[Dana D. Nelson]] expressed belief that presidents over the previous thirty years worked towards "undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies".<ref name="twsSEPrt8jyh5">{{Cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dana D. |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11,0,224216.story |title=Opinion—The 'unitary executive' question—What do McCain and Obama think of the concept? |date=October 11, 2008 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=September 21, 2009}}</ref> She criticized proponents of the [[unitary executive theory]] for expanding "the many existing uncheckable executive powers—such as executive orders, decrees, memorandums, proclamations, national security directives and legislative signing statements—that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid, interference or consent from Congress".<ref name=twsSEPrt8jyh5 /> [[Bill Wilson (activist)|Bill Wilson]], board member of [[Americans for Limited Government]], opined that the expanded presidency was "the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule".<ref name="tws8nov06">{{Cite news |last=Shane |first=Scott |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/26/us/politics/26activist.html |title=A Critic Finds Obama Policies a Perfect Target |date=September 25, 2009 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=There is the small, minority-owned firm with deep ties to President Obama's Chicago backers, made eligible by the Federal Reserve to handle potentially lucrative credit deals. "I want to know how these firms are picked and who picked them," Mr. Wilson, the group's president, tells his eager researchers.}}</ref> == Legislative powers == [[Vesting Clauses|Article I, Section{{nbsp}}1]] of the Constitution vests all [[Right of initiative (legislative)|lawmaking power]] in Congress's hands, and [[Ineligibility Clause|Article 1, Section 6, Clause{{nbsp}}2]] prevents the president (and all other executive branch officers) from simultaneously being a member of Congress. Nevertheless, the modern presidency exerts significant power over legislation, both due to constitutional provisions and historical developments over time. === Signing and vetoing bills === [[File:Lyndon Johnson signing Civil Rights Act, July 2, 1964.jpg|alt=|thumb|President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signs the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|1964 Civil Rights Act]] at the [[White House]] on July 2, 1964, as [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and others look on.]] The president's most significant legislative power derives from the [[Presentment Clause]], which gives the president the power to veto any [[Bill (law)|bill]] passed by [[United States Congress|Congress]]. While Congress can override a presidential veto, it requires a [[Supermajority#Two-thirds vote|two-thirds vote]] of both houses, which is usually very difficult to achieve except for widely supported bipartisan legislation. The framers of the Constitution feared that Congress would seek to increase its power and enable a "tyranny of the majority", so giving the indirectly elected president a veto was viewed as an important check on the legislative power. While George Washington believed the veto should only be used in cases where a bill was unconstitutional, it is now routinely used in cases where presidents have policy disagreements with a bill. The veto – or threat of a veto – has thus evolved to make the modern presidency a central part of the American legislative process. Specifically, under the Presentment Clause, once a bill has been presented by Congress, the president has three options: # Sign the legislation within ten days, excluding Sundays, the bill [[Coming into force|becomes law]]. # [[Veto power in the United States|Veto]] the legislation within the above timeframe and return it to the house of Congress from which it originated, expressing any objections, the bill does not become law, unless both houses of Congress vote to override the veto by a [[Supermajority#Two-thirds vote|two-thirds vote]]. # Take no action on the legislation within the above timeframe—the bill becomes law, as if the president had signed it, unless Congress is adjourned at the time, in which case it does not become law, which is known as a [[pocket veto]]. In 1996, Congress attempted to enhance the president's veto power with the [[Line Item Veto Act of 1996|Line Item Veto Act]]. The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill, particularly any new spending, any amount of discretionary spending, or any new limited tax benefit. Congress could then repass that particular item. If the president then vetoed the new legislation, Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means, a two-thirds vote in both houses. In ''[[Clinton v. City of New York]]'', {{ussc|524|417|1998}}, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] ruled such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional. === Setting the agenda === [[File:Donald Trump State of the Union 2018 (26133528958).jpg|alt=|thumb|President [[Donald Trump]] delivers his [[2018 State of the Union Address]] before [[United States Congress|Congress]]]] For most of American history, candidates for president have sought election on the basis of a promised legislative agenda. [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Section 3: Presidential responsibilities|Article II, Section 3, Clause 2]] requires the president to recommend such measures to Congress which the president deems "necessary and expedient". This is done through the constitutionally-based [[State of the Union]] address, which usually outlines the president's legislative proposals for the coming year, and through other formal and informal communications with Congress. The president can be involved in crafting legislation by suggesting, requesting, or even insisting that Congress enact laws that the president believes are needed. Additionally, the president can attempt to shape legislation during the legislative process by exerting influence on individual members of Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/95/recommendations-clause |title=Essays on Article II: Recommendations Clause |last=Pfiffner |first=James |website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]] |access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> Presidents possess this power because the Constitution is silent about who can write legislation, but the power is limited because only members of Congress can introduce legislation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/the-legislative-branch/ |title=Our Government: The Legislative Branch |website=www.whitehouse.gov |publisher=The White House |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> The president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress. Additionally, the president may attempt to have Congress alter proposed legislation by threatening to veto that legislation unless requested changes are made.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42843.pdf |title=Introduction to the Legislative Process in the U.S. Congress |last=Heitshusen |first=Valerie |date=November 15, 2018 |website=R42843 · Version 14 · updated |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> === Promulgating regulations === Many laws enacted by Congress do not address every possible detail, and either explicitly or implicitly delegate powers of implementation to an appropriate federal agency. As the head of the executive branch, presidents control a vast array of [[List of federal agencies in the United States|agencies]] that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress. In the 20th century, critics charged that too many legislative and budgetary powers that should have belonged to Congress had slid into the hands of presidents. One critic charged that presidents could appoint a "virtual army of 'czars'—each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the White House".<ref name="tws28sep08">{{Cite news |last=Cantor |first=Eric |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/29/AR2009072902624.html |title=Obama's 32 Czars |date=July 30, 2009 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=September 28, 2009}}</ref> Presidents have been criticized for making [[signing statement]]s when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it.<ref name="tws04oct08">{{Cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dana D. |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11,0,224216.story |title=The 'unitary executive' question |date=October 11, 2008 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=October 4, 2009}}</ref> This practice has been criticized by the [[American Bar Association]] as unconstitutional.<ref name="tws11nov301">{{Cite news |last=Suarez |first=Ray |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec06/signing_07-24.html |title=President's Use of 'Signing Statements' Raises Constitutional Concerns |date=July 24, 2006 |access-date=November 11, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321035900/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec06/signing_07-24.html |archive-date=March 21, 2007 |publisher=PBS Online NewsHour |quote=The American Bar Association said President Bush's use of "signing statements", which allow him to sign a bill into law but not enforce certain provisions, disregards the rule of law and the separation of powers. Legal experts discuss the implications. |display-authors=etal }}</ref> Conservative commentator [[George Will]] wrote of an "increasingly swollen executive branch" and "the eclipse of Congress".<ref name="tws28sep">{{Cite news |last=Will |first=George F. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/19/AR2008121902929.html |title=Making Congress Moot |date=December 21, 2008 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=September 28, 2009}}</ref> === Convening and adjourning Congress === To allow the government to act quickly in case of a major domestic or international crisis arising when Congress is not in session, the president is empowered by [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause_3:_Extraordinary_sessions_and_prorogation_of_Congress|Article II, Section{{nbsp}}3]] of the Constitution to call a [[special session]] of one or both houses of Congress. Since [[John Adams]] first did so in 1797, the president has called the full Congress to convene for a special session on 27 occasions. [[Harry S. Truman]] was the most recent to do so in July 1948, known as the [[Turnip Day Session]]. In addition, prior to ratification of the [[Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twentieth Amendment]] in 1933, which brought forward the date on which Congress convenes from December to January, newly [[United States presidential inauguration|inaugurated]] presidents would routinely call the Senate to meet to confirm nominations or ratify treaties. In practice, the power has fallen into disuse in the modern era as Congress now formally remains in session year-round, convening pro forma sessions every three days even when ostensibly in recess. Correspondingly, the president is authorized to adjourn Congress if the House and Senate cannot agree on the time of adjournment; no president has ever had to exercise this power.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/96/convening-of-congress |title=Essays on Article II: Convening of Congress |last=Forte |first=David F. |website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=Heritage Foundation |access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Steinmetz |first=Katy |date=August 10, 2010 |title=Congressional Special Sessions |url=https://content.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,2009480,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> == Executive powers == {{Main|Powers of the president of the United States}} {{Quote box|align=right|width=25%|quote=Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States, and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed.|source=''[[Nixon v. General Services Administration]]'', '''{{ussc|433|425|1977}}''' ([[William Rehnquist|Rehnquist, J.]], [[Dissenting opinion|dissenting]])}} The president is head of the executive branch of the federal government and is [[Article Two of the United States Constitution|constitutionally obligated]] to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleii#section3 |title=Article II, Section 3, U.S. Constitution |year=2012 |publisher=Legal Information Institute |access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref> The executive branch has over four million employees, including the military.<ref name="obamapresidency">{{Cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/executive-branch |title=Executive Branch |date=April 2015 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date=January 24, 2020}}</ref> === Administrative powers === Presidents make [[Political appointments in the United States|political appointments]]. An incoming president may make up to 4,000 upon taking office, 1,200 of which must be [[Advice and consent#United States|confirmed by the U.S. Senate]]. [[Ambassador]]s, members of the [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]], and various [[Officer of the United States|officers]], are among the positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation.<ref>{{cite web| title=Presidentially Appointed Positions| date=April 14, 2021| url=https://presidentialtransition.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2020/12/Presidentially-Appointed-Positions.pdf| publisher=[[Partnership for Public Service]]| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Biden Political Appointee Tracker| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2020/biden-appointee-tracker/| newspaper=The Washington Post| access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref> The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue. Generally, a president may remove executive officials at will.<ref>See ''Shurtleff v. United States'', {{ussc|189|311|1903}}; ''[[Myers v. United States]]'', {{ussc|272|52|1926}}.</ref> However, Congress can curtail and constrain a president's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by [[statute]].<ref>See ''[[Humphrey's Executor v. United States]]'', {{ussc|295|602|1935}} and ''[[Morrison v. Olson]]'', {{ussc|487|654|1988}}, respectively.</ref> To manage the growing federal bureaucracy, presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff, who were eventually organized into the [[Executive Office of the President of the United States]]. Within the Executive Office, the president's innermost layer of aides, and their assistants, are located in the [[White House Office]]. The president also possesses the power to manage operations of the federal government by issuing various [[Presidential directive|types of directives]], such as [[Presidential proclamation (United States)|presidential proclamation]] and [[executive order]]s. When the president is lawfully exercising one of the constitutionally conferred presidential responsibilities, the scope of this power is broad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/the-constitution/report/executive-summary-the-use-and-abuse-executive-orders-and-other-presidential |title=Executive Summary: The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives |last=Gaziano |first=Todd |date=February 21, 2001 |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> Even so, these directives are subject to [[Judicial review in the United States|judicial review]] by U.S. federal courts, which can find them to be unconstitutional. Congress can overturn an executive order through legislation. === Foreign affairs === [[File:President George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev.jpg|thumb|President [[George H. W. Bush]] and Soviet President [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] sign the [[1990 Chemical Weapons Accord]] at the [[White House]]]] [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Section 3: Presidential responsibilities|Article II, Section 3, Clause 4]] requires the president to "receive Ambassadors." This clause, known as the Reception Clause, has been interpreted to imply that the president possesses broad power over matters of foreign policy,<ref>''[[United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.]]'', {{ussc|299|304|1936}}, characterized the President as the "sole organ of the nation in its external relations," an interpretation [https://fas.org/sgp/eprint/fisher.pdf criticized] by Louis Fisher of the Library of Congress.</ref> and to provide support for the president's exclusive authority to grant [[diplomatic recognition|recognition]] to a foreign government.<ref>''[[Zivotofsky v. Kerry]]'', {{Ussc|576|___|2015|el=no}}.</ref> The Constitution also empowers the president to appoint United States ambassadors, and to propose and chiefly negotiate agreements between the United States and other countries. Such agreements, upon receiving the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate (by a [[Supermajority|two-thirds majority]] vote), become binding with the force of federal law. While foreign affairs has always been a significant element of presidential responsibilities, advances in technology since the Constitution's adoption have increased presidential power. Where formerly ambassadors were vested with significant power to independently negotiate on behalf of the United States, presidents now routinely meet directly with leaders of foreign countries. === Commander-in-chief === [[File:Lincoln O-62 by Gardner, 1862-crop.jpg|thumb|[[Abraham Lincoln]], the 16th president who successfully preserved the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] during the [[American Civil War]], with [[Union Army]] general [[George B. McClellan]] and soldiers at [[Antietam National Battlefield|Antietam]] on October 3, 1862]] One of the most important of executive powers is the president's role as [[Powers of the president of the United States#Commander-in-chief|commander-in-chief]] of the [[United States Armed Forces]]. The power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress, but the president has ultimate responsibility for the direction and disposition of the military. The exact degree of authority that the Constitution grants to the president as commander-in-chief has been the subject of much debate throughout history, with Congress at various times granting the president wide authority and at others attempting to restrict that authority.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii/commander-in-chief-clause-ramsey-and-vladeck/clause/25 |title=Common Interpretation: Commander in Chief Clause |last1=Ramsey |first1=Michael |last2=Vladeck |first2=Stephen |website=National Constitution Center Educational Resources (some internal navigation required) |publisher=National Constitution Center |access-date=May 23, 2017}}</ref> The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president's powers regarding the military; [[Alexander Hamilton]] explained this in [[Federalist No. 69]]:{{blockquote|The President is to be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States.{{nbsp}}... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces{{nbsp}}... while that [the power] of the [[Monarchy of Great Britain|British king]] extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies, all [of] which{{nbsp}}... would appertain to the legislature.<ref>[[Alexander Hamilton|Hamilton, Alexander]]. [http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa69.htm ''The Federalist'' #69] (reposting). Retrieved June 15, 2007.</ref> [Emphasis in the original.]|sign=|source=}} In the modern era, pursuant to the [[War Powers Resolution]], Congress must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days, although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed, rendering it ineffectual.<ref name="miller-center">{{Cite web |url=http://millercenter.org/policy/commissions/warpowers/report |title=The National War Powers Commission Report |last1=Christopher |first1=James A. |last2=Baker, III |date=July 8, 2008 |publisher=The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126165009/http://millercenter.org/policy/commissions/warpowers/report |archive-date=November 26, 2010 |access-date=December 15, 2010 |quote=No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements. Instead, it relies on reporting requirements that, if triggered, begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict. By the terms of the 1973 Resolution, however, Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act. Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional, and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report "pursuant" to these triggering provisions. }}</ref> Additionally, Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation. Presidents have historically initiated the process for going to war,<ref name="tws12novef">{{Cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107101712/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 7, 2008 |title=The Law: The President's War Powers |date=June 1, 1970 |magazine=Time |access-date=September 28, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="tws8nov102">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Alison |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html |title=The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True |date=May 2, 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times; Congress has declared war only five times: the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish–American War, World War I and World War II.}}</ref> but critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations, including [[Theodore Roosevelt]]'s military move into [[Panama]] in 1903,<ref name="tws12novef" /> the [[Korean War]],<ref name="tws12novef" /> the [[Vietnam War]],<ref name="tws12novef" /> and the invasions of [[Grenada]] in 1983<ref name="tws8nov101">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Alison |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html |title=The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True |date=May 2, 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing. He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way.}}</ref> and [[Panama]] in 1989.<ref name="tws8nov100">{{Cite news |last=Gordon |first=Michael R. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1220.html#article |title=U.S. troops move in Panama in effort to seize Noriega; gunfire is heard in capital |date=December 20, 1990 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action, or notified them in advance. Thomas S. Foley, the Speaker of the House, said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration.}}</ref> The amount of military detail handled personally by the president in wartime has varied greatly.<ref>Andrew J. Polsky, ''Elusive Victories: The American Presidency at War'' (Oxford University Press, 2012) [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=37003 online review]</ref> George Washington, the first U.S. president, firmly established [[civilian control of the military|military subordination under civilian authority]]. In 1794, Washington used his constitutional powers to assemble 12,000 militia to quell the [[Whiskey Rebellion]], a conflict in [[Western Pennsylvania]] involving armed farmers and distillers who refused to pay an excise tax on spirits. According to historian [[Joseph Ellis]], this was the "first and only time a sitting American president led troops in the field", though [[James Madison]] briefly took control of artillery units in [[Burning of Washington|defense of Washington, D.C.]], during the [[War of 1812]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.history.org/foundation/journal/summer12/george.cfm |title=George Washington and the Evolution of the American Commander in Chief |publisher=The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation}}</ref> [[Abraham Lincoln]] was deeply involved in overall strategy and in day-to-day operations during the [[American Civil War]], 1861–1865; historians have given Lincoln high praise for his strategic sense and his ability to select and encourage commanders such as [[Ulysses S. Grant]].<ref>James M. McPherson, ''Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln As Commander in Chief'' (2009)</ref> The present-day operational command of the Armed Forces is delegated to the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] and is normally exercised through the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]]. The [[chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] and the [[Combatant Command]]s assist with the operation as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan (UCP).<ref name="ucp">{{Cite news |url=http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14398 |title=DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011 |date=April 8, 2011 |work=[[United States Department of Defense]] |access-date=February 25, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513070316/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14398 |archive-date=May 13, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{USC|10|164}}</ref><ref>[[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416022040/http://www.jcs.mil/page.aspx?id=2 About the Joint Chiefs of Staff]. Retrieved February 25, 2013.</ref> === Juridical powers and privileges === {{Further|List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States}} {{Update|section|reason=The case [[Trump v. United States (2024)]]|date=July 2024}} [[File: P20220408AS-1467 (52067437977).jpg|thumb|President [[Joe Biden]] with his [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] appointee Justice [[Ketanji Brown Jackson]] and (in background) Vice President [[Kamala Harris]] following Brown Jackson's 2022 [[United States Senate]] confirmation]] The president has the power to nominate [[United States federal judge|federal judges]], including members of the [[United States courts of appeals]] and the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. However, these nominations require [[Advice and consent#United States|Senate confirmation]] before they may take office. Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance. When nominating judges to [[United States district court|U.S. district courts]], presidents often respect the long-standing tradition of [[senatorial courtesy]]. Presidents may also grant [[pardon]]s and [[Pardon#Related concepts|reprieves]]. [[Gerald Ford]] pardoned [[Richard Nixon]] a month after taking office. Presidents often grant pardons shortly before leaving office, like when [[Bill Clinton]] pardoned [[Patty Hearst]] on his last day in office; this is often [[Controversy|controversial]].<ref name="tws8nov12">{{Cite news |last=Johnston |first=David |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html |title=Bush Pardons Six in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up' |date=December 24, 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the president was trying to shield officials for political purposes.}}</ref><ref name="tws8nov11">{{Cite news |last=Johnston |first=David |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html |title=Bush Pardons Six in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up' |date=December 24, 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger's efforts to hide his notes may have 'forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan' and formed part of a pattern of 'deception and obstruction'.{{nbsp}}... In light of President Bush's own misconduct, we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations.}}</ref><ref name="tws8nov10">{{Cite news |last=Eisler |first=Peter |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-03-06-clinton-library-foia_N.htm |title=Clinton-papers release blocked |date=March 7, 2008 |work=USA Today |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office, including several to controversial figures, such as commodities trader Rich, then a fugitive on tax evasion charges. Rich's ex-wife, Denise, contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton's Senate campaign; $5,000 to a related political action committee; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library.}}</ref> Two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy. The first is [[executive privilege]], which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties. George Washington first claimed the privilege when Congress requested to see [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[John Jay]]'s notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]. While not enshrined in the Constitution or any other law, Washington's action created the precedent for the privilege. When [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the [[Watergate scandal]], the Supreme Court ruled in ''[[United States v. Nixon]]'', {{ussc|418|683|1974}}, that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution. When Bill Clinton attempted to use executive privilege regarding the [[Clinton–Lewinsky scandal|Lewinsky scandal]], the Supreme Court ruled in ''[[Clinton v. Jones]]'', {{ussc|520|681|1997}}, that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits. These cases established the [[Precedent|legal precedent]] that executive privilege is valid, although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined. Additionally, federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/06/executive_privilege.html |title=Executive Privilege 101 |last=Millhiser, Ian |date=June 1, 2010 |publisher=Center for American Progress |access-date=October 8, 2010 |archive-date=June 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609224239/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/06/executive_privilege.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[state secrets privilege]] allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from [[Discovery (law)|discovery]] in legal proceedings if such release would harm [[national security]]. Precedent for the privilege arose early in the 19th century when [[Thomas Jefferson]] refused to release military documents in the [[treason]] trial of [[Aaron Burr]] and again in ''[[Totten v. United States]]'' {{ussc|92|105|1876}}, when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy.<ref>{{cite case |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1537579.html |title=Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan |chapter=Part III |via=FindLaw |access-date=November 29, 2010}}</ref> However, the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court until ''[[United States v. Reynolds]]'' {{ussc|345|1|1953}}, where it was held to be a [[common law]] [[Evidence (law)|evidentiary]] privilege.<ref name="ACS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.acslaw.org/issue_brief/briefs-2007-2011/reforming-the-state-secrets-privilege/ |title=Reforming the State Secrets Privilege |last1=Frost |first1=Amanda |last2=Florence |first2=Justin |year=2009 |publisher=[[American Constitution Society]] |access-date=November 9, 2017}}</ref> Before the [[September 11 attacks]], use of the privilege had been rare, but increasing in frequency.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weaver |first1=William G. |last2=Pallitto |first2=Robert M. |year=2005 |title=State Secrets and Executive Power |journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=85–112 |doi=10.1002/j.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x |quote=Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty-five years. In the twenty-three years between the decision in Reynolds [1953] and the election of Jimmy Carter, in 1976, there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege. Between 1977 and 2001, there were a total of fifty-one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege. Because reported cases represent only a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated, it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown. But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past.}}</ref> Since 2001, the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation, thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims, as in the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|Ninth Circuit]]'s ruling in ''[[Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.]]''<ref name="ACS" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Savage |first=Charlie |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/us/09secrets.html |title=Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A. |date=September 8, 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Finn |first=Peter |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/08/AR2010090807334.html |title=Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case |date=September 9, 2010 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=October 8, 2010}}</ref> Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/02/10/obama |title=The 180-degree reversal of Obama's State Secrets position |last=Glenn Greenwald |author-link=Glenn Greenwald |date=February 10, 2009 |website=Salon |access-date=October 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/national-security/background-state-secrets-privilege |title=Background on the State Secrets Privilege |date=January 31, 2007 |publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]] |access-date=October 8, 2010}}</ref> The degree to which the president personally has [[absolute immunity]] from court cases is contested and has been the subject of several Supreme Court decisions. ''[[Nixon v. Fitzgerald]]'' (1982) dismissed a civil lawsuit against by-then former president Richard Nixon based on his official actions. ''[[Clinton v. Jones]]'' (1997) decided that a president has no immunity against civil suits for actions taken before becoming president and ruled that a sexual harassment suit could proceed without delay, even against a sitting president. The 2019 [[Mueller report]] on Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election detailed evidence of possible [[obstruction of justice]], but investigators declined to refer [[Donald Trump]] for prosecution based on a [[United States Department of Justice]] policy against indicting an incumbent president. The report noted that impeachment by Congress was available as a remedy. As of October 2019, a case was pending in the federal courts regarding access to personal tax returns in a criminal case brought against Donald Trump by the [[New York County District Attorney]] alleging violations of New York state law.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/07/767830713/federal-judge-rules-trump-must-hand-over-8-years-of-tax-returns|title=President Trump Doesn't Need To Release His Tax Returns — For Now|website=[[NPR]]|date=October 7, 2019|access-date=April 28, 2020|last1=Brown|first1=Tanya Ballard}}</ref> Memoranda from the [[Office of Legal Counsel]] issued in 1973 and 2000 internally prohibit the [[Department of Justice]] from prosecuting a president, which some legal scholars have criticized but others have endorsed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prakash |first1=Saikrishna Bangalore |title=Prosecuting and Punishing Our Presidents. |journal=[[Texas Law Review]] |date=November 2021 |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=55–113 |url=https://texaslawreview.org/prosecuting-and-punishing-our-presidents/ |access-date=31 March 2023 |ssrn=4039230 |id={{EBSCOhost|154035452|dbcode=a9h}}}}</ref> In defense against federal criminal prosecution for his [[Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)|alleged 2020 election subversion]], in January 2024, Trump argued to the [[DC Circuit Court of Appeals]] that a president enjoys absolute immunity for criminal acts conducted while in office. The next month, a three-judge panel of the court unanimously ruled against Trump. It was the first time an appeals court had addressed such a presidential immunity matter, since no other sitting or former president had ever been criminally indicted.<ref>{{cite news |title=Federal Appeals Court Rejects Trump's Claim of Absolute Immunity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/06/us/politics/trump-immunity-appeals-court.html |work=The New York Times |date=February 6, 2024|author1=Alan Feuer|author2=Charlie Savage}}</ref> In ''[[Trump v. United States (2024)|Trump v. United States]]'', on July 1, 2024, the Supreme Court ruled that presidents were entitled to absolute immunity from exercising core powers enumerated by the Constitution, [[presumption]] of immunity for other official acts, and no immunity for unofficial actions. The case was sent back to lower courts to determine which actions in the criminal complaint should be classified as official vs. unofficial.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/02/presidential-immunity-trump-lawsuits|title=What does the immunity ruling mean for Trump's criminal cases?|work= The Guardian}}</ref> The ruling was the first time the courts granted a president criminal immunity. == Leadership roles == === Head of state === {{listen|filename=Four ruffles and flourishes, hail to the chief (long version).ogg|title=Four ruffles and flourishes and 'Hail to the Chief' (long version)}} As [[head of state]], the president represents the United States government to its own people and represents the nation to the rest of the world. For example, during a state visit by a foreign head of state, the president typically hosts a [[State visits to the United States|State Arrival Ceremony]] held on the [[South Lawn (White House)|South Lawn]], a custom begun by [[John F. Kennedy]] in 1961.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Abbott |first1=James A. |url=https://archive.org/details/designingcamelot0000abbo |title=Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration |last2=Rice |first2=Elaine M. |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-442-02532-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/designingcamelot0000abbo/page/9 9]–10 |url-access=registration}}</ref> This is followed by a [[state dinner]] given by the president which is held in the [[State Dining Room of the White House|State Dining Room]] later in the evening.<ref name="The White House State Dinner">{{Cite web |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-white-house-state-dinner |title=The White House State Dinner |website=The White House Historical Association |access-date=November 9, 2017}}</ref> [[File:Wilson opening day 1916.jpg|thumb|President [[Woodrow Wilson]] throws out the ceremonial first ball on [[Opening Day]] in 1916]] [[File:President Bill Clinton at Buckingham Palace.jpg|thumb|President [[Bill Clinton]] reviews honor guards at [[Buckingham Palace]] during a 1995 state visit to the UK]] As a national leader, the president also fulfills many less formal ceremonial duties. For example, [[William Howard Taft]] started the tradition of throwing out the [[ceremonial first pitch]] in 1910 at [[Griffith Stadium]], Washington, D.C., on the [[Minnesota Twins#Washington Nationals/Senators: 1901–1960|Washington Senators's]] [[Opening Day]]. Every president since Taft, except for [[Jimmy Carter]], threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day, the [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star Game]], or the [[World Series]], usually with much fanfare.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Duggan |first=Paul |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/01/AR2007040101262.html |title=Balking at the First Pitch |date=April 2, 2007 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |page=A01}}</ref> Every president since [[Theodore Roosevelt]] has served as honorary president of the [[Boy Scouts of America]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/210-531_WB.pdf |title=History of the BSA Fact Sheet |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629031545/http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/210-531_WB.pdf |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |access-date=November 9, 2017}}</ref> Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays. [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] began in 1878 the first White House [[egg rolling]] for local children.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grier |first=Peter |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2011/0425/The-not-so-secret-history-of-the-White-House-Easter-Egg-Roll |title=The (not so) secret history of the White House Easter Egg Roll |date=April 25, 2011 |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |access-date=July 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730230856/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2011/0425/The-not-so-secret-history-of-the-White-House-Easter-Egg-Roll |archive-date=July 30, 2012}}</ref> Beginning in 1947, during the [[Harry S. Truman]] administration, every [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]] the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual [[National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation]] held at the White House. Since 1989, when the custom of "pardoning" the turkey was formalized by [[George H. W. Bush]], the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life.<ref name="Hesse">{{Cite news |last=Hesse |first=Monica |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/20/AR2007112002331_4.html |title=Turkey Pardons, The Stuffing of Historic Legend |date=November 21, 2007 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=May 14, 2011}}</ref> Presidential traditions also involve the president's role as head of government. Many outgoing presidents since [[James Buchanan]] traditionally give advice to their successor during the [[United States presidential transition|presidential transition]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gibbs |first=Nancy |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1858896,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121194256/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1858896,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 21, 2008 |title=How Presidents Pass The Torch |date=November 13, 2008 |work=[[Time magazine|Time]] |access-date=May 6, 2011 }}</ref> [[Ronald Reagan]] and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on [[United States presidential inauguration|Inauguration Day]] for the incoming president.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dorning |first=Mike |url=http://www.cleveland.com/news/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/news/1232616798110550.xml&coll=2 |title=A note from Bush starts morning in the Oval Office |date=January 22, 2009 |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=May 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228085232/http://www.cleveland.com/news/plaindealer/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F1232616798110550.xml&coll=2 |archive-date=December 28, 2011 }}</ref> The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation's premier celebrities. Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration [[public relations]] officials as well as by presidents themselves. One critic described the presidency as "propagandized leadership" which has a "mesmerizing power surrounding the office".<ref name="tws11nov304">{{Cite news |last=Dykoski |first=Rachel |url=http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/article/2008/10/29/book-note-presidential-idolatry-quotbad-democracyquot.html?mini=eventcalendar/2009/02/all |title=Book note: Presidential idolatry is "Bad for Democracy" |date=November 1, 2008 |work=Twin Cities Daily Planet |access-date=November 11, 2009 |quote=Dana D. Nelson's book makes the case that we've had 200+ years of propagandized leadership{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted [[Photo op|photo-ops]] of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras.<ref name="tws11novjopkl">{{Cite news |last=Neffinger |first=John |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-neffinger/democrats-vs-science-why-_b_44733.html |title=Democrats vs. ''Science'': Why We're So Damn Good at Losing Elections |date=April 2, 2007 |work=HuffPost |access-date=November 11, 2009 |quote=...{{nbsp}}back in the 1980s, Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan's policies on the elderly{{nbsp}}... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique, the video footage was all drawn from {{Sic |carefully |-}}staged photo-ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds{{nbsp}}... Deaver thanked{{nbsp}}... Stahl{{nbsp}}... for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best. }}</ref> One critic wrote the image of [[John F. Kennedy]] was described as carefully framed "in rich detail" which "drew on the power of myth" regarding the incident of [[Patrol torpedo boat PT-109|PT 109]]<ref name="tws11novfddxs">{{Cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dana D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&q=kennedy&pg=PA57 |title=Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people |access-date=November 11, 2009 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8166-5677-6 |quote=in rich detail how Kennedy drew on the power of myth as he framed his experience during World War II, when his PT boat was sliced in half by a Japanese{{nbsp}}... |author-link=Dana D. Nelson}}</ref> and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions.<ref name="tws11novfyyhhxs">{{Cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dana D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&q=kennedy |title=Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people |access-date=November 11, 2009 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8166-5677-6 |quote=Even before Kennedy ran for Congress, he had become fascinated, through his Hollywood acquaintances and visits, with the idea of the image{{nbsp}}... (p.54)}}</ref> As a result, some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents: voters expect a president to "drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees".<ref name="tws9novrfrff">{{Cite news |last=Lexington |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/lexington/2009/07/the_cult_of_the_presidency.cfm |title=The Cult of the Presidency |date=July 21, 2009 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=November 9, 2009 |quote=Gene Healy argues that because voters expect the president to do everything{{nbsp}}... When they inevitably fail to keep their promises, voters swiftly become disillusioned. Yet they never lose their romantic idea that the president should drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees.}}</ref> === Head of party === The president is typically considered to be the head of their political party. Since the entire House of Representatives and at least one-third of the Senate is elected simultaneously with the president, candidates from a political party inevitably have their electoral success intertwined with the performance of the party's presidential candidate. The [[coattail effect]], or lack thereof, will also often impact a party's candidates at state and local levels of government as well. However, there are often tensions between a president and others in the party, with presidents who lose significant support from their party's caucus in Congress generally viewed to be weaker and less effective. === Global leader === With the rise of the United States as a [[superpower]] in the 20th century, and the United States having the world's largest economy into the 21st century, the president is typically viewed as a global leader, and at times the world's most powerful political figure. The position of the United States as the leading member of [[NATO]], and the country's strong relationships with other wealthy or democratic nations like those comprising the [[European Union]], have led to the moniker that the president is the "[[leader of the free world]]". == Selection process == === Eligibility === [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 5: Qualifications for office|Article II, Section 1, Clause 5]] of the Constitution sets three qualifications for holding the presidency. To serve as president, one must: * be a [[Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)|natural-born citizen of the United States]]; * be at least 35 years old; * be a [[Residency (domicile)#United States|resident in the United States]] for at least 14 years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii/article-ii-annenberg/interp/19 |title=Article II. The Executive Branch, Annenberg Classroom |website=The Interactive Constitution |publisher=The National Constitution Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=June 15, 2018}}</ref> A person who meets the above qualifications would, however, still be disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions: * Under [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 7: Judgment in cases of impeachment; Punishment on conviction|Article I, Section 3, Clause 7]], having been impeached, convicted and disqualified from holding further public office, although there is some legal debate as to whether the disqualification clause also includes the presidential office: the only previous persons disqualified under this clause were three federal judges.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bernstein |first1=Richard D. |title=Lots of People Are Disqualified From Becoming President |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/02/trump-disqualification-president/617908/ |website=The Atlantic |access-date=March 1, 2021 |language=en |date=February 4, 2021 |quote=In addition to the list of people who are ineligible for reasons of mere demographic chance, the Constitution adds a category of people who cannot be elected as a result of their misdeeds. This category includes presidents (along with vice presidents and federal "civil officers") who are impeached, convicted by two-thirds of the Senate, and disqualified for serious misconduct committed while they were in office.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wolfe |first1=Jan |title=Explainer: Impeachment or the 14th Amendment – Can Trump be barred from future office? |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-impeachment-explainer-idUSKBN29I356 |website=Reuters |access-date=March 1, 2021 |language=en |date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> * Under [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#Participants in rebellion|Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment]], no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution, and later rebelled against the United States, is eligible to hold any office. However, this disqualification can be lifted by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress.<ref>{{cite web|last=Moreno|first=Paul|title=Articles on Amendment XIV: Disqualification for Rebellion|url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/amendments/14/essays/173/disqualification-for-rebellion|website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=June 15, 2018}}</ref> There is, again, some debate as to whether the clause as written allows disqualification from the presidential position, or whether it would first require litigation outside of Congress, although there is precedent for use of this amendment outside of the original intended purpose of excluding [[Confederate States of America|Confederates]] from public office after the Civil War.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vlamis |first1=Kelsey |title=Here's how the 14th Amendment could be used to prevent Trump from running again |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-the-14th-amendment-could-prevent-trump-from-office-2021-2 |website=Business Insider |access-date=March 1, 2021}}</ref> * Under the [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-second Amendment]], no person can be elected president more than twice. The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president, the former can only be elected president once.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Peabody|first1=Bruce G.|last2=Gant|first2=Scott E.|date=February 1999|title=The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment|url=http://alpha.fdu.edu/~peabody/Twice_and_Future_President.html|journal=Minnesota Law Review|volume=83|issue=3|pages=565–635|access-date=June 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115121046/http://alpha.fdu.edu/~peabody/Twice_and_Future_President.html|archive-date=January 15, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Albert|first=Richard|title=The Evolving Vice Presidency|journal=Temple Law Review|date=Winter 2005|volume=78|issue=4|url=https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1624&context=lsfp|pages=811–896|access-date=July 31, 2018|via=Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School}}</ref> === Campaigns and nomination === {{Main|United States presidential primary|United States presidential nominating convention}} {{See also|United States presidential debates}} [[File:Carter Reagan Debate 10-28-80.png|thumb|President [[Jimmy Carter]] (left) debates Republican nominee [[Ronald Reagan]] on October 28, 1980, during the [[1980 United States presidential election|1980 U.S. presidential campaign]].]] The modern presidential campaign begins before the [[United States presidential primary|primary elections]], which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their [[United States presidential nominating convention|national nominating conventions]], where the most successful candidate is made the party's presidential nominee. Typically, the party's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee, and this choice is [[Rubber stamp (politics)|rubber-stamped]] by the convention. The most common previous profession of presidents is lawyer.<ref>International Law, US Power: The United States' Quest for Legal Security, p 10, Shirley V. Scott—2012</ref> Nominees participate in [[United States presidential debates|nationally televised debates]], and while the debates are usually restricted to the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominees, [[Third party (United States)|third party]] candidates may be invited, such as [[Ross Perot]] in the 1992 debates. Nominees campaign across the country to explain their views, convince voters and solicit contributions. Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning [[swing state]]s through frequent visits and [[mass media]] advertising drives. === Election === {{Main|United States presidential election}} {{See also|United States Electoral College}} [[File:ElectoralCollege2028.svg|thumb|293x293px|Map of the [[United States]] showing the number of electoral votes allocated following the [[2020 United States Census|2020 census]] to each [[U.S. state|state]] and the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] for the 2024 and 2028 presidential elections. 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 votes possible.]] The president is elected indirectly by the voters of each state and the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] through the Electoral College, a body of electors formed every four years for the sole purpose of electing the president and vice president to concurrent four-year terms. As prescribed by Article II, Section 1, Clause 2, each state is entitled to a number of electors equal to the size of its total delegation in both houses of Congress. Additionally, the [[Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-third Amendment]] provides that the District of Columbia is entitled to the number it would have if it were a state, but in no case more than that of the least populous state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/twenty-third-amendment|title=Twenty-third Amendment|date=March 29, 1961|website=Annenberg Classroom|publisher=The Annenberg Public Policy Center|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> Currently, all states and the District of Columbia select their electors based on a popular election.<ref name="CRS2017THN">{{Cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32611.pdf|title=The Electoral College: How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections|last=Neale|first=Thomas H.|date=May 15, 2017|website=CRS Report for Congress|publisher=Congressional Research Service|location=Washington, D.C.|page=13|access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref> In all but two states, the party whose presidential–vice presidential [[Ticket (election)|ticket]] receives a [[Plurality (voting)|plurality]] of popular votes in the state has its entire [[Slate (elections)|slate]] of elector nominees chosen as the state's electors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/electors.html|title=About the Electors|website=U.S. Electoral College|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref> [[Maine]] and [[Nebraska]] deviate from this {{nowrap|winner-take-all}} practice, awarding two electors to the statewide winner and one to the winner in each [[List of United States congressional districts|congressional district]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fairvote.org/maine_nebraska|title=Maine & Nebraska|publisher=FairVote|location=Takoma Park, Maryland|access-date=August 1, 2018|archive-date=August 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802041058/http://www.fairvote.org/maine_nebraska|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.270towin.com/content/split-electoral-votes-maine-and-nebraska/|title=Split Electoral Votes in Maine and Nebraska|website=[[270towin.com]]|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> On the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, about six weeks after the election, the electors convene in their respective state capitals (and in Washington, D.C.) to vote for president and, on a separate ballot, for vice president. They typically vote for the candidates of the [[Political parties in the United States|party]] that nominated them. While there is no constitutional mandate or federal law requiring them to do so, the District of Columbia and 32 states have laws requiring that their electors vote for the candidates to whom they are [[Promise|pledged]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Faithless Elector State Laws |url=https://www.fairvote.org/faithless_elector_state_laws |website=Fair Vote |access-date=March 4, 2020 |archive-date=December 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219162610/https://www.fairvote.org/faithless_elector_state_laws |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Laws Binding Electors |url=http://presidentialelectorlaws.us |access-date=March 4, 2020}}</ref> The constitutionality of these laws was upheld in ''[[Chiafalo v. Washington]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Howe|first=Amy|date=July 6, 2020|title=Opinion analysis: Court upholds "faithless elector" laws|url=https://www.scotusblog.com/2020/07/opinion-analysis-court-upholds-faithless-elector-laws/|access-date=July 11, 2020|website=[[SCOTUSblog]]}}</ref> Following the vote, each state then sends a certified record of their electoral votes to Congress. The votes of the electors are opened and counted during a joint session of Congress, held in the first week of January. If a candidate has received an [[Supermajority|absolute majority]] of electoral votes for president (currently 270 of 538), that person is declared the winner. Otherwise, the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] must meet to elect a president using a [[contingent election]] procedure in which representatives, voting by state delegation, with each state casting a single vote, choose between the top ''three'' electoral vote-getters for president. To win the presidency, a candidate must receive the votes of an absolute majority of states (currently 26 of 50).<ref name=CRS2017THN /> There have been two contingent presidential elections in the nation's history. A 73–73 electoral vote tie between [[Thomas Jefferson]] and fellow Democratic-Republican [[Aaron Burr]] in the [[1800 United States presidential election|election of 1800]] necessitated the first. Conducted under the original procedure established by [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause_3:_Electoral_College|Article II, Section 1, Clause{{nbsp}}3]] of the Constitution, which stipulates that if two or three persons received a majority vote and an equal vote, the House of Representatives would choose one of them for president; the {{nowrap|runner-up}} would become vice president.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/80/electoral-college|title=Essays on Article II: Electoral College|last=Kuroda|first=Tadahisa|website=The Heritage Guide to The Constitution|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=July 27, 2018}}</ref> On February 17, 1801, Jefferson was elected president on the 36th ballot, and Burr elected vice president. Afterward, the system was overhauled through the [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twelfth Amendment]] in time to be used in the [[1804 United States presidential election|1804 election]].<ref name="HF-XII">{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/amendments/12/essays/165/electoral-college|title=Essays on Amendment XII: Electoral College|last=Fried|first=Charles|website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=February 20, 2018}}</ref> A quarter-century later, the choice for president again devolved to the House when no candidate won an absolute majority of electoral votes (131 of 261) in the [[1824 United States presidential election|election of 1824]]. Under the Twelfth Amendment, the House was required to choose a president from among the top three electoral vote recipients: [[Andrew Jackson]], [[John Quincy Adams]], and [[William H. Crawford]]. Held February 9, 1825, this second and most recent contingent election resulted in John Quincy Adams being elected president on the first ballot.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Boller|first=Paul F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZ_fSmFIabQC|title=Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-516716-0|edition=2nd revised|location=New York, New York|pages=36–39|access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref> === Inauguration === {{Main|United States presidential inauguration}} Pursuant to the [[Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twentieth Amendment]], the four-year term of office for both the president and the vice president begins at noon on January 20, in the year following the preceding presidential election.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xx |title=The Twentieth Amendment |last1=Larson |first1=Edward J. |last2=Shesol |first2=Jeff |website=The Interactive Constitution |publisher=The National Constitution Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=June 15, 2018}}</ref> The first presidential and vice presidential terms to begin on this date, known as [[United States presidential inauguration|Inauguration Day]], were the [[Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt|second terms]] of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and Vice President [[John Nance Garner]] in 1937.<ref name="HHistory1201937">{{Cite web |url=http://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35948?ret=True |title=The First Inauguration after the Lame Duck Amendment: January 20, 1937 |publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=July 24, 2018}}</ref> Previously, Inauguration Day was on March 4. As a result of the date change, the first term (1933–37) of both men had been shortened by {{age in days|1937|1|20|1937|3|4}} days.<ref name="GPOCONAN20171021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/content/conan/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2017-10-21.pdf |title=Commencement of the Terms of Office: Twentieth Amendment |website=Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation |publisher=United States Government Printing Office, Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=2297–98 |access-date=July 24, 2018}}</ref> Before executing the powers of the office, a president is required to [[Recitation|recite]] the [[Oath of office of the president of the United States|presidential Oath of Office]], found in [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 8: Oath or affirmation|Article II, Section 1, Clause{{nbsp}}8 of the Constitution]]. This is the only component in the inauguration ceremony mandated by the Constitution: {{blockquote|I do solemnly swear (or [[Affirmation in law|affirm]]) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.<ref name="VK218">{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/85/oath-of-office |title=Essays on Article II: Oath of Office |last=Kesavan |first=Vasan |website=The Heritage Guide to The Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref>}} Presidents have traditionally placed one hand upon a [[Bible]] while taking the oath, and have added "So help me God" to the end of the oath.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/how-presidents-use-bibles-at-inaugurations |title=How Presidents use Bibles at inaugurations |last=NCC Staff |date=January 20, 2017 |website=Constitution Daily |publisher=National Constitution Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=August 3, 2018 |archive-date=August 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014507/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/how-presidents-use-bibles-at-inaugurations |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/who-said-that-a-quick-history-of-the-presidential-oath |title=Who said that? A quick history of the presidential oath |last=Munson |first=Holly |date=July 12, 2011 |website=ConstitutionDaily |publisher=National Constitution Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=August 3, 2018 |archive-date=August 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014505/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/who-said-that-a-quick-history-of-the-presidential-oath |url-status=dead }}</ref> Although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths, presidents are traditionally sworn in by the [[Chief Justice of the United States|chief justice of the United States]].<ref name=VK218 /> == Incumbency == === Term limit === [[File:William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt (3360755866).jpg|thumb|President [[William McKinley]] and his vice presidential running mate, New York Governor [[Theodore Roosevelt]], {{Circa|1900}}]] [[File:FDR 1944 Color Portrait.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] won a record four [[United States presidential election|presidential elections]] in [[1932 United States presidential election|1932]], [[1936 United States presidential election|1936]], [[1940 United States presidential election|1940]], and [[1944 United States presidential election|1944]] prior to the implementation of the [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|22nd amendment]] in 1951, which instituted a two-term limit.]] When the first president, [[George Washington]], announced in his [[George Washington's Farewell Address|Farewell Address]] that he was not running for a third term, he established a "two terms then out" precedent. Precedent became tradition after [[Thomas Jefferson]] publicly embraced the principle a decade later during his second term, as did his two immediate successors, [[James Madison]] and [[James Monroe]].<ref name="TermsTenure">{{Cite web |url=http://www.whitehousetransitionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Terms-Tenure_101909-1.pdf |title=Presidential Terms and Tenure: Perspectives and Proposals for Change |last=Neale |first=Thomas H. |date=October 19, 2009 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> In spite of the strong two-term tradition, [[Ulysses S. Grant]] sought nomination at the [[1880 Republican National Convention]] for a non-consecutive third term, but was unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://millercenter.org/president/grant/campaigns-and-elections |title=Ulysses S. Grant: Campaigns and Elections |last=Waugh |first=Joan |date=October 4, 2016 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> In 1940, after leading the nation through the [[Great Depression]] and focused on supporting U.S. [[Allies of World War II|allied nations]] at war with the [[Axis powers]], Franklin Roosevelt was elected to a third term, breaking the long-standing precedent. Four years later, with the U.S. engaged in [[World War II]], he was re-elected again despite his declining physical health; he died 82 days into his fourth term on April 12, 1945.<ref name="22ndAPPC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/twenty-second-amendment |title=Twenty-second Amendment |website=Annenberg Classroom |publisher=The Annenberg Public Policy Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref> In response to the unprecedented length of Roosevelt's presidency, the [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-second Amendment]] was [[ratification|adopted]] in 1951. The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice, or once if that person served more than two years (24 months) of another president's four-year term. [[Harry S. Truman]], the president at the time it was submitted to the states by the Congress, was exempted from its limitations. Without the exemption, he would not have been eligible to run for a second full term in 1952 (which he briefly sought), as he had served nearly all of Franklin Roosevelt's unexpired 1945–1949 term and had been elected to a full four-year term beginning in 1949.<ref name=22ndAPPC /> === Vacancies and succession === Under [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution#Section 1: Presidential succession|Section{{nbsp}}1 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment]], ratified in 1967, the vice president becomes president upon the [[Federal impeachment trial in the United States|removal from office]], death, or resignation of the president. Deaths have occurred a number of times, resignation has occurred only once, and removal from office has never occurred. Before the ratification of the Twenty-fifth amendment (which clarified the matter of succession), [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 6: Vacancy and disability|Article II, Section 1, Clause 6]], stated only that the vice president assumes the "powers and duties" of the presidency in the event of a president's removal, death, resignation, or inability.<ref name="FordhamLaw2011">{{Cite journal |last=Feerick |first=John D. |date=2011 |title=Presidential Succession and Inability: Before and After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4695&context=flr |journal=Fordham Law Review |location=New York City |publisher=[[Fordham University School of Law]] |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=907–949 |access-date=December 13, 2018}}</ref> Under this clause, there was ambiguity about whether the vice president would actually become president in the event of a vacancy, or simply [[Acting (law)|act]] as president,<ref name="ArticleIIessays">{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession |title=Essays on Article II: Presidential Succession |last=Feerick |first=John |website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=December 13, 2018}}</ref> potentially resulting in a [[special election]]. Upon the death of President [[William Henry Harrison]] in 1841, Vice President [[John Tyler]] declared that he had succeeded to the office itself, refusing to accept any papers addressed to the "Acting President", and Congress ultimately accepted it. In the event of a double vacancy, Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 also authorizes Congress to declare who shall become acting president in the "Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the president and vice president".<ref name=ArticleIIessays /> The [[Presidential Succession Act]] of 1947 (codified as {{usc|3|19}}) provides that if both the president and vice president have left office or are both otherwise unavailable to serve during their terms of office, the [[United States presidential line of succession|presidential line of succession]] follows the order of: speaker of the House, then, if necessary, the president pro tempore of the Senate, and then if necessary, the eligible heads of [[United States federal executive departments|federal executive departments]] who form the president's [[Cabinet of the United States|cabinet]]. The cabinet currently has 15 members, of which the secretary of state is first in line; the other Cabinet secretaries follow in the order in which their department (or the department of which their department is the successor) was created. Those individuals who are constitutionally ineligible to be elected to the presidency are also disqualified from assuming the powers and duties of the presidency through succession. No statutory successor has yet been called upon to act as president.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/27/us/succession-presidential-and-vice-presidential-fast-facts/index.html |title=Succession: Presidential and Vice Presidential Fast Facts |date=October 24, 2017 |access-date=July 19, 2018 |website=CNN}}</ref> === Declarations of inability === {{Main|Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution}} Under the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the president may temporarily transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president, who then becomes [[Acting president of the United States|acting president]], by transmitting to the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker of the House]] and the [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|president ''pro tempore'' of the Senate]] a statement that he is unable to discharge his duties. The president resumes his or her powers upon transmitting a second declaration stating that he is again able. The mechanism has been used by [[Ronald Reagan]] (once), [[George W. Bush]] (twice), and [[Joe Biden]] (once), each in anticipation of surgery.<ref>{{cite news| last=Olsen| first=Jillian| title=How many other vice presidents have temporarily taken over presidential powers?| date=November 19, 2021| url=https://www.wtsp.com/article/news/history/presidential-transfer-of-power-biden-bush-reagan/67-17f1fa96-f44a-4050-a53c-593f55e4949f| publisher=[[WTSP]]| location=St. Petersburg, Florida| access-date=May 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Kate|title=For 85 minutes, Kamala Harris became the first woman with presidential power|date=November 19, 2021|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/19/politics/kamala-harris-presidential-power/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=November 19, 2021}}</ref> The Twenty-fifth Amendment also provides that the vice president, together with a majority of certain members of the [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]], may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration, to the speaker of the House and the president ''pro tempore'' of the Senate, to the effect that the president is unable to discharge his or her powers and duties. If the president then declares that no such inability exist, he or she resumes the presidential powers unless the vice president and Cabinet make a second declaration of presidential inability, in which case Congress decides the question. === Removal === {{Main|List of efforts to impeach presidents of the United States|Federal impeachment in the United States|Federal impeachment trial in the United States}} [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Section 4: Impeachment|Article II, Section 4]] of the Constitution allows for the removal of high federal officials, including the president, from office for "[[treason]], [[bribery]], or other [[high crimes and misdemeanors]]". [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 5: Speaker and other officers; Impeachment|Article I, Section 2, Clause{{nbsp}}5]] authorizes the House of Representatives to serve as a "[[grand jury]]" with the power to impeach said officials by a majority vote.<ref name="A1essaySBP">{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |title=Essays on Article I: Impeachment |last=Presser |first=Stephen B. |website=Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 6: Trial of Impeachments|Article I, Section 3, Clause{{nbsp}}6]] authorizes the Senate to serve as a [[court]] with the power to remove impeached officials from office, by a two-thirds vote to convict.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |title=Essays on Article I: Trial of Impeachment |last=Gerhardt |first=Michael J. |website=Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> Three presidents have been impeached by the House of Representatives: Andrew Johnson in [[Impeachment of Andrew Johnson|1868]], Bill Clinton in [[Impeachment of Bill Clinton|1998]], and Donald Trump in [[First impeachment of Donald Trump|2019]] and [[Second impeachment of Donald Trump|2021]]; none have been convicted by the Senate. Additionally, the [[United States House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]] conducted an impeachment inquiry against Richard Nixon in [[Impeachment process against Richard Nixon|1973–74]] and reported three articles of impeachment to the House of Representatives for final action; however, he resigned from office before the House voted on them.<ref name=A1essaySBP /> === Circumvention of authority === Controversial measures have sometimes been taken short of removal to deal with perceived recklessness on the part of the president, or with a long-term disability. In some cases, staff have intentionally failed to deliver messages to or from the president, typically to avoid executing or promoting the president to write certain orders. This has ranged from [[Richard Nixon]]'s Chief of Staff not transmitting orders to the Cabinet due to the president's heavy drinking, to staff removing memos from [[Donald Trump]]'s desk.<ref>{{cite book |author=David Priess |title=How to Get Rid of a President: History's Guide to Removing Unpopular, Unable, or Unfit Chief Executives |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-1541788206 |chapter=2 Undermined by Opponents or Subordinates}}</ref> Decades before the Twenty-fifth Amendment, in 1919, President Woodrow Wilson had a [[Presidency of Woodrow Wilson#Incapacity, 1919–1921|stroke that left him partly incapacitated]]. First lady [[Edith Wilson]] kept this condition a secret from the public for a while, and controversially [[Edith Wilson#Increased role after husband's stroke|became the sole gatekeeper]] for access to the president (aside from his doctor), assisting him with paperwork and deciding which information was "important" enough to share with him. === Compensation === {| class="wikitable floatright" ; margin-right:2em" |- ! colspan="3" |Presidential pay history |- ! Year<br />established !! Salary !! Salary in<br />{{Inflation/year|US}} USD |- | 1789 || style="text-align:right;"| $25,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|25000|1789|fmt=c}} |- | 1873 || style="text-align:right;"| $50,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|50000|1873|fmt=c}} |- | 1909 || style="text-align:right;"| $75,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|75000|1909|fmt=c}} |- | 1949 || style="text-align:right;"| $100,000 || style="text-align:right;"|${{Inflation|US|100000|1949|fmt=c}} |- | 1969 || style="text-align:right;"| $200,000 || style="text-align:right;"|${{Inflation|US|200000|1969|fmt=c}} |- | 2001 || style="text-align:right;"| $400,000 || style="text-align:right;"|${{Inflation|US|400000|2001|fmt=c}} |- ! colspan="3" | Sources:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~graceyor/govdocs/fedprssal.html|title=Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries Exclusive of Perquisites|website=Data from Congressional Quarterly's Guide to the Presidency|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|access-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/uscompare/index.php|title=Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to Present|last=Williamson|first=Samuel H.|publisher=MeasuringWorth|access-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref>{{inflation/fn|US}} |} Since 2001, the president's annual salary has been $400,000, along with a $50,000 expense allowance; a $100,000 nontaxable travel account; and a $19,000 entertainment{{clarify|date=August 2022}}<!-- entertaining as in hosting, or as in fun for the president?--> account. The president's salary is set by Congress, and under [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 7: Salary|Article II, Section 1, Clause{{nbsp}}7]] of the Constitution, any increase or reduction in presidential salary cannot take effect before the next presidential term of office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/presidential-pay-and-compensation-3322194|title=Presidential Pay and Compensation|last=Longley|first=Robert|date=September 1, 2017|publisher=[[ThoughtCo]]|access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/16/how-much-the-president-on-the-united-states-gets-paid.html|title=Here's the last time the president of the United States got a raise|last=Elkins|first=Kathleen|date=February 19, 2018|publisher=[[CNBC]]|access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref> === Residence === {{for-multi|the official residences in which President Washington resided|Presidency of George Washington#Residences|the private residences of the various U.S. presidents|List of residences of presidents of the United States}} The [[Executive Residence]] of the [[White House]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] is the [[official residence]] of the president. The site was selected by George Washington, and the cornerstone was laid in 1792. Every president since John Adams (in 1800) has lived there. At various times in U.S. history, it has been known as the "President's Palace", the "President's House", and the "Executive Mansion". Theodore Roosevelt officially gave the White House its current name in 1901.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/the-white-house/|title=The White House Building|website=[[whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> The federal government pays for state dinners and other official functions, but the president pays for personal, family, and guest dry cleaning and food.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Bulmiller|first=Elisabeth|date=January 2009|title=Inside the Presidency: Few outsiders ever see the President's private enclave|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2009/01/president/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714224047/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2009/01/president/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 14, 2018|magazine=[[National Geographic]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> [[Camp David]], officially titled Naval Support Facility Thurmont, a mountain-based military camp in [[Frederick County, Maryland]], is the president's country residence. A place of solitude and tranquility, the site has been used extensively to host foreign dignitaries since the 1940s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/camp-david/|title=The White House Building|website=[[whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> [[President's Guest House]], located next to the [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building]] at the White House Complex and [[Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.|Lafayette Park]], serves as the president's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed. Four interconnected, 19th-century houses—Blair House, Lee House, and 700 and 704 Jackson Place—with a combined floor space exceeding {{convert|70000|sqft|m2}} constitute the property.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsa.gov/historic-buildings/presidents-guest-house-includes-lee-house-and-blair-house-washington-dc|title=President's Guest House (includes Lee House and Blair House), Washington, DC|publisher=General Services Administration|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=November 9, 2017}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" style="text align: center;" caption="Presidential residences" heights="150px" perrow="3"> File:White House lawn (1).tif|[[White House]], the official residence File:Camp David.jpg|[[Camp David]] in [[Frederick County, Maryland]], the official retreat File:President's Guest House.jpg|[[Blair House]], the official guest house </gallery> === Travel === {{Main|Transportation of the president of the United States}} The primary means of long-distance air travel for the president is one of two identical [[Boeing VC-25]] aircraft, which are extensively modified [[Boeing 747]] airliners and are referred to as ''[[Air Force One]]'' while the president is on board (although any U.S. Air Force aircraft the president is aboard is designated as "Air Force One" for the duration of the flight). In-country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes, while overseas trips are handled with both, one primary and one backup. The president also has access to smaller Air Force aircraft, most notably the [[Boeing C-32]], which are used when the president must travel to airports that cannot support a jumbo jet. Any civilian aircraft the president is aboard is designated [[Executive One]] for the flight.<ref name="af1">{{Cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/about/air-force-one/ |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |title=Air Force One |date=March 21, 2015 }}. White House Military Office. Retrieved June 17, 2007.</ref><ref>Any [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] aircraft carrying the president will use the [[call sign]] "Air Force One". Similarly, "[[Navy One]]", "[[Army One]]", and "[[Coast Guard One]]" are the call signs used if the president is aboard a craft belonging to these services. "[[Executive One]]" becomes the call sign of any civilian aircraft when the president boards.</ref> For short-distance air travel, the president has access to a fleet of [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]] helicopters of varying models, designated ''[[Marine One]]'' when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet. Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the president is actually aboard to any would-be threats. For ground travel, the president uses the [[Presidential state car (United States)|presidential state car]], which is an armored [[limousine]] designed to look like a [[Cadillac]] sedan, but built on a truck [[chassis]].<ref name="USSSPRL">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090118094400/http://www.secretservice.gov/press/GPA02-09_Limo.pdf New Presidential Limousine enters Secret Service Fleet] U.S. Secret Service Press Release (January 14, 2009) Retrieved on January 20, 2009.</ref><ref name="CNN20090106">{{Cite news |last1=Ahlers |first1=Mike M. |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/06/driving.obama/ |title=Obama's wheels: Secret Service to unveil new presidential limo |date=January 6, 2009 |access-date=December 16, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202181423/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/06/driving.obama/ |archive-date=February 2, 2016 |publisher=[[CNN]] |last2=Marrapodi |first2=Eric}}</ref> The [[United States Secret Service|U.S. Secret Service]] operates and maintains the fleet of several limousines. The president also has access to [[Ground Force One|two armored motorcoaches]], which are primarily used for [[Whistle stop train tour|touring trips]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.factcheck.org/2011/08/obamas-canadian-american-bus/ |title=Obama's Canadian-American Bus |last=Farley |first=Robert |date=August 25, 2011 |website=FactCheck |access-date=December 16, 2017}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" caption="Presidential transportation" heights="150px" perrow="3"> File:Limo One 2022.jpg|[[Presidential state car (United States)|The presidential limousine]], dubbed "The Beast" File:Air Force One over Mt. Rushmore.jpg|The presidential plane, called [[Air Force One]] when the president is on board File:Joe Biden visits Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland 01.jpg|The presidential helicopter, known as [[Marine One]] when the president is aboard </gallery> === Protection === {{Main|United States Secret Service}} [[File:President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan in The Presidential Limousine During The Inaugural Parade, Washington, DC - DPLA - a8b1ab34a866ace74c6f3161eacbf046.jpg|thumb|President [[Ronald Reagan]] waves following his [[First inauguration of Ronald Reagan|inauguration]] as the nation's 40th president on January 20, 1981.]] The [[United States Secret Service|U.S. Secret Service]] is charged with protecting the president and the [[First family of the United States|first family]]. As part of their protection, presidents, [[First Lady of the United States|first ladies]], their children and other immediate family members, and other prominent persons and locations are assigned [[Secret Service codename]]s.<ref name="junior">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/eise/secret16.htm |title=Junior Secret Service Program: Assignment 7. Code Names |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118215333/http://www.nps.gov/archive/eise/secret16.htm |archive-date=January 18, 2007 |access-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref> The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely [[Encryption|encrypted]]; today, the names simply serve for purposes of brevity, clarity, and tradition.<ref name="cbs-codenames">{{Cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/09/16/earlyshow/main4452073.shtml?source=RSSattr=Politics_4452073 |title=Candidate Code Names Secret Service Monikers Used on the Campaign Trail |date=September 16, 2008 |access-date=November 12, 2008 |publisher=[[CBS]] |archive-date=October 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006055813/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/09/16/earlyshow/main4452073.shtml?source=RSSattr=Politics_4452073 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Post-presidency == [[File:Five Presidents Oval Office.jpg|thumb|From left to right: Presidents [[George H. W. Bush]], [[Barack Obama]], [[George W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]], and [[Jimmy Carter]] in the [[Oval Office]] on January 7, 2009; Obama took office thirteen days later.]] === Activities === Some former presidents have had significant careers after leaving office. Prominent examples include [[William Howard Taft]]'s tenure as [[chief justice of the United States]] and [[Herbert Hoover]]'s work on government reorganization after [[World War II]]. [[Grover Cleveland]], whose bid for reelection failed in [[1888 United States presidential election|1888]], was elected president again four years later in [[1892 United States presidential election|1892]], and [[Donald Trump]], whose bid for reelection failed in [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]], was elected president again four years later in [[2024 United States presidential election|2024]]. Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House: [[John Quincy Adams]] was elected to the House of Representatives, serving there for 17 years, and [[Andrew Johnson]] returned to the Senate in 1875, though he died soon after. Some ex-presidents were very active, especially in international affairs, most notably Theodore Roosevelt;<ref>Edmund Morris, ''Colonel Roosevelt'' (2011)</ref> Herbert Hoover;<ref>Gary Dean Best, ''The Life of Herbert Hoover: Keeper of the Torch, 1933–1964'' (2013)</ref> Richard Nixon;<ref>Kasey S. Pipes, ''After the Fall: The Remarkable Comeback of Richard Nixon'' (2019)</ref> and Jimmy Carter.<ref>Douglas Brinkley. ''The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey Beyond the White House'' (1998).</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = John Whiteclay | first1 = Chambers II | year = 1979 | title = Presidents Emeritus | journal = American Heritage | volume = 30 | issue = 4| pages = 16–25 }}</ref> Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events.<ref name="apreaction19810331">{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TE4tAAAAIBAJ&dq=reagan%20assassination%201981&pg=1392%2C4423618 |title=Shock and Anger Flash Throughout the United States |date=March 31, 1981 |access-date=March 11, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906144021/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TE4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bM4FAAAAIBAJ&dq=reagan%20assassination%201981&pg=1392%2C4423618 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |agency=Associated Press }}</ref><ref name="4presidentsphotos">{{Cite web |url=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/four.html |title=Four Presidents |publisher=Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Records Administration |access-date=April 3, 2011 |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512020542/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/four.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Richard Nixon made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia and was lauded as an elder statesman.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/presidents/richardnixon |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |title=Biography of Richard M. Nixon |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |date=December 30, 2014 }}, The White House.</ref> [[Jimmy Carter]] became a global [[human rights]] campaigner, international arbiter, and election monitor, as well as a recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. Bill Clinton also worked as an informal ambassador, most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American [[journalist]]s, [[Laura Ling]] and [[Euna Lee]], from [[North Korea]]. During his presidency, George W. Bush called on former presidents George H. W. Bush and Clinton to assist with humanitarian efforts after the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]]. President Obama followed suit by asking presidents Clinton and George W. Bush to lead efforts to aid Haiti after an [[2010 Haiti earthquake|earthquake]] devastated that country in 2010. Clinton has been active politically since his presidential term ended, working with his wife [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary]] on her [[Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign|2008]] and [[Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign|2016]] presidential bids and President Obama on his [[Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign|2012 reelection campaign]]. Obama has also been active politically since his presidential term ended, having worked with his former vice president [[Joe Biden]] on his [[Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign|2020 election campaign]]. After losing his bid for the presidency in 2020, Trump remained politically active and was an outspoken critic of his successor and the Democratic Party. Trump announced his fourth bid to the presidency in 2022, ultimately becoming the nominee of his party for the third time and won a second presidential term in 2024. === Pension and other benefits === The [[Former Presidents Act]] (FPA), enacted in 1958, grants lifetime benefits to former presidents and their widows, including a monthly pension, medical care in military facilities, health insurance, and Secret Service protection; also provided is funding for a certain number of staff and for office expenses. The act has been amended several times to provide increases in presidential pensions and in the allowances for office staff. The FPA excludes any president who was removed from office by [[Federal impeachment in the United States|impeachment]].<ref name="CRS">{{cite web |author1=Stephanie Smith |title=Federal Pension and Retirement Benefits |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-249.pdf |website=Federation of American Scientists |publisher=Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress |access-date=November 10, 2020 |date=March 18, 2008 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107170308/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-249.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> According to a 2008 report by the [[Congressional Research Service]]:<ref name="CRS" /> <blockquote>Chief executives leaving office prior to 1958 often entered retirement pursuing various occupations and received no federal assistance. When industrialist Andrew Carnegie announced a plan in 1912 to offer $25,000 annual pensions to former Presidents, many Members of Congress deemed it inappropriate that such a pension would be provided by a private corporation executive. That same year, legislation was first introduced to create presidential pensions, but it was not enacted. In 1955, such legislation was considered by Congress because of former President Harry S. Truman's financial limitations in hiring an office staff</blockquote> The pension has increased numerous times with congressional approval. Retired presidents receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration's cabinet secretaries, which was $199,700 per year in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS20115.pdf |title=President of the United States: Compensation |last=Schwemle |first=Barbara L. |date=October 17, 2012 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=January 10, 2013}}</ref> Former presidents who served in Congress may also collect [[congressional pension]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.toledoblade.com/Politics/2007/01/07/Former-presidents-cost-U-S-taxpayers-big-bucks-tab-from-1977-to-2000-is-pegged-at-370-million.html |title=Former presidents cost U.S. taxpayers big bucks |date=January 7, 2007 |website=[[The Blade (Toledo)|Toledo Blade]] |access-date=May 22, 2007}}</ref> The act also provides former presidents with travel funds and [[franking]] privileges. Prior to 1997, all former presidents, their spouses, and their children until age 16 were protected by the Secret Service until the president's death.<ref>{{usc|18|3056}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses/2013/01/10/c4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html |title=Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses |date=January 10, 2013 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 10, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823000643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses/2013/01/10/c4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html |archive-date=August 23, 2016 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> In 1997, Congress passed legislation limiting Secret Service protection to no more than 10 years from the date a president leaves office.<ref name="secretservice.gov">{{Cite web |url=https://www.secretservice.gov/protection/ |title=United States Secret Service: Protection |publisher=United States Secret Service |access-date=November 9, 2017}}</ref> On January 10, 2013, President Obama signed legislation reinstating lifetime Secret Service protection for him, [[George W. Bush]], and all subsequent presidents.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/10/inside-politics-obama-signs-protection-bill-for-fo/?page=all |title=Obama signs protection bill for former presidents |date=January 10, 2013 |work=The Washington Times |access-date=August 14, 2013}}</ref> A [[First Spouse of the United States|first spouse]] who remarries is no longer eligible for Secret Service protection.<ref name="secretservice.gov" /> === Presidential libraries === {{Main|Presidential library system}} [[File:George W. Bush Presidential Center dedication.tif|alt=|thumb|From left to right: Presidents [[Barack Obama]], [[George W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]], [[George H. W. Bush]], and [[Jimmy Carter]] at the dedication of the [[George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum]] in [[Dallas]] in 2013]] Every president since [[Herbert Hoover]] has created a [[Institutional repository|repository]] known as a [[Presidential library system|presidential library]] for preserving and making available his papers, records, and other documents and materials. Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the [[National Archives and Records Administration]] (NARA); the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private, non-federal sources.<ref>{{usc|44|2112}}</ref> There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system. There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education, including: * The [[Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum]], which is run by the State of [[Illinois]]; * The [[George W. Bush Presidential Center|George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum]], which is run by [[Southern Methodist University]]; * The [[George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum|George H. W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum]], which is run by [[Texas A&M University]]; and * The [[Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum|Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum]], which is run by the [[University of Texas at Austin]]. Several former presidents have overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries. Some even made arrangements for their own burial at the site. Several presidential libraries contain the graves of the president they document: * The [[Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum]] in [[Independence, Missouri]]; * The [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home]] in [[Abilene, Kansas]]; * The [[Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum]] in [[Yorba Linda, California]]; and * The [[Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum]] in [[Simi Valley, California]]. These gravesites are open to the general public. == Political affiliation == [[Political parties in the United States|Political parties]] have dominated [[Politics of the United States|American politics]] for most of the nation's history. Though the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]] generally spurned political parties as divisive and disruptive, and their rise had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787, organized political parties developed in the U.S. in the mid-1790s nonetheless. They evolved from [[political faction]]s, which began to appear almost immediately after the Federal government came into existence. Those who supported the [[Presidency of George Washington|Washington administration]] were referred to as "pro-administration" and would eventually form the [[Federalist Party]], while those in opposition largely joined the emerging [[Democratic-Republican Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/history/partydiv.htm|title=U.S. Senate: Party Division|publisher=U.S. Senate|access-date=January 2, 2017}}</ref> Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained [[Independent politician|unaffiliated]] with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never to be affiliated with a political party.<ref name="GWpps">{{Cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/dec/31/george-washingtons-views-political-parties-america/|title=George Washington's views on political parties in America|last=Jamison|first=Dennis|date=December 31, 2014|website=[[The Washington Times]]|access-date=July 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/the-first-president/political-parties/|title=Political Parties|publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association|location=Mount Vernon, Virginia|access-date=March 24, 2019}}</ref> Since Washington, every U.S. president has been affiliated with a political party at the time of assuming office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.enchantedlearning.com/history/us/pres/list.shtml|title=The Presidents of the United States of America|website=Enchanted Learning|access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.presidentsusa.net/partyofpresidents.html|title=Political Parties of the Presidents|website=Presidents USA|access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref> The number of presidents per political party by their affiliation at the time they were first sworn into office (alphabetical, by last name) are: {| class=wikitable |- ! colspan=2| Party ! {{vertical header|Number of<br>presidents}} ! Name(s) |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | style="text-align: center;" |19 | [[Chester&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Arthur]], [[George&nbsp;H.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;Bush]], [[George&nbsp;W.&nbsp;Bush]], [[Calvin&nbsp;Coolidge]], [[Dwight&nbsp;D.&nbsp;Eisenhower]], [[Gerald&nbsp;Ford]], [[James&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Garfield]], [[Ulysses&nbsp;S.&nbsp;Grant]], [[Warren&nbsp;G.&nbsp;Harding]], [[Benjamin&nbsp;Harrison]], [[Rutherford&nbsp;B.&nbsp;Hayes]], [[Herbert&nbsp;Hoover]], [[Abraham&nbsp;Lincoln]],{{Efn-ua|Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected for a second term as part of the [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union Party]] ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson in 1864.}} [[William&nbsp;McKinley]], [[Richard&nbsp;Nixon]], [[Ronald&nbsp;Reagan]], [[Theodore&nbsp;Roosevelt]], [[William&nbsp;Howard&nbsp;Taft]], and [[Donald&nbsp;Trump]] |- | style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | style="text-align: center;" |15 | '''[[Joe Biden]] (incumbent)''', [[James&nbsp;Buchanan]], [[Jimmy&nbsp;Carter]], [[Grover&nbsp;Cleveland]], [[Bill&nbsp;Clinton]], [[Andrew&nbsp;Jackson]], [[Lyndon&nbsp;B.&nbsp;Johnson]], [[John&nbsp;F.&nbsp;Kennedy]], [[Barack Obama]], [[Franklin&nbsp;Pierce]], [[James&nbsp;K.&nbsp;Polk]], [[Franklin&nbsp;D.&nbsp;Roosevelt]], [[Harry&nbsp;S.&nbsp;Truman]], [[Martin&nbsp;Van&nbsp;Buren]], and [[Woodrow&nbsp;Wilson]] |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | style="text-align: center;" |4 | [[John&nbsp;Quincy&nbsp;Adams]], [[Thomas&nbsp;Jefferson]], [[James&nbsp;Madison]], and [[James&nbsp;Monroe]] |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Whig Party (United States)}}" | | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] | style="text-align: center;" |4 | [[Millard&nbsp;Fillmore]], [[William&nbsp;Henry&nbsp;Harrison]], [[Zachary&nbsp;Taylor]], and [[John&nbsp;Tyler]]{{Efn-ua|Former Democrat John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket with Harrison in 1840. Tyler's policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party in September 1841.}} |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Federalist Party}}" | | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] | style="text-align: center;" |1 | [[John&nbsp;Adams]] |- | style="background-color:{{party color|National Union Party (United States)}}" | | nowrap | [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union]] | style="text-align: center;" |1 | [[Andrew&nbsp;Johnson]]{{Efn-ua|Democrat Andrew Johnson was elected vice president on the National Union Party ticket with Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1864. Later, while president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.}} |- | style="background:#f5f5f5" | | [[Independent politician|''No party'']] | style="text-align: center;" |1 | [[George&nbsp;Washington]] |} == Timeline of presidents == {{see also|List of presidents of the United States}} The following [[Bar chart|timeline]] depicts the progression of the presidents and their political affiliation at the time of assuming office. <div class="center">{{#tag:timeline| ImageSize = width:1500 height:auto barincrement:18 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:20 right:130 left:10 AlignBars = late DateFormat = x.y Period = from:1788.90 till:{{#expr:{{#time:Y}}+{{#time:m}}/6}} TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:1790 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1789 Define $now = {{#expr:{{#time:Y}}+{{#time:m}}/12}} Colors = id:5year value:rgb(0.8, 0.8, 0.8) id:0year value:rgb(0.6, 0.6, 0.6) id:noparty value:rgb(0.7, 0.7, 0.7) id:fed value:rgb(0.85, 0.52, 0.38) id:demrep value:rgb(0, 0.5, 0) id:whig value:rgb(0.84, 0.74, 0.34) id:nlunion value:rgb(0.7, 0.13, 0.13) id:dem value:rgb(0.2, 0.2, 1) id:rep value:rgb(1, 0.2, 0.2) id:seat1 value:rgb(0.60,0.10,0.10) id:blank value:white BarData = barset:PresidentLine barset:Presidents #barset:blankline PlotData= width:1 align:right fontsize:S shift:(-3,-4) anchor:from fontsize:8 color:black barset:PresidentLine from:1804 till:end text:Presidents width:6 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till fontsize:10 barset:Presidents from:1789.40 till:1797.17 color:noparty text:"George Washington" from:1797.17 till:1801.17 color:fed text:"John Adams" from:1801.17 till:1809.17 color:demrep text:"Thomas Jefferson" from:1809.17 till:1817.17 color:demrep text:"James Madison" from:1817.17 till:1825.17 color:demrep text:"James Monroe" from:1825.17 till:1829.17 color:demrep text:"John Quincy Adams" from:1829.17 till:1837.17 color:dem text:"Andrew Jackson" from:1837.17 till:1841.17 color:dem text:"Martin Van Buren" from:1841.17 till:1841.26 color:whig text:"William Henry Harrison" from:1841.26 till:1845.17 color:whig text:"John Tyler" from:1845.17 till:1849.17 color:dem text:"James K. Polk" from:1849.17 till:1850.52 color:whig text:"Zachary Taylor" from:1850.52 till:1853.17 color:whig text:"Millard Fillmore" from:1853.17 till:1857.17 color:dem text:"Franklin Pierce" from:1857.17 till:1861.17 color:dem text:James Buchanan" from:1861.17 till:1865.29 color:rep text:"Abraham Lincoln" from:1865.29 till:1869.17 color:nlunion text:"Andrew Johnson" from:1869.17 till:1877.17 color:rep text:"Ulysses S. Grant" from:1877.17 till:1881.17 color:rep text:"Rutherford B. Hayes" from:1881.17 till:1881.73 color:rep text:"James A. Garfield" from:1881.73 till:1885.17 color:rep text:"Chester A. Arthur" from:1893.17 till:1897.17 color:dem text:"Grover Cleveland" from:1889.17 till:1893.17 color:rep text:"Benjamin Harrison" from:1897.17 till:1901.72 color:rep text:"William McKinley" from:1901.72 till:1909.17 color:rep text:"Theodore Roosevelt" from:1909.17 till:1913.17 color:rep text:"William Howard Taft" from:1913.17 till:1921.17 color:dem text:"Woodrow Wilson" from:1921.17 till:1923.59 color:rep text:"Warren G. Harding" from:1923.59 till:1929.17 color:rep text:"Calvin Coolidge" from:1929.17 till:1933.17 color:rep text:"Herbert Hoover" from:1933.17 till:1945.28 color:dem text:"Franklin D. Roosevelt" from:1945.28 till:1953.05 color:dem text:"Harry S. Truman" from:1953.05 till:1961.05 color:rep text:"Dwight D. Eisenhower" from:1961.05 till:1963.89 color:dem text:"John F. Kennedy" from:1963.89 till:1969.05 color:dem text:"Lyndon B.Johnson" from:1969.05 till:1974.61 color:rep text:"Richard Nixon" from:1974.61 till:1977.05 color:rep text:"Gerald Ford" from:1977.05 till:1981.05 color:dem text:"Jimmy Carter" from:1981.05 till:1989.05 color:rep text:"Ronald Reagan" from:1989.05 till:1993.05 color:rep text:"George H. W. Bush" from:1993.05 till:2001.05 color:dem text:"Bill Clinton" from:2001.05 till:2009.05 color:rep text:"George W. Bush" from:2009.05 till:2017.05 color:dem text:"Barack Obama" from:2017.05 till:2021.05 color:rep text:"Donald Trump" from:2021.05 till:$now color:dem text:"Joe Biden" LineData= <!--Increase the "atpos" values in order to maintain the bars. The length of future terms will affect values. --> from:1842.00 till:1845.17 atpos:650 color:noparty width:6 # JT noparty from:1885.17 till:1889.17 atpos:440 color:dem width:6 # GC 1st term layer:back # This section creates the vertical lines. at:1790.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1795.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1800.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1805.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1810.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1815.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1820.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1825.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1830.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1835.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1840.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1845.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1850.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1855.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1860.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1865.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1870.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1875.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1880.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1885.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1890.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1895.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1900.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1905.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1910.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1915.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1920.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1925.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1930.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1935.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1940.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1945.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1950.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1955.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1960.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1965.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1970.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1975.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1980.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1985.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1990.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1995.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:2000.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:2005.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:2010.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:2015.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:2020.00 width:0.1 color:0year }}</div> == See also == {{Portal|United States|Politics}} * [[Outline of American politics]] {{Clear}} == Notes == {{Notelist-ua}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == {{Refbegin}} * Edwards, George C. and Thomas G. Howell (eds.). 2009. ''The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency''. Oxford University Press. * {{cite journal |last1=Kernell |first1=Samuel |last2=Jacobson |first2=Gary C. |year=1987 |title=Congress and the Presidency as News in the Nineteenth Century |url=http://pages.ucsd.edu/~skernell/resources/congresspresasnews.pdf |journal=Journal of Politics |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=1016–1035 |doi=10.2307/2130782 |jstor=2130782 |s2cid=154834781}} * Howell, William G. 2023. ''The American Presidency: An Institutional Approach to Executive Politics''. Princeton University Press. * {{cite journal |last1=Sigelman |first1=Lee |last2=Bullock |first2=David |year=1991 |title=Candidates, issues, horse races, and hoopla: Presidential campaign coverage, 1888–1988 |url=http://blogs.cornell.edu/bigreddc/files/2013/09/SchoolsAmerican-Politics-Research-1991-Sigelman-5-32.pdf |journal=American Politics Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=5–32 |doi=10.1177/1532673x9101900101 |s2cid=154283367}} * [[John William Tebbel|Tebbel, John William]], and Sarah Miles Watts. ''The Press and the Presidency: From George Washington to Ronald Reagan'' (Oxford University Press, 1985). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2131296 online review] * Waterman, Richard W., and Robert Wright. ''The Image-Is-Everything Presidency: Dilemmas in American Leadership'' (Routledge, 2018). * ''[[Presidential Studies Quarterly]]'', published by Wiley, is an academic journal on the presidency. {{Refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|d=y|wikt=POTUS|voy=y|b=United States Government/The Executive Branch}} * [https://whitehouse.gov/ White House homepage] * [[hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.pres|United States Presidents Collection. General Collection]], Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University {{US Presidents}} {{Navboxes|list = {{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}} {{United States topics}} {{US Chief Executives}} {{United States presidential elections}} {{US presidential memorials}} {{United States Armed Forces}} {{White House}} {{Heads of state and government of North America}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Presidents of the United States| ]] [[Category:1789 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]] [[Category:Heads of state of the United States]] [[Category:Presidency of the United States| ]] [[Category:United States presidential history]] onqloeoh3kjil8kenfj2f0crgo50l2l 0 143 144 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 FANDOM moved page [[Main Page]] to [[18 Of January Wiki]]: SEO 144 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[18 Of January Wiki]] r8dpufrsly2evqt7w5azh1pev5cup63 0 201 207 2025-01-20T02:45:07Z Kl8876883 28775193 Created page with "[[File:Post your own pics on .jpg|thumb]]"<br />"[[This Is the Home of the Brave]]"<ref>{{cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Ishaan |date=19 June 2013 |title=The Taliban's Qatar Office: Are Prospects for Peace Already Doomed? |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/ |access-date=19 August 2021 |issn=0040-781X |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web..." 207 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Post your own pics on .jpg|thumb]]"<br />"[[This Is the Home of the Brave]]"<ref>{{cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Ishaan |date=19 June 2013 |title=The Taliban's Qatar Office: Are Prospects for Peace Already Doomed? |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/ |access-date=19 August 2021 |issn=0040-781X |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819021327/https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br> | image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Afghanistan (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Afghanistan on the globe|[[File:Afghanistan - Location Map (2013) - AFG - UNOCHA.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Afghanistan's neighbors and towns}} | capital = [[Kabul]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|31|N|69|11|E|region:AF_source:geonames|display=inline,title}}<ref>[{{geonameslink|gnid=1149361|name=islamic-republic-of-afghanistan}} Islamic Republic of Afghanistan] in [{{geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (CC BY)]</ref> | largest_city = Kabul | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Pashto]]|[[Dari]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 42% [[Pashtun]] | 27% [[Tajiks|Tajik]] | {{figure space}}9% [[Hazaras|Hazara]] | {{figure space}}9% [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] | {{figure space}}4% [[Aimaq people|Aimaq]] | {{figure space}}3% [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] | {{figure space}}2% [[Baloch people|Baloch]] | {{figure space}}4% [[Ethnic groups in Afghanistan|other]] }} | ethnic_groups_ref = {{efn|The last census in Afghanistan was conducted in 1979, and was itself incomplete. Due to the [[Afghan conflict|ongoing conflict]] in the country, no official census has been conducted since.<ref name="Population Matters" />}}<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/afghanistans-ethnic-mosaic/articleshow/85552093.cms |title=Afghanistan's ethnic mosaic |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 August 2021 |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918062710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/afghanistans-ethnic-mosaic/articleshow/85552093.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Population 2021" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1258799/afghanistan-share-of-population-by-ethnic-group/ |title=Distribution of Afghan population by ethnic group 2020 |date=20 August 2021 |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918044205/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1258799/afghanistan-share-of-population-by-ethnic-group/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="reliefweb.int">{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation |title=Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation |date=14 August 2011 |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918053054/https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation |url-status=live }}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 unofficial estimates | religion = {{unbulleted list | 99.7% [[Islam in Afghanistan|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) | 0.3% [[Demographics of Afghanistan#Religion|other]] }} | religion_year = 2015 | demonym = [[Afghans|Afghan]]{{Efn|Other demonyms that have been used are Afghani,<ref>Dictionary.com. [[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]], Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghani Reference.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185738/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghani |date=3 March 2016 }} (Retrieved 13 November 2007).</ref> Afghanese and Afghanistani (see [[Afghans]] for further details)<ref>Dictionary.com. [[WordNet]] 3.0. [[Princeton University]]. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghanistani Reference.com] (Retrieved 13 November 2007). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328102257/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghanistani |date=28 March 2014}}</ref>|name="Demonym"|group="Note"}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of Afghanistan|url=https://www.afghanembassy.us/about-afghanistan/constitution/|year=2004|access-date=16 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920112856/http://www.afghanembassy.us/about-afghanistan/constitution/|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Afghan {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |publisher=the Cambridge English Dictionary |isbn=9781107660151 |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghan |access-date=27 March 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303180827/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghan |url-status=live }}</ref> | government_type = Unitary [[totalitarian]]<ref> *{{cite journal |last1=Sakhi |first1=Nilofar |title=The Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan and Security Paradox |journal=[[Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs]] |date=December 2022 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=383–401 |doi=10.1177/23477970221130882 |s2cid=253945821 |quote=Afghanistan is now controlled by a militant group that operates out of a totalitarian ideology. |issn = 2347-7970}} *{{cite web |last1=Madadi |first1=Sayed |title=Dysfunctional centralization and growing fragility under Taliban rule |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/dysfunctional-centralization-and-growing-fragility-under-taliban-rule |website=[[Middle East Institute]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=6 September 2022 |quote=In other words, the centralized political and governance institutions of the former republic were unaccountable enough that they now comfortably accommodate the totalitarian objectives of the Taliban without giving the people any chance to resist peacefully. |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128205909/https://www.mei.edu/publications/dysfunctional-centralization-and-growing-fragility-under-taliban-rule |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |last1=Sadr |first1=Omar |title=Afghanistan's Public Intellectuals Fail to Denounce the Taliban |url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/omar-sadr-afghanistan-taliban-rule-totalitarianism-human-rights-news-2441/ |website=Fair Observer |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=23 March 2022 |quote=The Taliban government currently installed in Afghanistan is not simply another dictatorship. By all standards, it is a totalitarian regime. |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323115118/https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/omar-sadr-afghanistan-taliban-rule-totalitarianism-human-rights-news-2441/ |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |title=Dismantlement of the Taliban regime is the only way forward for Afghanistan |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/dismantlement-of-the-taliban-regime-is-the-only-way-forward-for-afghanistan/ |website=[[Atlantic Council]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=8 September 2022 |quote=As with any other ideological movement, the Taliban's Islamic government is transformative and totalitarian in nature. |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128205911/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/dismantlement-of-the-taliban-regime-is-the-only-way-forward-for-afghanistan/ |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |last=Akbari |first=Farkhondeh |title=The Risks Facing Hazaras in Taliban-ruled Afghanistan |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/risks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan |website=[[George Washington University]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=7 March 2022 |quote=In the Taliban's totalitarian Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, there is no meaningful political inclusivity or representation for Hazaras at any level. |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114164914/https://extremism.gwu.edu/risks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan |url-status=dead }}</ref> provisional [[theocratic]] Islamic [[emirate]]<!--Non-monarchical emirate--><ref>[[File:Might have a little more .jpg|thumb]] *{{cite news |last=Choi |first=Joseph |title=EU: Provisional Taliban government does not fulfill promises |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/571292-eu-provisional-taliban-government-does-not-fulfill-promises |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=8 September 2021 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318015908/https://thehill.com/policy/international/571292-eu-provisional-taliban-government-does-not-fulfill-promises |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last=Bezhan |first=Frud |title=Key Figures In The Taliban's New Theocratic Government |url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-government-figures/31448372.html |access-date=6 February 2022 |work=[[Radio Farda]] |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=7 September 2021 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206103928/https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-government-figures/31448372.html |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last=George |first=Susannah |title=Inside the Taliban campaign to forge a religious emirate |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/afghanistan-taliban-islamic-law-rights/ |access-date=19 February 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=18 February 2023 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218082415/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/afghanistan-taliban-islamic-law-rights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Supreme Leader of Afghanistan|Supreme Leader]] | leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Hibatullah Akhundzada]]}} | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Hasan Akhund]] ([[Acting prime minister|acting]]) | leader_title3 = [[Chief Justice of Afghanistan|Chief Justice]] | leader_name3 = [[Abdul Hakim Haqqani]] | legislature = None{{efn|Afghanistan is a pure [[autocracy]], with all law ultimately originating from the supreme leader. Consensus rule was initially used among the Taliban, but was phased out as the supreme leader monopolized control in the months following the 2021 return to power.<ref>{{cite web |author1=T. S. Tirumurti |title=Letter dated 25 May 2022 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3975071/files/S_2022_419-EN.pdf?ln=en |publisher=[[United Nations Security Council]] |access-date=2 May 2023 |date=26 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kraemer |first1=Thomas |title=Afghanistan dispatch: Taliban leaders issue new orders on law-making process, enforcement of court orders from previous government |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2022/11/afghanistan-dispatch-taliban-leaders-issue-new-orders-on-law-making-process-enforcement-of-court-orders-from-previous-government/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=[[JURIST]] |date=27 November 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117233605/https://www.jurist.org/news/2022/11/afghanistan-dispatch-taliban-leaders-issue-new-orders-on-law-making-process-enforcement-of-court-orders-from-previous-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dawi |first1=Akmal |title=Unseen Taliban Leader Wields Godlike Powers in Afghanistan |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/unseen-taliban-leader-wields-godlike-powers-in-afghanistan-/7026112.html |access-date=1 May 2023 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413041049/https://www.voanews.com/a/unseen-taliban-leader-wields-godlike-powers-in-afghanistan-/7026112.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There is an advisory [[Leadership Council of Afghanistan|Leadership Council]], however its role is in question as the supreme leader has not convened it for many months ({{as of|lc=y|2023|03|post=),}} and increasingly rules by decree.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Oxford Analytica |author1-link=Oxford Analytica |title=Senior Afghan Taliban figures move to curb leader |journal=Expert Briefings |series=Emerald Expert Briefings |date=10 March 2023 |volume=oxan-db |issue=oxan-db |doi=10.1108/OXAN-DB276639 |quote=[Akhundzada] has not convened the Taliban's Leadership Council (a 'politburo' of top leaders and commanders) for several months. Instead, he relies on the narrower Kandahar Council of Clerics for legal advice.}}</ref>}} | sovereignty_type = [[History of Afghanistan|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Hotak dynasty]] | established_date1 = [[Mirwais Hotak|1709]] | established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Durrani Empire]]}} | established_date2 = 1747 | established_event3 = [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emirate]] | established_date3 = 1823 | established_event4 = [[Dost Mohammad Khan|Dost Mohammad unites Afghanistan]] | established_date4 = [[Herat Campaign of 1862–63|27 May 1863]] | established_event5 = [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Independence]] | established_date5 = [[Afghan Independence Day|19 August 1919]] | established_event6 = [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Kingdom]] | established_date6 = 9 June 1926 | established_event7 = [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)|Republic]] | established_date7 = [[1973 Afghan coup d'état|17 July 1973]] | established_event8 = [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Democratic Republic]] | established_date8 = [[Saur Revolution|27–28 April 1978]] | established_event9 = [[Islamic State of Afghanistan|Islamic State]] | established_date9 = 28 April 1992 | established_event10 = [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate]] | established_date10 = 27 September 1996 | established_event11 = {{nowrap|[[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Islamic Republic]]}} | established_date11 = 26 January 2004 | established_event12 = [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Restoration of Islamic Emirate]] | established_date12 = 15 August 2021 | area_km2 = 652,867<ref>Central Statistics Office Afghanistan</ref> | area_rank = 40th | area_sq_mi = 252,072 | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 35,695,527<ref name="Afghanistan.population">*data provided by NSIA [https://nsia.gov.af/library (Yearbook)]*{{cite web |title=Estimated population of Afghanistan by provinces and districts (July 2024) [pg.3] |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PWzeE5zCoqwHfht-16xVkHejlgW9Wbeb/view |publisher=[[National Statistics and Information Authority]] (NSIA) |website=www.nsia.gov.af/home |date=28 October 2024 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = July 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 37th | population_density_km2 = {{#expr: 35695527/652867 round 0}} | population_density_sq_mi = {{#expr: 35695527/252072 round 0}} | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $91.668&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AF">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=512,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Afghanistan) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 October 2024 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,174<ref name="IMFWEO.AF"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 179th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $17.329&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AF"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $411<ref name="IMFWEO.AF"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 190th | HDI = 0.462<!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = decrease<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/24 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 182nd | currency = [[Afghan afghani|Afghani]] ({{lang|prs|افغانى}}) | currency_code = AFN | time_zone = [[Afghanistan Time]] | utc_offset = +4:30<br />[[Lunar Hijri calendar|Lunar Calendar]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2022 |title=Taliban Changes Solar Year to Hijri Lunar Calendar |url=https://8am.af/eng/taliban-changes-solar-year-to-hijri-lunar-calendar/ |access-date=4 September 2022 |work=Hasht-e Subh Daily |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904224713/https://8am.af/eng/taliban-changes-solar-year-to-hijri-lunar-calendar/ |archive-date=4 September 2022}}</ref> | DST_note = ''[[Daylight saving time|DST]] is not observed''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/time-zones-interesting.html|title=Half Hour and 45-Minute Time Zones|website=timeanddate.com|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215203607/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/time-zones-interesting.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | drives_on = right | cctld = [[.af]] | today = }} '''Afghanistan''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Afghanistan.ogg|æ|f|ˈ|ɡ|æ|n|ᵻ|s|t|æ|n|,_|æ|f|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|n|ᵻ|s|t|ɑː|n}}}} officially the '''Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ps|د افغانستان اسلامي امارت}}|{{langx|prs|امارت اسلامی افغانستان}}}}}} is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of [[Central Asia]] and [[South Asia]]. It is bordered by [[Pakistan]] to the [[Durand Line|east and south]],{{efn|The [[Government of India]] regards Afghanistan as a bordering country, as it considers all of [[Kashmir]] to be part of India. However, this is [[Kashmir conflict|disputed]], and the region bordering Afghanistan is administered by Pakistan as [[Gilgit-Baltistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border Management) |url=https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf|access-date=1 September 2008|archive-[[File:Boy 👦 do we need .webp|thumb]]url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317182910/https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} [[Iran]] to the [[Afghanistan–Iran border|west]], [[Turkmenistan]] to the [[Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border|northwest]], [[Uzbekistan]] to the [[Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border|north]], [[Tajikistan]] to the [[Afghanistan–Tajikistan border|northeast]], and [[China]] to the [[Afghanistan–China border|northeast and east]]. Occupying {{convert|652864|km2|sqmi|sp=us}} of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains [[Afghan Turkestan|in the north]] and [[Sistan Basin|the southwest]], which are separated by the [[Hindu Kush]] mountain range. [[Kabul]] is the country's capital and largest city. [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghanistan's population]] is about 35 million.<ref name="Afghanistan.population"/> [[File:My The only way .jpg|thumb]] [[Ancient history of Afghanistan|Human habitation in Afghanistan]] dates to the [[Middle Paleolithic]] era. Popularly referred to as the [[graveyard of empires]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillalamarri |first=Akhilesh |title=Why Is Afghanistan the 'Graveyard of Empires'? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/why-is-afghanistan-the-graveyard-of-empires/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811170328/https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/why-is-afghanistan-the-graveyard-of-empires/ |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref> the land [[Invasions of Afghanistan|has witnessed numerous military campaigns]], including those by the [[Persian empire|Persians]], [[Alexander the Great]], the [[Maurya Empire]], [[Muslim conquests of Afghanistan|Arab Muslims]], the [[Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire|Mongols]], the [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Great Game|British]], the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet Union]], and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|a US-led coalition]]. Afghanistan also served as the source from which the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Greco-Bactrians]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], among others, rose to form major empires.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/PreIslamic.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011103002246/http://www.gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/PreIslamic.html |archivedate=3 November 2001|title=The Pre-Islamic Period |work=Afghanistan Country Study |publisher=Illinois Institute of Technology |first=Luke |last=Griffin |date=14 January 2002 |access-date=14 October 2010}}</ref> Because of the various conquests and periods in both the [[Greater Iran|Iranian]] and [[Greater India|Indian]] cultural spheres,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cush |first1=Denise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA200 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Robinson |first2=Catherine |last3=York |first3=Michael |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=9781135189792 |page=200}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The remarkable rugs of war, Drill Hall Gallery|date=30 July 2021|work=The Australian|url=https://theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-remarkable-rugs-of-war-drill-hall-gallery/news-story/49fb932f8be798b1641425be98e4e0db|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122182853/https://theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-remarkable-rugs-of-war-drill-hall-gallery/news-story/49fb932f8be798b1641425be98e4e0db|archive-date=22 November 2021|access-date=22 November 2021|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> the area was a center for [[Zoroastrianism]], Buddhism, Hinduism, and later Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redlandsdailyfacts.com/2021/09/15/professing-faith-religious-traditions-in-afghanistan-are-diverse/|title=Professing Faith: Religious traditions in Afghanistan are diverse|date=16 September 2021|access-date=1 November 2021|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006122528/https://www.redlandsdailyfacts.com/2021/09/15/professing-faith-religious-traditions-in-afghanistan-are-diverse/|url-status=live}}</ref> The modern state of Afghanistan began with the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani Afghan Empire]] in the 18th century,<ref>{{cite web|title=Afghanistan: the land that forgot time|date=26 October 2001|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/26/afghanistan.terrorism11|access-date=14 December 2021|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214155028/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/26/afghanistan.terrorism11|url-status=live}}</ref> although [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] is sometimes considered to be the founder of the first [[Emirate of Afghanistan|modern Afghan state]].<ref>{{Cite web|year=1995|title=DŌST MOḤAMMAD KHAN|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dost-mohammad-khan|access-date=8 February 2023|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica|archive-date=29 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429181100/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dost-mohammad-khan|url-status=live}}</ref> Afghanistan became a [[buffer state]] in the [[Great Game]] between the [[British Empire]] and the [[Russian Empire]]. From India, the British attempted to subjugate Afghanistan but were repelled in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]; the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] saw a British victory. Following the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] in 1919, Afghanistan became free of foreign political hegemony, and emerged as the independent [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] in 1926. This monarchy lasted almost half a century, until [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|Zahir Shah]] was [[1973 Afghan coup d'état|overthrown in 1973]], following which the [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)|Republic of Afghanistan]] was established. Since the late 1970s, Afghanistan's history has been dominated by extensive warfare, including [[Afghan conflict|coups, invasions, insurgencies, and civil wars]]. The conflict began in 1978 when [[Saur Revolution|a communist revolution]] established a [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|socialist state]] (itself a response to the dictatorship established following a [[1973 Afghan coup d'état|coup d'état in 1973]]), and subsequent infighting prompted the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan|Soviet Union to invade Afghanistan]] in 1979. [[Mujahideen]] fought against the Soviets in the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] and continued fighting among themselves following the [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|Soviets' withdrawal in 1989]]. The [[Taliban]] controlled most of the country by 1996, but their [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] received little international recognition before its overthrow in the 2001 [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|US invasion of Afghanistan]]. The Taliban returned to power in 2021 after [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|capturing Kabul]], ending the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|2001–2021 war]].<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Watkins |author-first=Andrew H. |date=November 2021 |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/CTC-SENTINEL-092021.pdf |title=An Assessment of Taliban Rule at Three Months |url-status=live |editor1-last=Cruickshank |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Hummel |editor2-first=Kristina |journal=[[CTC Sentinel]] |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1–14 |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]] |location=West Point, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129104726/https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/CTC-SENTINEL-092021.pdf |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> {{As of|2024|June}}, the Taliban government remains [[Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|internationally unrecognized]]. Afghanistan is rich in natural resources, including [[lithium]], iron, [[zinc]], and copper. It is the second-largest producer of [[cannabis resin]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco seizes over 840 kg of cannabis – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/06/c_138288434.htm |access-date=18 October 2022 |agency=Xinhua News Agency |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018002746/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/06/c_138288434.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and third largest of both [[saffron]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan's Saffron on Media {{!}} AfGOV |url=https://www.mail.gov.af/en/afghanistan%E2%80%99s-saffron-media |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=mail.gov.af |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408010552/https://www.mail.gov.af/en/afghanistan%E2%80%99s-saffron-media |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Cashmere wool|cashmere]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taliban Takeover Puts Afghanistan's Cashmere, Silk Industries at Risk |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/global-markets/taliban-takeover-puts-afghanistans-cashmere-silk-industries-at-risk/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=The Business of Fashion |date=25 August 2021|archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018002748/https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/global-markets/taliban-takeover-puts-afghanistans-cashmere-silk-industries-at-risk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The country is a member of the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] and a founding member of the [[Organization of Islamic Cooperation]]. Due to the effects of war in recent decades, the country has dealt with high levels of terrorism, [[Poverty in Afghanistan|poverty]], and child malnutrition. Afghanistan remains among the world's [[Least developed country|least developed countries]], ranking 182nd on the [[Human Development Index]]. Afghanistan's gross domestic product (GDP) is $81&nbsp;billion by [[purchasing power parity]] and $20.1&nbsp;billion by nominal values. Per capita, its GDP is among the lowest of any country {{As of|2020|lc=y}}. [[File:My dad dad and my brother .jpg|thumb]] ==Etymology== {{Main|Name of Afghanistan}} [[File:I’m going back in .jpg|thumb]] Some scholars suggest that the [[Root (linguistics)|root]] name [[Afghan (ethnonym)|''Afghān'']] is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''[[Aśvaka]]n'', which was the name used for ancient inhabitants of the [[Hindu Kush]].<ref> *"The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian... " (Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180. See also: Alexander's Invasion of India, p 38; J.W. McCrindle). *"Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana, an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses" (See: Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture Abroad, p 124, Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan). *Cf: "Their name (Afghan) means "cavalier" being derived from the [[Sanskrit]], ''Asva'', or ''Asvaka'', a horse, and shows that their country must have been noted in ancient times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses. Asvaka was an important tribe settled north to Kabul river, which offered a gallant resistance but ineffectual resistance to the arms of Alexander." (''Scottish Geographical Magazine'', 1999, p. 275, Royal Scottish Geographical Society) *"Afghans are Assakani of the [[Greeks]]; this word being the [[Sanskrit]] [[Ashvaka]] meaning 'horsemen'." (''Sva'', 1915, p. 113, Christopher Molesworth Birdwood) *Cf: "The name represents Sanskrit Asvaka in the sense of a ''cavalier'', and this reappears scarcely modified in the Assakani or Assakeni of the historians of the expedition of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]" (Hobson-Jobson: ''A Glossary of Colloquial [[Anglo-Indian]] words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological''. Henry Yule, A. D. Burnell).</ref> ''Aśvakan'' literally means "horsemen", "horse breeders", or "[[cavalry]]men" (from ''[[aśva]]'', the [[Sanskrit]] and [[Avestan]] words for "horse").<ref>{{cite book |title=Ancient India |first=Ramesh Chandra |last=Majumdar |author-link=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |orig-date=1952 |isbn=978-8-12080-436-4 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA99}}</ref> [[File:Let the world 🌍 see .jpg|thumb]] Historically, the ethnonym ''Afghān'' was used to refer to ethnic [[Pashtuns]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Ch. M. Kieffer |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afgan-in-current-political-usage-any-citizen-of-afghanistan-whatever-his-ethnic-tribal-or-religious-affiliation |title=Afghan |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |edition=online |publisher=Columbia University |date=15 December 1983|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116233835/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afgan-in-current-political-usage-any-citizen-of-afghanistan-whatever-his-ethnic-tribal-or-religious-affiliation |archive-date=16 November 2013}}</ref> The Arabic and Persian form of the name, ''Afġān'', was first attested in the 10th-century geography book ''[[Hudud al-'Alam]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Afghans|last1=Vogelsang|first1=Willem|year=2002|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|isbn=0-631-19841-5|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&pg=PA18|access-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709112010/https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA18|archive-date=9 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The last part of the name, "''[[-stan]]''", is a Persian suffix meaning "place of". Therefore, "Afghanistan" translates to "land of the Afghans", or "land of the Pashtuns" in a historical sense. According to the third edition of the ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]]'':<ref>{{EI3|last=Nölle-Karimi|first=Christine|title=Afghanistan until 1747|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_24776|year=2020}}</ref> {{blockquote|The name Afghanistan (Afghānistān, land of the Afghans / Pashtuns, ''afāghina'', sing. ''afghān'') can be traced to the early eighth/fourteenth century, when it designated the easternmost part of the [[Kartid]] realm. This name was later used for certain regions in the [[Safavid Iran|Ṣafavid]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] empires that were inhabited by Afghans. While based on a state-supporting elite of [[Durrani|Abdālī / Durrānī]] Afghans, the [[Durrani Empire|Sadūzāʾī Durrānī polity]] that came into being in 1160 / 1747 was not called Afghanistan in its own day. The name became a state designation only during the colonial intervention of the nineteenth century.}} [[File:One ☝️ thing that makes sense .jpg|thumb]] The term "Afghanistan" was officially used in 1855, when the British recognized [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] as king of [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]].{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=317}} [[File:We need more than a .jpg|thumb]] ==History== {{Main|History of Afghanistan}} [[File:Email address for .jpg|thumb]] ===Prehistory and antiquity=== {{Main|Ancient history of Afghanistan}} {{See also|Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan}} [[File:Nomads in Badghis Province.jpg|thumb|left|Tents of Afghan [[nomad]]s in the northern [[Badghis Province]]. Early peasant farming villages came into existence about 7,000 years ago.]] [[File:I must be the one that got .jpg|thumb]] Excavations of prehistoric sites suggest that humans were living in what is now Afghanistan at least 50,000 years ago, and that farming communities in the area were among the earliest in the world. An important site of early historical activities, many believe that Afghanistan compares to [[Egypt]] in the historical value of its archaeological sites.<ref name="JFS">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/text_761569370___42/Afghanistan.html |title=Afghanistan&nbsp;– John Ford Shroder, University of Nebraska |publisher=Encarta |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040717092902/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761569370___42/Afghanistan.html |archive-date=17 July 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1881896-1,00.html |title=Afghanistan: A Treasure Trove for Archaeologists |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=26 February 2009 |access-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726153721/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1881896-1%2C00.html |archive-date=26 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Artifacts typical of the [[Paleolithic]], [[Mesolithic]], [[Neolithic]], [[Bronze Age|Bronze]], and [[Iron Age]]s have been found in Afghanistan. Urban civilization is believed to have begun as early as 3000 BCE, and the early city of [[Mundigak]] (near [[Kandahar]] in the south of the country) was a center of the [[Helmand culture]]. More recent findings established that the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] stretched up towards modern-day Afghanistan. An Indus Valley site has been found on the [[Oxus River]] at [[Shortugai]] in northern Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society|page=1|author=Rita Wright|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ|isbn=978-0521576529|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628065355/https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ|archive-date=28 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998). Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation. pp.96</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xjGtwAACAAJ|title=Notes on Shortugai: An Harappan Site in Northern Afghanistan|publisher=Centre for the Study of the Civilization of Central Asia|author=Louis Depree|year=1981}}</ref> [[File:One 1️⃣☝️ .jpg|thumb]] After 2000 BCE successive waves of semi-nomadic people from Central Asia began moving south into Afghanistan; among them were many [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]-speaking [[Indo-Iranians]]. These tribes later migrated further into South Asia, Western Asia, and toward Europe via the area north of the [[Caspian Sea]]. The region at the time was referred to as [[Ariana]].<ref name="JFS" /><ref>Bryant, Edwin F. (2001) ''The quest for the origins of Vedic culture: the Indo-Aryan migration debate'' [[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0-19-513777-4}}.</ref> By the middle of the 6th century BCE, the Achaemenids overthrew the [[Medes]] and incorporated [[Arachosia]], [[Aria (satrapy)|Aria]], and [[Bactria]] within its eastern boundaries. An [[Epigraphy|inscription]] on the tombstone of [[Darius I of Persia]] mentions the [[Kabulistan|Kabul Valley]] in a list of the 29 countries that he had conquered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gandhara.com.au/afghan_table.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909000527/http://www.gandhara.com.au/afghan_table.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 September 2012 |title=Chronological History of Afghanistan&nbsp;– the cradle of Gandharan civilisation |publisher=Gandhara.com.au |date=15 February 1989 |access-date=19 May 2012}}</ref> The region of [[Arachosia]], around [[Kandahar]] in modern-day southern Afghanistan, used to be primarily Zoroastrian and played a key role in the transfer of the Avesta to [[Persis|Persia]] and is thus considered by some to be the "second homeland of Zoroastrianism".<ref name="Gnoli-1989">{{Cite book|last=Gnoli|first=Gherado|title=The Idea of Iran, an Essay on its Origin|publisher=Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente|year=1989|pages=133|quote=... he would have drawn inspiration from a ireligious policy which intended to counteract the Median Magi's influence and transfer the 'Avesta-Schule' from Arachosia to Persia: thus the Avesta would have arrived in Persia through Arachosia in the 6th century B.C. [...] Although ... Arachosia would have been only a second fatherland for Zoroastrianism, a significant role should still be attributed to this south-eastern region in the history of the Zoroastrian tradition.}}</ref><ref name="Gnoli-1989a">{{Cite book|last=Gnoli|first=Gherado|title=The Idea of Iran, an essay on its Origin|publisher=Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente|year=1989|pages=133|quote=linguistic data [...] prove the presence of the Zoroastrian tradition in Arachosia both in the Achaemenian age, in the last quarter of the 6th century, and in the Seleucid age.}}</ref><ref name="ARACHOSIA – Encyclopaedia Iranica">{{Cite web|title=ARACHOSIA – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/arachosia|access-date=19 February 2021|website=iranicaonline.org|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523120936/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/arachosia|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:ScythianBelt.jpg|thumb|A "Bactrian gold" [[Scythian]] belt depicting [[Dionysus]], from [[Tillya Tepe]] in the ancient region of [[Bactria]]]] [[File:If I was in a relationship .jpg|thumb]] [[Alexander the Great]] and his Macedonian forces arrived in Afghanistan in 330 BCE after defeating [[Darius III of Persia]] a year earlier in the [[Battle of Gaugamela]]. Following Alexander's brief occupation, the successor state of the [[Seleucid Empire]] controlled the region until 305 BCE, when they gave much of it to the [[Maurya Empire]] as part of an alliance treaty. The Mauryans controlled the area south of the [[Hindu Kush]] until they were overthrown in about 185 BCE. Their decline began 60 years after [[Ashoka]]'s rule ended, leading to the [[Hellenistic]] reconquest by the [[Greco-Bactrians]]. Much of it soon broke away and became part of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. They were defeated and expelled by the [[Indo-Scythians]] in the late 2nd century BCE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf |title=Country Profile: Afghanistan |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Afghanistan | date=August 2008 |access-date=10 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408085103/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref>{{sfn|Runion|2007|page=44}} The [[Silk Road]] appeared during the first century BCE, and Afghanistan flourished with trade, with routes to China, India, Persia, and north to the cities of [[Bukhara]], [[Samarkand]], and [[Khiva]] in present-day Uzbekistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unama.unmissions.org/afghanistan-and-silk-road-land-heart-world-trade-bijan-omrani|title='Afghanistan and the Silk Road: The land at the heart of world trade' by Bijan Omrani|date=8 March 2010|website=UNAMA|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816022140/https://unama.unmissions.org/afghanistan-and-silk-road-land-heart-world-trade-bijan-omrani|url-status=live}}</ref> Goods and ideas were exchanged at this center point, such as Chinese silk, Persian silver and Roman gold, while the region of present Afghanistan was mining and trading [[lapis lazuli]] stones<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/countries-alongside-silk-road-routes/afghanistan|title=Afghanistan – Silk Roads Programme|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=18 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618032829/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/countries-alongside-silk-road-routes/afghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref> mainly from the [[Badakhshan]] region. [[File:USA.jpg|thumb]] During the first century BCE, the [[Parthian Empire]] subjugated the region but lost it to their [[Indo-Parthian]] vassals. In the mid-to-late first century CE the vast [[Kushan Empire]], centered in Afghanistan, became great patrons of Buddhist culture, making [[Buddhism]] flourish throughout the region. The Kushans were overthrown by the [[Sassanids]] in the 3rd century CE, though the [[Indo-Sassanids]] continued to rule at least parts of the region. They were followed by the [[Kidarite]]s who, in turn, was replaced by the [[Hephthalites]]. They were replaced by the [[Turk Shahi]] in the 7th century. The Buddhist Turk Shahi of Kabul was replaced by a Hindu dynasty before the Saffarids conquered the area in 870, this Hindu dynasty was called [[Hindu Shahi]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wink|first=André|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA125|year=2002|publisher=BRILL|isbn=0-391-04173-8|page=125|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201142728/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA125|archive-date=1 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Much of the northeastern and southern areas of the country remained dominated by [[Buddhist]] culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Afghan_and_Afghanistan.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023100306/http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Afghan_and_Afghanistan.htm|archive-date=23 October 2008 |title=Afghan and Afghanistan |work=[[Abdul Hai Habibi]]|publisher=alamahabibi.com|year=1969|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Higham|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA141|year=2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1|page=141}}</ref> [[File:Oh I know you .webp|thumb]] ===Medieval period=== {{Main|Muslim conquests of Afghanistan|Mongol invasion of Central Asia|Ghaznavid campaigns in India}} [[File:Ghurid Empire according to Schwartzberg Atlas, p.147.png|thumb|right|The [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]] originated from [[Ghor Province]] in central Afghanistan.]] [[Arab]] [[Muslim]]s brought Islam to [[Herat]] and [[Zaranj]] in 642&nbsp;CE and began spreading eastward; some of the native inhabitants they encountered accepted it while others revolted. Before the [[Islamic conquest of Afghanistan|arrival of Islam]], the region used to be home to various beliefs and cults, often resulting in [[Syncretism]] between the dominant religions<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Weber|first1=Olivier|url=|title=Eternal Afghanistan|last2=Unesco|date=2002|publisher=Chêne|isbn=978-92-3-103850-1|quote=Gradually there emerged a fabulous syncretism between the Hellenistic world and the Buddhist universe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Grenet|first=Grenet|title=Zoroastriansm among the Kushans|year=2016}}</ref> such as [[Zoroastrianism]],<ref name="Gnoli-1989"/><ref name="Gnoli-1989a"/><ref name="ARACHOSIA – Encyclopaedia Iranica"/> [[Buddhism]] or [[Greco-Buddhism]], [[Ancient Iranian religion]]s,<ref name="Allen">{{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Charles|url=|title=The Search For Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History|date=5 November 2015|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-0-349-14218-0|quote=With Aurmuzd, Sroshard, Narasa and Mihr, we are on safer ground because all are Zoroastrian deities: Aurmuzd is the supreme god of light, Ahura Mazda; and Mihr, the sun god, is linked with the Iranian Mithra. Exactly the same non-Buddhist[...]}}</ref> [[Hinduism]], Christianity,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gorder|first1=A. Christian Van|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeHAxxEpe-cC&q=nestorian+christians+Afghanistan&pg=PA34|title=Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-muslims in Iran|date=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7391-3609-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kennedy|first1=Hugh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk7BS9XC10QC&q=Zaranj+christians+Afghanistan&pg=PT127|title=The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In|date=9 December 2010|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-0-297-86559-9|quote=.. when the patriarch at Ctesiphon had to broker a compromise that left one bishop at the capital Zaranj and another further east at Bust, now in southern Afghanistan. A Christian text composed in about 850 also records a monastery of ...}}</ref> and Judaism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yossef|first1=Noam Bar'am-Ben|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVMwAAAAYAAJ&q=Judaism+in+Afghanistan+ghor|title=Brides and Betrothals: Jewish Wedding Rituals in Afghanistan|date=1998|publisher=Israel Museum|isbn=978-965-278-223-6|quote=The Jews of Afghanistan According to tradition, the first Jews reached ... in Hebrew script found in the Tang - e Azao Valley in the Ghor region ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ende|first1=Werner|title=Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society|last2=Steinbach|first2=Udo|date=15 April 2010|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9780801464898|page=257|quote=At the time of the first Muslim advances, numerous local natural religions were competing with Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and Hinduism in the territory of modern Afghanistan.}}</ref> An exemplification of the syncretism in the region would be that people were patrons of Buddhism but still worshipped local Iranian gods such as [[Ahura Mazda]], [[Nana (Kushan goddess)|Lady Nana]], [[Anahita]] or [[Mithra|Mihr (Mithra)]] and portrayed [[Greek mythology|Greek gods]] as protectors of Buddha.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Adrych|first1=Philippa|url=|title=Images of Mithra|last2=coins)|first2=Robert Bracey (Writer on|last3=Dalglish|first3=Dominic|last4=Lenk|first4=Stefanie|last5=Wood|first5=Rachel|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-879253-6|quote=The Rabatak inscription includes Miiro amongst a list of gods: Nana, Ahura Mazda, and Narasa. All of these gods likely had images dedicated at the Bagolaggo, presumably alongside statues of Kanishka}}</ref><ref name="Allen"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Charles|url=|title=The Search For Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History|date=5 November 2015|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-0-349-14218-0|quote=The two most important deities are goddesses: one is the lady Nana', daughter of the moon god and sister of the sun god, the Kushan form of Anahita, Zoroastrian goddess of fertility}}</ref> The [[Zunbils]] and Kabul Shahi were first conquered in 870&nbsp;CE by the [[Saffarid dynasty|Saffarid]] Muslims of Zaranj. Later, the [[Samanids]] extended their Islamic influence south of the Hindu Kush. The [[Ghaznavids]] rose to power in the 10th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=98 |title=A.—The Hindu Kings of Kábul |work=Sir H. M. Elliot |publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]] |location=London |date=1867–1877 |access-date=18 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408220905/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=98 |archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=16301012&ct=16 |title=The Geographical Part of the NUZHAT-AL-QULUB |author =Hamd-Allah Mustawfi of Qazwin |work=Translated by Guy Le Strange |publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]] |year=1340 |access-date=19 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726144951/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=16301012&ct=16 |archive-date=26 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=100 |title=A.—The Hindu Kings of Kábul (p.3) |work=Sir H. M. Elliot |publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]] |location=London |date=1867–1877 |access-date=18 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726133107/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=100 |archive-date=26 July 2013}}</ref> By the 11th century, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] had defeated the remaining Hindu rulers and effectively [[Islamized]] the wider region,{{sfn|Ewans|2002|page=22–23}} with the exception of [[Kafiristan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Nuristanis1.html|title=Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristan|author=Richard F. Strand|date=31 December 2005|work=nuristan.info|author-link=Richard Strand|access-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401180243/http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Nuristanis1.html|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahmud made [[Ghazni]] into an important city and patronized intellectuals such as the historian [[Al-Biruni]] and the poet [[Ferdowsi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Afghanistan: A Country Study|date=1986|publisher=Foreign Area Studies, The American University|editor1=Richard Nyrop|editor2=Donald Seekins|page=10}}</ref> The [[Ghaznavid dynasty]] was [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|overthrown by the Ghurids in 1186]], whose architectural achievements included the remote [[Minaret of Jam]]. The Ghurids controlled Afghanistan for less than a century before being conquered by the [[Khwarazmian dynasty]] in 1215.{{sfn|Ewans|2002|page=23}} [[File:Genghis Khan empire-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Mongol invasions and conquests]]]] In 1219 CE, [[Genghis Khan]] and his [[Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire|Mongol army overran the region]]. His troops are said to have annihilated the Khwarazmian cities of [[Herat]] and [[Balkh]] as well as [[Bamyan, Afghanistan|Bamyan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm |title=Central Asian world cities |publisher=Faculty.washington.edu |date=29 September 2007 |access-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723185841/https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm |archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> The destruction caused by the Mongols forced many locals to return to an agrarian rural society.<ref>{{cite news |last=Page |first=Susan |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-02-17-afghanistan-forces_N.htm |title=Obama's war: Deploying 17,000 raises stakes in Afghanistan |work=[[USA Today]] |date=18 February 2009 |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513040037/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-02-17-afghanistan-forces_N.htm |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mongol rule continued with the [[Ilkhanate]] in the northwest while the [[Khalji dynasty]] administered the Afghan tribal areas south of the Hindu Kush until the invasion of [[Timur]] (aka Tamerlane), who established the [[Timurid Empire]] in 1370. Under the rule of [[Shah Rukh]], the city of Herat<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dale |first=Stephen Frederic |year=1998 |title=The Legacy of the Timurids |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25183465 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=43–58 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300016424 |jstor=25183465 |s2cid=154120015 |issn=1356-1863 |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126185502/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25183465 |url-status=live }}</ref> served as the focal point of the [[Timurid Renaissance]], whose glory matched [[Florence]] of the [[Italian Renaissance]] as the center of a cultural rebirth.<ref>Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective – Page 129</ref><ref>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia – Page 465</ref> In the early 16th century [[Babur]] arrived from [[Ferghana]] and captured Kabul from the [[Arghun dynasty]].{{sfn|Barfield|2012|pp=92–93}} [[Babur]] would go on to conquer the Afghan [[Lodi dynasty]] who had ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the [[First Battle of Panipat]].{{sfn|Barfield|2012|pp=75}} Between the 16th and 18th century, the Uzbek [[Khanate of Bukhara]], Iranian [[Safavids]], and Indian [[Mughals]] ruled parts of the territory.{{sfn|Dupree|1997|pp=319, 321}} During the medieval period, the northwestern area of Afghanistan was referred to by the regional name [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], which was commonly used up to the 19th century among natives to describe their country.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziaeDwAAQBAJ&q=elphinstone+khorasan&pg=PA128|title=Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia: Pioneer of British Colonial Rule|first=Shah Mahmoud|last=Hanifi|date=15 July 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190914400}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJQ3AAAAIAAJ |chapter=Khurasan |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |page=55 |quote=In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the term "Khurassan" frequently had a much wider denotation, covering also parts of what are now Soviet Central Asia and Afghanistan |publisher=Brill |year=2009 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225074807/https://books.google.com/books?id=cJQ3AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354 |last1=Ibn Battuta |edition=reprint, illustrated |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-34473-9 |page=416 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKqn_CWTxYEC&pg=PA180|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416132656/https://books.google.com/books?id=zKqn_CWTxYEC&pg=PA180 |archive-date=16 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201016&ct=199 |title=The History of India |volume=6 |chapter=Chapter 200: Translation of the Introduction to Firishta's History |page=8 |access-date=22 August 2010 |author=Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah |others=Sir H. M. Elliot |publisher=Packard Humanities Institute |location=London |year=1560|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726121158/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201016&ct=199 |archive-date=26 July 2013 |author-link=Firishta}}</ref> ===Hotak dynasty=== {{Main|Hotak dynasty}} [[File:Mapofthehotaks1728.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Map of the Hotak Empire at its height in 1728, disputed between [[Hussain Hotak]] (centered in Kandahar) and [[Ashraf Hotak]] (centered in Isfahan)]] In 1709, [[Mirwais Hotak]], a local [[Ghilzai]] tribal leader, successfully rebelled against the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]]. He defeated [[Gurgin Khan]], the Georgian governor of Kandahar under the Safavids, and established his own kingdom.<ref name="Browne">{{cite web|url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D90001014%26ct%3D29 |title=A Literary History of Persia, Volume 4: Modern Times (1500–1924), Chapter IV. An Outline of the History Of Persia During The Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722–1922) |author=Edward G. Browne |publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]] |access-date=9 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726142425/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D90001014&ct=29 |archive-date=26 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mirwais died in 1715, and was succeeded by his brother [[Abdul Aziz Hotak|Abdul Aziz]], who was soon killed by Mirwais's son [[Mahmud Hotak|Mahmud]] for possibly planning to sign a peace with the Safavids. Mahmud led the Afghan army in 1722 to the Persian capital of [[Isfahan]], and captured the city after the [[Battle of Gulnabad]] and proclaimed himself King of Persia.<ref name="Browne" /> The Afghan dynasty was ousted from Persia by [[Nader Shah]] after the 1729 [[Battle of Damghan (1729)|Battle of Damghan]]. In 1738, [[Nader Shah]] and his [[Afsharid dynasty|forces]] captured Kandahar in the [[siege of Kandahar]], the last Hotak stronghold, from Shah [[Hussain Hotak]]. Soon after, the Persian and Afghan forces [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|invaded India]], Nader Shah had plundered Delhi, alongside his 16-year-old commander, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] who had assisted him on these campaigns. Nader Shah was assassinated in 1747.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/10162/Ahmad-Shah-Durrani |title=Ahmad Shah Durrani |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=9 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404104909/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/10162/Ahmad-Shah-Durrani |archive-date=4 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/afghanistan/index.htm |title=Afghanistan |access-date=25 August 2010 |author =Friedrich Engels |work=[[Andy Blunden]] |publisher=The New American Cyclopaedia, Vol. I |year=1857|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427034439/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/afghanistan/index.htm |archive-date=27 April 2014 |author-link=Friedrich Engels}}</ref> ===Durrani Empire=== {{Main|Durrani Empire|Ahmad Shah Durrani}} After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] had returned to Kandahar with a contingent of 4,000 [[Pashtuns]]. The Abdalis had "unanimously accepted" Ahmad Shah as their new leader. With his ascension in 1747, Ahmad Shah had led multiple campaigns against the [[Mughal empire]], [[Maratha empire]], and then-receding [[Afsharid Iran|Afsharid empire]]. Ahmad Shah had captured [[Kabul]] and [[Peshawar]] from the Mughal appointed governor, Nasir Khan. Ahmad Shah had then conquered [[Herat]] in 1750, and had also captured [[Kashmir]] in 1752.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&q=durrani+capture+kashmir&pg=PA43 | title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris| isbn=9781849043427| last1=Snedden| first1=Christopher| year=2015| publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Ahmad Shah had launched two campaigns into [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], 1750–1751 and 1754–1755.<ref>{{cite book|last=Noelle-Karimi|first=Christine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kdl9oAEACAAJ|title=The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th–19th Centuries)|date=2014|publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press|isbn=978-3-7001-7202-4}}</ref> His first campaign had seen the siege of [[Mashhad]], however, he was forced to retreat after four months. In November 1750, he moved to siege [[Khanate of Nishapur|Nishapur]], but he was unable to capture the city and was forced to retreat in early 1751. [[Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754-55)|Ahmad Shah returned in 1754]]; he captured [[Ferdows|Tun]], and on 23 July, he sieged [[Mashhad]] once again. Mashhad had fallen on 2 December, but [[Shahrokh Shah|Shahrokh]] was [[Afsharid Iran|reappointed]] in 1755. He was forced to give up [[Torshiz]], [[Bakharz]], [[Torbat-e Jam|Jam]], [[Khaf, Iran|Khaf]], and [[Torbat-e Heydarieh|Turbat-e Haidari]] to the Afghans, as well as accept Afghan sovereignty. Following this, Ahmad Shah sieged [[Khanate of Nishapur|Nishapur]] once again, and captured it. Ahmad Shah [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|invaded India eight times]] during his reign,{{sfn|Mehta|p=248}} beginning in 1748. Crossing the Indus River, his armies sacked and absorbed [[Lahore]] into the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani Realm]]. He met Mughal armies at the [[Battle of Manupur (1748)]], where he was defeated and forced to retreat back to Afghanistan.<ref>{{Google books |id=NbUB_ACAR5QC |page=509 |title=History of Islam}}</ref> He returned the next year in 1749 and captured the area around [[Lahore]] and [[Punjab]], presenting it as an Afghan victory for this campaign.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=122–123}} From 1749 to 1767, Ahmad Shah led six more invasions, the most important being the last; the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] created a power vacuum in northern India, halting [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] expansion. [[File:Portrait of Ahmad-Shah Durrani. Mughal miniature. ca. 1757, Bibliothèque nationale de France.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] {{Circa|1757}}]] Ahmad Shah Durrani died in October 1772, and a civil war over succession followed, with his named successor, [[Timur Shah Durrani]] succeeding him after the defeat of his brother, Suleiman Mirza.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=149}} Timur Shah Durrani ascended to the throne in November 1772, having defeated a coalition under Shah Wali Khan and Humayun Mirza. Timur Shah began his reign by consolidating power toward himself and people loyal to him, purging Durrani Sardars and influential tribal leaders in [[Kabul]] and [[Kandahar]]. One of Timur Shah's reforms was to move the capital of the [[Durrani Empire]] from [[Kandahar]] to [[Kabul]]. Timur Shah fought multiple series of rebellions to consolidate the empire, and he also led campaigns into [[Punjab]] against the Sikhs like his father, though more successfully. The most prominent example of his battles during this campaign was when he led his forces under Zangi Khan Durrani – with over 18,000 men total of Afghan, Qizilbash, and Mongol cavalrymen – against over 60,000 Sikh men. The Sikhs lost over 30,000 in this battle and staged a Durrani resurgence in the [[Punjab]] region<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muhammad Katib Hazarah |first1=Fayz |title=The History Of Afghanistan Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah's Sirāj Al Tawārīkh By R. D. Mcchesney, M. M. Khorrami |journal=AAF |year=2012 |page=131 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-afghanistan-fayz-muhammad-katib-hazarahs-siraj-al-tawarikh-by-r.-/page/n63/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> The Durranis lost [[Multan]] in 1772 after Ahmad Shah's death. Following this victory, Timur Shah was able to lay siege to [[Multan]] and recapture it,<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Muhammad Khan |first1=Ashiq |title=THE LAST PHASE OF MUSLIM RULE IN MULTAN (1752–1818) |year=1998 |issue=1 |page=159 |publisher=University of Multan, MULTAN |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/5209 |access-date=4 December 2021 |type=Thesis |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204042026/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/5209 |url-status=dead}}</ref> incorporating it into the Durrani Empire once again, reintegrating it as a province until the [[Siege of Multan (1818)]]. Timur Shah was succeeded by his son [[Zaman Shah Durrani]] after his death in May 1793. Timur Shah's reign oversaw the attempted stabilization and consolidation of the empire. However, Timur Shah had over 24 sons, which plunged the empire in civil war over succession crises.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=155}} [[Zaman Shah Durrani]] succeeded to the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani Throne]] following the death of his father, Timur Shah Durrani. His brothers [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]] and Humayun Mirza revolted against him, with Humayun centered in [[Kandahar]] and Mahmud Shah centered in [[Herat]].{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=158}} Zaman Shah would defeat Humayun and force the loyalty of Mahmud Shah Durrani.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=158}} Securing his position on the throne, Zaman Shah led three campaigns into [[Punjab]]. The first two campaigns captured [[Lahore]], but he retreated due to intel about a possible [[Qajar Iran|Qajar]] invasion. Zaman Shah embarked on his third campaign for [[Punjab]] in 1800 to deal with a rebellious Ranjit Singh.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=162}} However, he was forced to withdraw, and Zaman Shah's reign was ended by Mahmud Shah Durrani.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=162}} However, just under two years into his reign, Mahmud Shah Durrani was deposed by his brother [[Shah Shuja Durrani]] on 13 July 1803.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=166}} Shah Shuja attempted to consolidate the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani Realm]] but was deposed by his brother at the [[Battle of Nimla (1809)]].{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=172}} Mahmud Shah Durrani defeated Shah Shuja and forced him to flee, usurping the throne again. His second reign began on 3 May 1809.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=176}} ===Barakzai dynasty and British wars=== {{Further|Dost Mohammad Khan|Herat (1793–1863)|Maimana Khanate|Principality of Qandahar|European influence in Afghanistan|Anglo-Afghan Wars|Durand Line|Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)}} [[File:Map of Afghanistan March 1839.png|thumb|300px|Map of Afghanistan ([[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emirate]]) and surrounding nations in 1839, during the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]. [[Dost Mohammad Khan]]'s realm can be seen as the Emirate of Kabul, with the [[Principality of Qandahar]] and the [[Emirate of Herat]] seen as well.]] By the early 19th century, the Afghan empire was under threat from the [[Qajar dynasty|Persians]] in the west and the [[Sikh Empire]] in the east. [[Fateh Khan Barakzai|Fateh Khan]], leader of the [[Barakzai dynasty|Barakzai tribe]], installed many of his brothers in positions of power throughout the empire. Fateh Khan was [[Torture and Execution of Fateh Khan Barakzai|brutally murdered]] in 1818 by [[Mahmud Shah Durrani|Mahmud Shah]]. As a result, the brothers of Fateh Khan and the [[Barakzai]] tribe rebelled, and a civil war brewed. During this turbulent period, Afghanistan fractured into many states, including the [[Principality of Qandahar]], [[Herat (1793–1863)|Emirate of Herat]], [[Kunduz Khanate|Khanate of Qunduz]], [[Maimana Khanate]], and numerous other warring polities. The most prominent state was the [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emirate of Kabul]], ruled by [[Dost Mohammad Khan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War against the Taliban |last=Tanner |first=Stephen |year=2009 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-306-81826-4 |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=J3pUS_-uD-oC |page=126}} |page=126}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lee|first=Jonathan L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSWDDwAAQBAJ|title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present|date=15 January 2019|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-78914-010-1}}</ref> With the collapse of the Durrani Empire, and the exile of the [[Durrani dynasty|Sadozai Dynasty]] to be left to rule in [[Herat (1793–1863)|Herat]], Punjab and Kashmir were lost to [[Ranjit Singh]], ruler of the [[Sikh Empire]], who invaded [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in March 1823 and captured the city of [[Peshawar]] following the [[Battle of Nowshera]]. In 1834, Dost Mohammad Khan led numerous campaigns, firstly [[Dost Mohammad's Campaign to Jalalabad (1834)|campaigning to Jalalabad]], and then allying with his rival brothers in [[Principality of Qandahar|Kandahar]] to defeat [[Shah Shuja Durrani]] and the British in the [[Expedition of Shuja ul-Mulk]].{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=205}} In 1837, Dost Mohammad Khan attempted to conquer Peshawar and sent a large force under his son [[Wazir Akbar Khan]], leading to the [[Battle of Jamrud]]. [[Wazir Akbar Khan|Akbar Khan]] and the Afghan army failed to capture the [[Jamrud Fort]] from the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]], but killed Sikh Commander [[Hari Singh Nalwa]], thus ending the [[Afghan-Sikh Wars]]. By this time the British were advancing from the east, capitalizing on the decline of the Sikh Empire after it had its own period of turbulence following the death of [[Ranjit Singh]], which engaged the [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emirate of Kabul]] in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War|first major conflict]] during "[[The Great Game]]".<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |last=Chahryar |first=Adle |year=2003 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103876-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&pg=PA296|page=296}}</ref> [[File:Afghan foot soldiers in 1841.jpg|thumb|[[Pashtun tribes|Afghan tribesmen]] in 1841, painted by British officer [[James Rattray]]]] In 1839 a [[British Army|British]] expeditionary force marched into Afghanistan, invading the [[Principality of Qandahar]], and in August 1839, seized [[Kabul]]. Dost Mohammad Khan defeated the British in the [[Parwan Campaign (1840)|Parwan campaign]], but surrendered following his victory. He was replaced with the former Durrani ruler [[Shah Shuja Durrani]] as the new [[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|ruler]] of [[Kabul]], a de facto puppet of the British.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=40105749 |url=http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1980-great-britains-great-game-an-introduction-by-ingram-from-intl-hist-rev-v2-s-pdf/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816181410/http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1980-great-britains-great-game-an-introduction-by-ingram-from-intl-hist-rev-v2-s-pdf/ |archive-date=16 August 2016 |title=Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction |last1=Ingram |first1=Edward |journal=The International History Review |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=160–171 |year=1980 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1980.9640210}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fr9cAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 In Defence of British India: Great Britain in the Middle East, 1775–1842] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106130452/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fr9cAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |date=6 January 2017}} By Edward Ingram. Frank Cass & Co, London, 1984. {{ISBN|0714632465}}. p7-19</ref> Following an uprising that saw the assassination of [[Shah Shuja Durrani|Shah Shuja]], the [[1842 retreat from Kabul]] of British-Indian forces and the [[1842 retreat from Kabul|annihilation]] of [[William George Keith Elphinstone|Elphinstone]]'s army, and the punitive expedition of [[Battle of Kabul (1842)|The Battle of Kabul]] that led to its sacking, the British gave up on their attempts to try to subjugate Afghanistan, allowing Dost Mohammad Khan to return as ruler. Following this, Dost Mohammad pursued a myriad of campaigns to unite most of Afghanistan in his reign, launching numerous incursions including against the surrounding states such as the [[Hazarajat Campaign of 1843|Hazarajat campaign]], [[Afghan Conquest of Balkh|conquest of Balkh]], [[Afghan Conquest of Kunduz|conquest of Kunduz]], and the [[conquest of Kandahar]]. Dost Mohammad led his final campaign against [[Herat (1793–1863)|Herat]], conquering it and re-uniting Afghanistan. During his campaigns of re-unification, he held friendly relations with the British despite the First Anglo-Afghan War, and affirmed their status in the [[Second Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1857)|Second Anglo-Afghan treaty]] of 1857, while [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukhara]] and internal religious leaders pressured Dost Mohammad to invade India during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lee|first=Jonathan L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYaamE_3kD4C|title=The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731–1901|date=1 January 1996|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10399-3|page=257}}</ref> Dost Mohammad died in June 1863, a few weeks after his successful [[Herat campaign of 1862–1863|campaign]] to Herat. Following his death, a civil war ensued among his sons, prominently [[Mohammad Afzal Khan]], [[Mohammad Azam Khan]], and [[Sher Ali Khan]]. Sher Ali won the resulting [[Afghan Civil War (1863–1869)]] and ruled Afghanistan until his death in 1879. In his final years, the British returned to Afghanistan in the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] to fight perceived Russian influence in the region. Sher Ali retreated to northern Afghanistan, intending to create a resistance there similar to his predecessors, Dost Mohammad Khan, and Wazir Akbar Khan. His untimely death however, saw [[Mohammad Yaqub Khan|Yaqub Khan]] declared the new Amir, leading to Britain gaining control of Afghanistan's foreign relations as part of the [[Treaty of Gandamak]] of 1879, making it an official [[British Protectorate|British Protected State]].{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=359-366}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Onley |first1=James |title=The Raj Reconsidered: British India's Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa |date=March 2009 |volume=XL |publisher=Routledge |id=Page 9 of URL/Page 52 |url=https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Onley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Onley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> [[Siege of the British Residency in Kabul|An uprising]] however, re-started the conflict, and Yaqub Khan was deposed. During this tumultuous period, [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] began his rise to power, becoming an eligible candidate to become Amir after he seized [[Second Anglo-Afghan War#Exploits of Abdur Rahman Khan|much of Northern Afghanistan]]. Abdur Rahman marched on [[Kabul]], and was declared Amir, being recognized by the British as well. Another uprising by [[Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)|Ayub Khan]] threatened the British, where rebels confronted and defeated British forces in the [[Battle of Maiwand]]. Following up on his victory, Ayub Khan unsuccessfully [[Battle of Kandahar (1880)|besieged Kandahar]], and his decisive defeat saw the end of the Second Anglo-Afghan War, with Abdur Rahman secured firmly as Amir.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=376-383}} In 1893, Abdur Rahman signed an agreement in which the ethnic [[Pashtun]] and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] territories were divided by the [[Durand Line]], which forms the modern-day border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. [[Shia Islam in Afghanistan|Shia]]-dominated [[Hazarajat]] and pagan [[Kafiristan]] remained politically independent until being [[Muslim conquests of Afghanistan|conquered]] by Abdur Rahman Khan in 1891–1896. He was known as the "Iron Amir" for his features and his ruthless methods against tribes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-women-hope-more-gains-under-new-administration|title=Afghan Women Hope for More Gains Under New Administration – Afghanistan|website=ReliefWeb|date=22 October 2014|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822163517/https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-women-hope-more-gains-under-new-administration|url-status=live}}</ref> He died in 1901, succeeded by his son, [[Habibullah Khan]].{{blockquote|How can a small power like Afghanistan, which is like a goat between these lions [Britain and Russia] or a grain of wheat between two strong millstones of the grinding mill, stand in the midway of the stones without being ground to dust?|author=[[Abdur Rahman Khan]], the "Iron Amir", in 1900<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/2.htm |title=Afghanistan – HISTORY|website=Country Studies US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REwmr2bFYfkC&pg=PA2 |title=Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion in Perspective |isbn=9780817982133 |last1=Arnold |first1=Anthony |date=June 1985 |publisher=Hoover Press}}</ref>}} During the [[First World War]], when Afghanistan was neutral, Habibullah Khan was met by officials of the central powers in the [[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition]]. They called on Afghanistan to declare full independence from the United Kingdom, join them and attack British India, as part of the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]]. The effort to bring Afghanistan into the Central Powers failed, but it sparked discontent among the population about maintaining neutrality with the British. Habibullah was assassinated in February 1919, and [[Amanullah Khan]] eventually assumed power. A staunch supporter of the 1915–1916 expeditions, Amanullah Khan invaded British India, beginning the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]], and entering British India via the [[Khyber Pass]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Afghanistan in the Great War|first=Christopher|last=Wyatt|date=2 September 2015|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=46|issue=3|pages=387–410|doi=10.1080/03068374.2015.1081001|s2cid = 159788830}}</ref> [[File:King Amanullah standing.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Amanullah Khan]] proclaimed himself [[King of Afghanistan]] in June 1926.]] After the end of the Third Anglo-Afghan War and the signing of the [[Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919|Treaty of Rawalpindi]] on 19 August 1919, [[Emir of Afghanistan|Emir]] Amanullah Khan declared the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] a [[sovereign state|sovereign]] and fully [[independent state]]. He moved to end his country's traditional isolation by establishing diplomatic relations with the international community, particularly with the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Weimar Republic]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj8DIT_bva0C&pg=PA42|title=The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan|first=Jeffery J.|last=Roberts|date=14 June 2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275978785}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title='Drang Nach Osten' Continued? Germany and Afghanistan during the Weimar Republic|last=Nicosia |first= Francis R.|year=1997|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=32|issue=2|pages=235–257|doi = 10.1177/002200949703200207|jstor = 261243|s2cid = 160565967}}</ref> He proclaimed himself [[King of Afghanistan]] on 9 June 1926, forming the [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]]. He introduced several reforms intended to modernize his nation. A key force behind these reforms was [[Mahmud Tarzi]], an ardent supporter of the education of women. He fought for Article 68 of Afghanistan's 1923 [[constitution of Afghanistan|constitution]], which made elementary education compulsory. [[Slavery]] was abolished in 1923.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | year = 1976| volume = 25| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopedia Americana]]|publisher=Americana Corporation | page = 24 |title=Afghanistan }}</ref> King Amanullah's wife, [[Soraya Tarzi|Queen Soraya]], was an important figure during this period in the fight for woman's education and against their oppression.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 September 2020|title=Queen Soraya of Afghanistan: A woman ahead of her time|url=https://arab.news/5hdva|access-date=3 July 2021|website=Arab News|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830214955/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1732666/world|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the reforms, such as the abolition of the traditional [[burqa]] for women and the opening of co-educational schools, alienated many tribal and religious leaders, leading to the [[Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)]]. King Amanullah abdicated in January 1929, and soon after Kabul fell to [[Saqqawist]] forces led by [[Habibullah Kalakani]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ|title=Kabul under siege: Fayz Muhammad's account of the 1929 Uprising|last1=Muḥammad|first1=Fayz̤|last2=McChesney|first2=R. D.|date=1999|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|isbn=9781558761544|pages=39, 40|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404143046/https://books.google.nl/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mohammed Nadir Shah]], Amanullah's cousin, defeated and killed Kalakani in October 1929, and was declared King Nadir Shah.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ|title=Kabul under siege: Fayz Muhammad's account of the 1929 Uprising|last1=Muḥammad|first1=Fayz̤|last2=McChesney|first2=R. D.|date=1999|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|isbn=9781558761544|pages=275, 276|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404143046/https://books.google.nl/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He abandoned the reforms of King Amanullah in favor of a more gradual approach to modernization, but was assassinated in 1933 by [[Abdul Khaliq Hazara (assassin)|Abdul Khaliq]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Culture and customs of Afghanistan |last1=Hafizullah |first1=Emadi |year=2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-313-33089-1 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bY8ck6iktikC&pg=PA35 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225052702/https://books.google.com/books?id=bY8ck6iktikC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA35 |archive-date=25 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mohammed Zahir Shah succeeded to the throne and reigned as king from 1933 to 1973. During the [[Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947|tribal revolts of 1944–1947]], King Zahir's reign was challenged by [[Zadran (Pashtun tribe)|Zadran]], [[Safi (Pashtun tribe)|Safi]], [[Mangal (Pashtun tribe)|Mangal]], and [[Wazir (Pashtun tribe)|Wazir]] tribesmen led by [[Mazrak Zadran]], [[Salemai]], and [[Faqir Ipi|Mirzali Khan]], among others – many of whom were [[Amanullah loyalist]]s. Afghanistan joined the [[League of Nations]] in 1934. The 1930s saw the development of roads, infrastructure, the founding of a [[Da Afghanistan Bank|national bank]], and increased education. Road links in the north played a large part in a growing cotton and textile industry.<ref name="Eur2002"/> The country built close relationships with the [[Axis powers]], with [[Nazi Germany]] having the largest share in Afghan development at the time.<ref>{{cite book|author=Anthony Hyman|title=Afghanistan under Soviet Domination, 1964–91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvO-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|date=27 July 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-21948-3|page=46}}</ref> [[File:Zahir Shah of Afghanistan in 1930s-cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mohammed Zahir Shah|King Zahir]], the last reigning monarch of Afghanistan, who reigned from 1933 until 1973]] Until 1946 King Zahir ruled with the assistance of his uncle, who held the post of [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|prime minister]] and continued the policies of Nadir Shah. Another uncle, [[Shah Mahmud Khan]], became prime minister in 1946 and experimented with allowing greater political freedom. He was replaced in 1953 by [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]], a [[Pashtun]] nationalist who sought the creation of a [[Pashtunistan]], leading to highly tense relations with Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1103837.html|title=Afghanistan: History Of 1973 Coup Sheds Light On Relations With Pakistan|access-date=6 July 2019|date=18 July 2003|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|author=Ron Synovitz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626230602/https://www.rferl.org/a/1103837.html|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Daoud Khan pressed for social modernization reforms and sought a closer relationship with the [[Soviet Union]]. Afterward, the [[1964 Constitution of Afghanistan|1964 constitution]] was formed, and the first non-royal prime minister was sworn in.<ref name="Eur2002">{{cite book|author=Eur|title=The Far East and Australasia 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&pg=PA62|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-133-9|page=62}}</ref> Zahir Shah, like his father Nadir Shah, had a policy of maintaining national independence while pursuing gradual modernization, creating nationalist feeling, and improving relations with the United Kingdom. Afghanistan was neither a participant in [[World War II]] nor aligned with either power bloc in the [[Cold War]]. However, it was a beneficiary of the latter rivalry as both the Soviet Union and the United States vied for influence by building Afghanistan's main highways, airports, and other vital infrastructure. On a per capita basis, Afghanistan received more Soviet [[development aid]] than any other country. In 1973, while the King was in Italy, Daoud Khan launched a [[1973 Afghan coup|bloodless coup]] and became the first [[president of Afghanistan]], abolishing the monarchy. ===Democratic Republic and Soviet war=== {{Main|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Soviet–Afghan War|Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)}} {{Further|History of Afghanistan (1978–1992)}} [[File:Afgan1987 Gardez UAZ469.jpg|thumb|Soviet troops in [[Gardez]], Afghanistan in 1987]] In April 1978, the communist [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] (PDPA) seized power in a bloody coup d'état against then-President [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]], in what is called the [[Saur Revolution]]. The PDPA declared the establishment of the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]], with its first leader named as [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|People's Democratic Party]] General Secretary [[Nur Muhammad Taraki]].{{sfn|Ewans|2002|page=186–88}} This would trigger a series of events that would dramatically turn Afghanistan from a poor and secluded (albeit peaceful) country to a hotbed of international terrorism.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U0FvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR16|title=Afghanistan War: A Documentary and Reference Guide|first=Ryan|last=Wadle|date=1 October 2018|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781440857478}}</ref> The PDPA initiated various social, symbolic, and land distribution reforms that provoked strong opposition, while also brutally oppressing political dissidents. This caused unrest and quickly expanded into a state of [[Afghan conflict|civil war]] by 1979, waged by guerrilla ''[[mujahideen]]'' (and smaller [[Maoist]] guerrillas) against regime forces countrywide. It quickly turned into a [[proxy war]] as the Pakistani government provided these rebels with covert training centers, the United States [[Operation Cyclone|supported]] them through Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI),<ref>{{cite book |last=Meher |first=Jagmohan |title=America's Afghanistan War: The Success that Failed |publisher=Gyan Books |year=2004 |pages=68–69, 94 |isbn=978-81-7835-262-6}}</ref> and the [[Soviet Union]] sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA regime.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hussain |first=Rizwan |title=Pakistan and the Emergence of Islamic Militancy in Afghanistan |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2005 |pages=108–109 |isbn=978-0-7546-4434-7}}</ref> Meanwhile, there was increasingly hostile friction between the competing factions of the PDPA&nbsp;– the dominant [[Khalq]] and the more moderate [[Parcham]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Afghanistan: A Modern History|publisher=[[I.B.Tauris]]|year=2005|isbn=978-1850438571|last=Rasanayagam |first= Angelo|page=[https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00ange/page/73 73]|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00ange|url-access=registration|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref> In October 1979, PDPA General Secretary Taraki was assassinated in an internal coup orchestrated by then-prime minister [[Hafizullah Amin]], who became the new general secretary of the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|People's Democratic Party]]. The situation in the country deteriorated under Amin, and thousands of people went missing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/83854.stm|title=Afghanistan: 20 years of bloodshed|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=26 April 1998|access-date=4 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217184807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/83854.stm|archive-date=17 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Displeased with Amin's government, the [[Soviet Army]] invaded the country in December 1979, heading for Kabul and killing Amin.{{sfn|Barfield|2012|page=234}} A Soviet-organized regime, led by Parcham's [[Babrak Karmal]] but inclusive of both factions (Parcham and Khalq), filled the vacuum. Soviet troops in more substantial numbers were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal, marking the beginning of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kalinovsky |first=Artemy M. |title=A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2011 |pages=25–28 |isbn=978-0-674-05866-8}}</ref> Lasting nine years, the war caused the deaths of between 562,000<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lacina|first1=Bethany|last2=Gleditsch|first2=Nils Petter|url=http://www.bethanylacina.com/LacinaGleditsch_newdata.pdf|title=Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths|journal=European Journal of Population|volume=21|issue=2–3|year=2005|page=154|doi=10.1007/s10680-005-6851-6|s2cid=14344770|access-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006175909/http://www.bethanylacina.com/LacinaGleditsch_newdata.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 2&nbsp;million Afghans,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;brand=ucpress|title=The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982|last=Kakar|first=Mohammed|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520208933|quote=The Afghans are among the latest victims of genocide by a superpower. Large numbers of Afghans were killed to suppress resistance to the army of the Soviet Union, which wished to vindicate its client regime and realize its goal in Afghanistan.|date=3 March 1997|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106175142/http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;brand=ucpress|archive-date=6 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2chrSJCW54C&pg=PA129|title=The Widening Circle of Genocide|last=Klass|first=Rosanne|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1994|isbn=978-1-4128-3965-5|page=129|quote=During the intervening fourteen years of Communist rule, an estimated 1.5 to 2 million Afghan civilians were killed by Soviet forces and their proxies- the four Communist regimes in Kabul, and the East Germans, Bulgarians, Czechs, Cubans, Palestinians, Indians and others who assisted them. These were not battle casualties or the unavoidable civilian victims of warfare. Soviet and local Communist forces seldom attacked the scattered guerilla bands of the Afghan Resistance except, in a few strategic locales like the Panjsher valley. Instead they deliberately targeted the civilian population, primarily in the rural areas.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/afghan/genocide.pdf|title=Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan|last1=Reisman|first1=W. Michael|last2=Norchi|first2=Charles H.|access-date=7 January 2017|quote=According to widely reported accounts, substantial programmes of depopulation have been conducted in these Afghan provinces: Ghazni, Nagarhar, Lagham, Qandahar, Zabul, Badakhshan, Lowgar, Paktia, Paktika and Kunar...There is considerable evidence that genocide has been committed against the Afghan people by the combined forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026182528/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/afghan/genocide.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good|url-access=registration|title=Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban|last=Goodson|first=Larry P.|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-295-98050-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good/page/5 5]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYUzL1qhltA |title=Soldiers of God: Cold War (Part 1/5) |publisher=[[CNN]]|year=1998 |access-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708042702/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYUzL1qhltA&feature=related |archive-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[UNICEF]], [http://www.unicef.org/graca/mines.htm Land-mines: A deadly inheritance] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805102916/http://www.unicef.org/graca/mines.htm | date=5 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Landmines-in-Afghanistan-A-Decades-Old-Danger-06143/ |title=Landmines in Afghanistan: A Decades Old Danger |publisher=Defenseindustrydaily.com | date=1 February 2010 |access-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111130437/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Landmines-in-Afghanistan-A-Decades-Old-Danger-06143/ |archive-date=11 January 2014 }}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=October 2021}} and displaced about 6&nbsp;million people who subsequently fled Afghanistan, mainly to [[Afghans in Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Afghans in Iran|Iran]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/prm/releases/onepagers/202635.htm |title=Refugee Admissions Program for Near East and South Asia |publisher=Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028213336/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/prm/releases/onepagers/202635.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Heavy air bombardment destroyed many countryside villages, millions of [[landmine]]s were planted,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1051546.html|title=Afghanistan: Land Mines From Afghan-Soviet War Leave Bitter Legacy (Part 2)|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|last1=Recknagel|first1=Charles|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814144505/https://www.rferl.org/a/1051546.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and some cities such as [[Herat]] and [[Kandahar]] were also damaged from bombardment. After the [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|Soviet withdrawal]], the [[Afghan Civil War (1989-92)|civil war ensued]] until the communist regime under People's Democratic Party leader [[Mohammad Najibullah]] collapsed in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0856490.html |title=Afghanistan: History&nbsp;– ''Columbia Encyclopedia'' |publisher=Infoplease.com | date=11 September 2001 |access-date=19 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810051626/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0856490.html |archive-date=10 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.prio.org/utility/Download.ashx?x=228 'Mujahidin vs. Communists: Revisiting the battles of Jalalabad and Khost] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802084503/https://www.prio.org/utility/Download.ashx?x=228 |date=2 August 2018 }}. By Anne Stenersen: a Paper presented at the conference ''COIN in Afghanistan: From Mughals to the Americans'', Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), 12–13 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2018.</ref>{{sfn|Barfield|2012|pp=239, 244}} The Soviet–Afghan War had drastic social effects on Afghanistan. The militarization of society led to heavily armed police, private bodyguards, openly armed civil defense groups, and other such things becoming the norm in Afghanistan for decades thereafter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived Version|url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6891/1/Aqab_Mehmood_Malik_Strategic_%26_Nuclear_Studies_2015_NDU_19.05.2016.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909110438/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6891/1/Aqab_Mehmood_Malik_Strategic_%26_Nuclear_Studies_2015_NDU_19.05.2016.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2020|website=prr.hec.gov.pk}}</ref> The traditional power structure had shifted from clergy, community elders, intelligentsia, and military in favor of powerful [[warlords]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print|title=Afghanistan|website=publishing.cdlib.org|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121200011/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Post–Cold War conflict=== {{See also|Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)|Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Northern Alliance}} [[File:War in Afganistan (1992–2001).png|thumb|upright=1.5|Development of the civil war from 1992 to late 2001]] Another civil war broke out after the [[Peshawar Accords|creation]] of a dysfunctional coalition [[Islamic State of Afghanistan|government]] between leaders of various ''mujahideen'' factions. Amid a state of anarchy and factional infighting,<ref>{{cite book |last=Saikal |first=Amin |title=Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival |date=13 November 2004 |publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., London New York |isbn=978-1-85043-437-5 |edition=2006 1st |page=352 |author-link=Amin Saikal}}</ref><ref name="Human Rights Watch-2005">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2005/07/06/blood-stained-hands |title=Blood-Stained Hands, Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity |date=7 July 2005 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212081418/http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2005/07/06/blood-stained-hands |archive-date=12 December 2009}}</ref><ref>GUTMAN, Roy (2008): How We Missed the Story: Osama bin Laden, the Taliban and the Hijacking of Afghanistan, Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace, 1st ed., Washington D.C.</ref> various ''mujahideen'' factions committed widespread rape, murder and extortion,<ref name="Human Rights Watch-2005" /><ref>{{cite web |year=2005 |url=http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf |title=Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978–2001 |publisher=Afghanistan Justice Project |access-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221455/http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Human Rights Watch-1998">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports98/afghan/Afrepor0-01.htm#P81_13959 |title=Afghanistan: The massacre in Mazar-i Sharif. (Chapter II: Background) |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]| date=November 1998| access-date=16 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102042606/http://www.hrw.org/reports98/afghan/Afrepor0-01.htm |archive-date=2 November 2008}}</ref> while Kabul was heavily bombarded and partially destroyed by the fighting.<ref name="Human Rights Watch-1998" /> Several failed reconciliations and alliances occurred between different leaders.<ref>{{cite web |year=2005 |url=http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf |page=63|title=Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978–2001 |publisher=Afghanistan Justice Project |access-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221455/http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref> The [[Taliban]] emerged in September 1994 as a movement and militia of students (''talib'') from Islamic [[Madrassas in Pakistan|madrassas (schools) in Pakistan]],<ref name="Human Rights Watch-1998" /><ref>Matinuddin, Kamal, ''The Taliban Phenomenon, Afghanistan 1994–1997'', [[Oxford University Press]], (1999), pp. 25–26</ref> who soon had military support from Pakistan.<ref name="George Washington University">{{cite web |year=2007 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB227/index.htm#17 |title=Documents Detail Years of Pakistani Support for Taliban, Extremists |publisher=[[George Washington University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002159/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB227/index.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> Taking control of [[Kandahar]] city that year,<ref name="Human Rights Watch-1998" /> they conquered more territories until finally driving out the government of [[Burhanuddin Rabbani|Rabbani]] from Kabul in 1996,<ref>{{cite report |ref={{sfnRef|Chronology of Events|1997}} |title=Afghanistan: Chronology of Events January 1995 – February 1997 |date=February 1997 |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/01/16/Af_chronology_1995-.pdf |access-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012061437/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/01/16/Af_chronology_1995-.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Coll, ''Ghost Wars'' (New York: Penguin, 2005), 14.</ref> where they established an [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|emirate]].<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf Country profile: Afghanistan (published August 2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161206/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf |date=25 June 2018 }}(page 3). Library of Congress. Retrieved 13 February 2018.</ref> The Taliban were condemned internationally for the harsh enforcement of their interpretation of Islamic [[sharia]] law, which resulted in the brutal treatment of many Afghans, especially [[Taliban treatment of women|women]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Skain|first=Rosemarie|title=The women of Afghanistan under the Taliban|year=2002|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-1090-3|page=41}}</ref><ref>* {{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-nov-18-mn-5602-story.html |date=18 November 2001 |author1=James Gerstenzan |author2=Lisa Getter |title=Laura Bush Addresses State of Afghan Women |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=14 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010184219/http://articles.latimes.com/2001/nov/18/news/mn-5602 |archive-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/a-woman-among-warlords/womens-rights-in-the-taliban-and-post-taliban-eras/66/ |date=11 September 2007 |title=Women's Rights in the Taliban and Post-Taliban Eras |work=A Woman Among Warlords |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=14 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114011223/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/a-woman-among-warlords/womens-rights-in-the-taliban-and-post-taliban-eras/66/ |archive-date=14 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> During their rule, the Taliban and their allies committed massacres against Afghan civilians, denied UN food supplies to starving civilians and conducted a policy of [[scorched earth]], burning vast areas of fertile land and destroying tens of thousands of homes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rashid|first=Ahmed|title=Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia|year=2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-830-4|page=253}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2001/10/12/taliban-massacres-outlined-for-un/|title=Taliban massacres outlined for UN|date=October 2001|work=Chicago Tribune|first=Edward A|last=Gargan|access-date=24 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916074935/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-10-12/news/0110120312_1_taliban-fighters-massacres-in-recent-years-mullah-mohammed-omar|archive-date=16 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.papillonsartpalace.com/massacre.htm |title=Confidential UN report details mass killings of civilian villagers |access-date=12 October 2001 |work=Newsday |year=2001 |publisher=newsday.org |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021118162327/http://www.papillonsartpalace.com/massacre.htm |archive-date=18 November 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=APAB&d_place=APAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F8B4F98500EA0F8&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |agency=[[Associated Press]]|title=U.N. says Taliban starving hungry people for military agenda |date=7 January 1998 |access-date=7 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913121938/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=APAB&d_place=APAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F8B4F98500EA0F8&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |archive-date=13 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Goodson|first=Larry P.|title=Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics and the Rise of the Taliban|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98111-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good/page/121 121]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2002/aug/afghanistan/ |publisher=[[NPR]]|title=Re-Creating Afghanistan: Returning to Istalif |date=1 August 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023072254/http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2002/aug/afghanistan/ |archive-date=23 October 2013}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=October 2021}} [[Battle of Kabul (1992–1996)|After the fall of Kabul]] to the Taliban, [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] and [[Abdul Rashid Dostum]] formed the [[Northern Alliance]], later joined by others, to resist the Taliban. Dostum's forces were defeated by the Taliban during the [[Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif (1997–1998)|Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif]] in 1997 and 1998; Pakistan's Chief of Army Staff, [[Pervez Musharraf]], began sending thousands of Pakistanis to help the Taliban defeat the Northern Alliance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Marcela Grad |title=Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader |edition=1 March 2009 |page=310 |publisher=Webster University Press }}</ref><ref name="George Washington University" /><ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |url=http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=ahmed_shah_massoud |title=Ahmed Shah Massoud |publisher=[[History Commons]] |access-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125130822/http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=ahmed_shah_massoud |archive-date=25 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Maley |first=William |title=The Afghanistan wars |year=2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-21313-5 |page=288}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1340244/Afghanistan-resistance-leader-feared-dead-in-blast.html |title=Afghanistan resistance leader feared dead in blast |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London | date=11 September 2001 |first=Ahmed |last=Rashid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108225950/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1340244/Afghanistan-resistance-leader-feared-dead-in-blast.html |archive-date=8 November 2013 }}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=October 2021}} By 2000, the Northern Alliance only controlled 10% of territory, cornered in the northeast. On 9 September 2001, Massoud was assassinated by two Arab [[suicide attack]]ers in [[Panjshir Valley]]. Around 400,000 Afghans died in internal conflicts between 1990 and 2001.<ref>"[http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0920/p1s3-wosc.html/(page)/4 Life under Taliban cuts two ways]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor|CSM]]''. 20 September 2001 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233031/http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0920/p1s3-wosc.html/(page)/4 | date=30 December 2013 }}</ref> === US invasion and Islamic Republic === {{further|War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Taliban insurgency|Fall of Kabul (2021)}} In October 2001, the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|United States invaded Afghanistan]] to remove the Taliban from power after they refused to hand over [[Osama bin Laden]], the prime suspect of the [[September 11 attacks]], who was a "guest" of the Taliban and was operating his [[al-Qaeda]] network in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Grugy2txSvc |title=Brigade 055 |publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729101159/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Grugy2txSvc|archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Rory McCarthy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/17/afghanistan.terrorism11 |title=New offer on Bin Laden |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date= 17 October 2001|access-date=17 July 2012 |location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628053351/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/oct/17/afghanistan.terrorism11|archive-date=28 June 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/21/politics/trump-afghanistan-pakistan-india/index.html 'Trump calls out Pakistan, India as he pledges to 'fight to win' in Afghanistan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901150353/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/21/politics/trump-afghanistan-pakistan-india/index.html |date=1 September 2017}}. CNN, 24 August 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.</ref> The majority of Afghans supported the American invasion.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 January 2006|title=WPO Poll: Afghan Public Overwhelmingly Rejects al-Qaeda, Taliban|url=http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/10127/Afghanistan_Jan06_art2.pdf;jsessionid=51A568EB80A658471A265A1D06EF8ADB?sequence=3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102172723/http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/10127/Afghanistan_Jan06_art2.pdf;jsessionid=51A568EB80A658471A265A1D06EF8ADB?sequence=3|archive-date=2 January 2017|access-date=2 January 2017|website=[[University of Maryland Libraries]]|quote=Equally large percentages endorse the US military presence in Afghanistan. Eighty-three percent said they have a favorable view of "the US military forces in our country" (39% very favorable). Just 17% have an unfavorable view.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=29 January 2015|title=Afghan Futures: A National Public Opinion Survey|url=http://acsor-surveys.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Afghan-Futures-Wave-6-Analysis_FINAL-v2.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329093740/http://acsor-surveys.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Afghan-Futures-Wave-6-Analysis_FINAL-v2.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017|access-date=2 January 2017|website=[[Afghan Center for Socio-economic and Opinion Research]]|page=4|quote=Seventy-seven percent support the presence of U.S. forces; 67 percent say the same of NATO/ISAF forces more generally. Despite the country's travails, eight in 10 say it was a good thing for the United States to oust the Taliban in 2001. And much more blame either the Taliban or al Qaeda for the country's violence, 53 percent, than blame the United States, 12 percent. The latter is about half what it was in 2012, coinciding with a sharp reduction in the U.S. deployment.}}</ref> During the initial invasion, US and UK forces bombed al-Qaeda training camps, and later working with the Northern Alliance, the Taliban regime came to an end.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/08/world/nation-challenged-attack-us-britain-strike-afghanistan-aiming-bases-terrorist.html |title=A Nation challenged: The attack; U.S. and Britain strike Afghanistan, aiming at bases and terrorist camps; Bush warns 'Taliban will pay a price' |last=Tyler |first=Patrick | date=8 October 2001 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=28 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411134316/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/08/world/nation-challenged-attack-us-britain-strike-afghanistan-aiming-bases-terrorist.html |archive-date=11 April 2014 }}</ref> [[File:Inbound Choppers in Afghanistan 2008.jpg|thumb|US troops and [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|Chinooks]] in Afghanistan, 2008]] In December 2001, after the Taliban government was overthrown, the [[Afghan Interim Administration]] under [[Hamid Karzai]] was formed. The [[International Security Assistance Force]] (ISAF) was established by the [[UN Security Council]] to help assist the [[Karzai administration]] and provide basic security.<ref>{{UN document |docid=S-RES-1386(2001) |type=Resolution|body=Security Council|year=2001|resolution_number=1386 |access-date=21 September 2007| date=31 May 2001}}&nbsp;– ([[s:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1386|UNSCR 1386]])</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nato.usmission.gov/ |title=United States Mission to Afghanistan|publisher=Nato.usmission.gov|access-date=14 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021065112/http://nato.usmission.gov/ |archive-date=21 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> By this time, after two decades of war as well as an acute [[famine]] at the time, Afghanistan had one of the highest [[infant mortality|infant]] and child mortality rates in the world, the lowest life expectancy, much of the population were hungry,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://merip.org/2001/09/afghanistans-refugee-crisis/|title=Afghanistan's Refugee Crisis|date=24 September 2001|website=MERIP|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616143702/https://merip.org/2001/09/afghanistans-refugee-crisis/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/news-stories/research/afghanistan-civilians-risk|title=Afghanistan: Civilians at Risk|website=Doctors Without Borders – USA|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616134107/https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/news-stories/research/afghanistan-civilians-risk|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://monthlyreview.org/2001/11/01/limbs-of-no-body/|website=Monthly Review|title=Limbs of No Body: The World's Indifference to the Afghan Tragedy|first=Mohsen|last=Makhmalbaf|date=1 November 2001|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=7 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407231857/https://monthlyreview.org/2001/11/01/limbs-of-no-body/|url-status=live}}</ref> and infrastructure was in ruins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.returntohope.com/inDepth/RebuildingAfghanistan#intro|title=Rebuilding Afghanistan|website=Return to Hope|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814144505/http://www.returntohope.com/inDepth/RebuildingAfghanistan#intro|url-status=live}}</ref> Many foreign donors started providing aid and assistance to rebuild the war-torn country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/15/japan.aid.gen/index.html?related|title=Japan aid offer to 'broke' Afghanistan|date=15 January 2002|publisher=CNN|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=19 November 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021119080524/https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/15/japan.aid.gen/index.html?related|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/intnlrel193/readings/week6/afghan.html|title=Rebuilding Afghanistan: The U.S. Role|website=Stanford University|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=20 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820000226/https://web.stanford.edu/class/intnlrel193/readings/week6/afghan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As coalition troops entered Afghanistan to help the [[Reconstruction in Afghanistan|rebuilding process]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Julie|last=Fossler|url=http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/index.aspx|title=USAID Afghanistan|publisher=Afghanistan.usaid.gov|access-date=14 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017104214/http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/Index.aspx|archive-date=17 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afghanistan.gc.ca/canada-afghanistan/news-nouvelles/2010/2010_07_09.aspx?lang=eng |title=Canada's Engagement in Afghanistan: Backgrounder |publisher=Afghanistan.gc.ca |date=9 July 2010|access-date=14 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215180833/http://www.afghanistan.gc.ca/canada-afghanistan/news-nouvelles/2010/2010_07_09.aspx|archive-date=15 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban began an insurgency]] to regain control. Afghanistan remained one of the poorest countries in the world because of a lack of foreign investment, [[Corruption in Afghanistan|government corruption]], and the Taliban insurgency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Video/video?id=5484891&tab=9482931&section=8865284&page=1|publisher=ABC News|location=United States |access-date=28 September 2010|title=Pakistan Accused of Helping Taliban| date=31 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221050959/http://abcnews.go.com/Video/video?id=5484891&tab=9482931&section=8865284&page=1 |archive-date=21 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/7910687/Wikileaks-Pakistan-accused-of-helping-Taliban-in-Afghanistan-attacks.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=28 September 2010|title=Wikileaks: Pakistan accused of helping Taliban in Afghanistan attacks | date=26 July 2010|location=London|first1=Rob|last1=Crilly|first2=Alex |last2=Spillius|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129073942/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/7910687/Wikileaks-Pakistan-accused-of-helping-Taliban-in-Afghanistan-attacks.html|archive-date=29 January 2014}}</ref> The Afghan government was able to build some democratic structures, adopting a constitution in 2004 with the name [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]]. Attempts were made, often with the support of foreign donor countries, to improve the country's economy, healthcare, education, transport, and agriculture. ISAF forces also began to train the [[Afghan National Security Forces]]. Following 2002, nearly five million [[Afghan diaspora|Afghans]] were repatriated.<ref>{{cite book|author=Howard Adelman|title=Protracted Displacement in Asia: No Place to Call Home|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLYFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT167|date=15 April 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-07407-6|page=167}}</ref> The number of NATO troops present in Afghanistan peaked at 140,000 in 2011,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11371138|title=The foreign troops left in Afghanistan|publisher=BBC News|date=15 October 2015|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819084124/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11371138|url-status=live}}</ref> dropping to about 16,000 in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forces.net/operations/afghanistan/how-many-troops-are-currently-afghanistan|title=How Many Troops Are Currently in Afghanistan?|author=((18 May 2018 at 11:38&nbsp;am))|website=Forces Network|date=18 May 2018|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316023620/https://www.forces.net/operations/afghanistan/how-many-troops-are-currently-afghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2014 [[Ashraf Ghani]] became president after the [[Afghan presidential election, 2014|2014 presidential election]] where for the first time in Afghanistan's history power was democratically transferred.<ref>{{cite news|title=Huge security as Afghan presidential election looms|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26880022|publisher=BBC News|date=4 April 2014|access-date=21 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021190735/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26880022|archive-date=21 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Afghanistan votes in historic presidential election|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26893972|publisher=BBC News|date=5 April 2014|access-date=21 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021152941/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26893972|archive-date=21 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Harooni |first1=Mirwais |last2=Shalizi |first2=Hamid |date=4 April 2014 |title=Landmark Afghanistan Presidential Election Held Under Shadow of Violence |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/04/landmark-afghan-election-_n_5095143.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225603/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/04/landmark-afghan-election-_n_5095143.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=21 October 2018 |newspaper=[[HuffPost]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On 28 December 2014, NATO formally ended ISAF combat operations and transferred full security responsibility to the Afghan government. The NATO-led [[Operation Resolute Support]] was formed the same day as a successor to ISAF.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. formally ends the war in Afghanistan|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/america-formally-ends-the-war-in-afghanistan/|access-date=28 December 2014|agency=[[Associated Press]]|issue=online|publisher=CBA News|date=28 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228152651/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/america-formally-ends-the-war-in-afghanistan/|archive-date=28 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nato ends combat operations in Afghanistan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/28/nato-ends-afghanistan-combat-operations-after-13-years|access-date=11 January 2015|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 December 2014|location=Kabul|author=Sune Engel Rasmussen in Kabul|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102134349/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/28/nato-ends-afghanistan-combat-operations-after-13-years|archive-date=2 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Thousands of NATO troops remained in the country to train and advise Afghan government forces<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. formally ends the war in Afghanistan|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/america-formally-ends-the-war-in-afghanistan/|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=28 December 2014 |access-date=12 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228152651/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/america-formally-ends-the-war-in-afghanistan/|archive-date=28 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and continue their fight against the Taliban.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soufangroup.com/tsg-intelbrief-afghanistan-16-0/|title=TSG IntelBrief: Afghanistan 16.0|website=The Soufan Group|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809184149/http://www.soufangroup.com/tsg-intelbrief-afghanistan-16-0/|archive-date=9 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> A report titled ''Body Count'' concluded that 106,000–170,000 civilians had been killed as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan at the hands of all parties to the conflict.<ref> * [http://www.ippnw.de/commonFiles/pdfs/Frieden/Body_Count_first_international_edition_2015_final.pdf "Body Count – Casualty Figures after 10 Years of the 'War on Terror' – Iraq Afghanistan Pakistan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430175027/http://www.ippnw.de/commonFiles/pdfs/Frieden/Body_Count_first_international_edition_2015_final.pdf |date=30 April 2015 }} (PDF), by [[IPPNW]], [[Physicians for Global Survival|PGS]] and [[Physicians for Social Responsibility|PSR]], First international edition (March 2015) * {{cite news |author=Gabriela Motroc |url=http://www.australiannationalreview.com/war-terror-reportedly-killed-13-million-people-decade/ |title=U.S. War on Terror has reportedly killed 1.3&nbsp;million people in a decade |work=Australian National Review |date=7 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505004045/http://www.australiannationalreview.com/war-terror-reportedly-killed-13-million-people-decade/ |archive-date=5 May 2015 }} * {{cite news |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/30-Mar-2015/220-000-killed-in-us-war-in-afghanistan-80-000-in-pakistan-report |title=220,000 killed in US war in Afghanistan 80,000 in Pakistan: report |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |date=30 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505055409/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/30-Mar-2015/220-000-killed-in-us-war-in-afghanistan-80-000-in-pakistan-report |archive-date=5 May 2015 }} </ref> [[File:2021 Taliban Offensive.png|thumb|A map of Afghanistan showing the [[2021 Taliban offensive]] ]] On 19 February 2020, the [[US–Taliban deal]] was made in Qatar. The deal was one of the critical events that caused the collapse of the [[Afghan National Security Forces]] (ANSF);<ref>{{cite news|last=Borger|first=Julian|title=US withdrawal triggered catastrophic defeat of Afghan forces, damning watchdog report finds|date=18 May 2022|access-date=19 May 2022|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/18/afghanistan-us-withdrawal-defeat-watchdog-report-sigar|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=21 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521122933/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/18/afghanistan-us-withdrawal-defeat-watchdog-report-sigar|url-status=live}}</ref> following the signing of the deal, the US dramatically reduced the number of air attacks and deprived the ANSF of a critical edge in fighting the [[Taliban insurgency]], leading to the Taliban takeover of Kabul.<ref>{{cite news|title=US withdrawal prompted collapse of Afghan army: Report|date=18 May 2022|access-date=19 May 2022|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/18/us-withdrawal-prompted-collapse-of-afghan-army-report|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620140206/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/18/us-withdrawal-prompted-collapse-of-afghan-army-report|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Second Taliban era=== {{Further|Aftermath of the Afghanistan War (2001–2021)}} NATO Secretary General [[Jens Stoltenberg]] announced on 14 April 2021 that the alliance had agreed to start [[2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan]] by 1 May.<ref>{{cite news |title=NATO to Cut Forces in Afghanistan, Match US Withdrawal |url=https://www.voanews.com/usa/nato-cut-forces-afghanistan-match-us-withdrawal |work=[[VOA News]] |date=14 April 2021 |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415000426/https://www.voanews.com/usa/nato-cut-forces-afghanistan-match-us-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> Soon after NATO troops began withdrawing, the [[Taliban]] launched an [[2021 Taliban offensive|offensive against the Afghan government]] and quickly advanced in front of collapsing Afghan government forces.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robertson |first1=Nic |title=Afghanistan is disintegrating fast as Biden's troop withdrawal continues |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/24/asia/afghanistan-taliban-offensive-intl-cmd/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=24 June 2021 |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190124/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/24/asia/afghanistan-taliban-offensive-intl-cmd/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan stunned by scale and speed of security forces' collapse |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/13/afghanistan-stunned-by-scale-and-speed-of-security-forces-collapse |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=13 July 2021 |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815063215/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/13/afghanistan-stunned-by-scale-and-speed-of-security-forces-collapse |url-status=live }}</ref> The Taliban [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|captured the capital city of Kabul]] on 15 August 2021, after regaining control over a vast majority of Afghanistan. Several foreign diplomats and Afghan government officials, including president Ashraf Ghani,<ref>{{cite news |title=President Ashraf Ghani Flees Afghanistan, Taliban Take Over Kabul: Report |work=NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/taliban-enter-afghan-capital-kabul-news-agency-afp-2510885 |url-status=live |access-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815081516/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/taliban-enter-afghan-capital-kabul-news-agency-afp-2510885 |archive-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> were evacuated from the country, with many Afghan civilians attempting to flee along with them.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Afghan government's collapse is a humiliation for the US and Joe Biden |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/asia/2021/08/afghan-government-s-collapse-humiliation-us-and-joe-biden |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=[[New Statesman]] |date=15 August 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816164152/https://www.newstatesman.com/world/asia/2021/08/afghan-government-s-collapse-humiliation-us-and-joe-biden |url-status=live }}</ref> On 17 August, first vice president [[Amrullah Saleh]] proclaimed himself caretaker president and announced the formation of an [[National Resistance Front of Afghanistan|anti-Taliban front]] with a reported 6,000+ troops<ref>{{cite web|title=Operations|url=https://www.nrfafg.org/operations|access-date=21 August 2021|website=The National Resistance Front: Fighting for a Free Afghanistan|publisher=National Resistance Front of Afghanistan|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906001614/https://www.nrfafg.org/operations|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Anti-Taliban forces say they've taken three districts in Afghanistan's north|date=21 August 2021|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/anti-taliban-forces-say-theyve-taken-three-districts-afghanistans-north-2021-08-21/|work=Reuters|access-date=21 August 2021|archive-date=23 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823164227/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/anti-taliban-forces-say-theyve-taken-three-districts-afghanistans-north-2021-08-21/|url-status=live}}</ref> in the [[Panjshir Valley]], along with [[Ahmad Massoud]].<ref>{{cite web|title=An anti-Taliban front forming in Panjshir? Ex top spy Saleh, son of 'Lion of Panjshir' meet at citadel|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/08/17/an-anti-taliban-front-forming-in-panjshir-ex-top-spy-saleh-son-of-lion-of-panjshir-meet-at-citadel.html|access-date=17 August 2021|website=The Week|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817065524/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/08/17/an-anti-taliban-front-forming-in-panjshir-ex-top-spy-saleh-son-of-lion-of-panjshir-meet-at-citadel.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 August 2021|title=Afghan Vice President Saleh Declares Himself Caretaker President; Reaches Out To Leaders for Support|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/afghan-vice-president-saleh-declares-himself-caretaker-president-reaches-out-to-leaders-for-support-4097117.html|access-date=17 August 2021|website=News18|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817224511/https://www.news18.com/news/world/afghan-vice-president-saleh-declares-himself-caretaker-president-reaches-out-to-leaders-for-support-4097117.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, by 6 September, the Taliban had taken control of most of [[Panjshir province]], with resistance fighters retreating to the mountains.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5b4b7b58-1edf-4510-ad15-813487f3c80e |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/5b4b7b58-1edf-4510-ad15-813487f3c80e |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Taliban says it has captured last Afghan region of resistance|last1=Kazmin|first1=Amy|last2=Findlay|first2=Stephanie|last3=Bokhari|first3=Farhan|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=6 September 2021|access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> Clashes in the valley ceased mid-September.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/17/world/asia/panjshir-resistance-taliban-massoud.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/17/world/asia/panjshir-resistance-taliban-massoud.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited |title=In Panjshir, Few Signs of an Active Resistance, or Any Fight at All |newspaper=The New York Times |date=17 September 2021 |last1=Huylebroek |first1=Jim |last2=Blue |first2=Victor J.}}{{cbignore}}</ref> According to the [[Costs of War Project]], 176,000 people were killed in the conflict, including 46,319 civilians, between 2001 and 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Human and Budgetary Costs to Date of the U.S. War in Afghanistan, 2001–2022 {{!}} Figures {{!}} Costs of War|url=https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2021/human-and-budgetary-costs-date-us-war-afghanistan-2001-2022|access-date=1 September 2021|website=The Costs of War|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906010357/https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2021/human-and-budgetary-costs-date-us-war-afghanistan-2001-2022|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]], at least 212,191 people were killed in the conflict.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucdp.uu.se/country/700|title=UCDP – Uppsala Conflict Data Program|website=ucdp.uu.se|access-date=25 December 2022|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819054652/https://www.ucdp.uu.se/country/700|url-status=live}}</ref> Though the state of war in the country ended in 2021, armed conflict persists in some regions<ref>{{cite web |title=One year later, Austin acknowledges lasting questions over Afghanistan war's end |url=https://www.stripes.com/theaters/us/2022-08-30/lasting-questions-afghanistan-withdrawal-7156882.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=Stars and Stripes |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001113942/https://www.stripes.com/theaters/us/2022-08-30/lasting-questions-afghanistan-withdrawal-7156882.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 March 2022 |title=Karzai says while the war has ended, unity has not yet been achieved {{!}} Ariana News |url=https://www.ariananews.af/karzai-says-while-the-war-has-ended-unity-has-not-yet-been-achieved/ |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=ariananews.af|archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001113942/https://www.ariananews.af/karzai-says-while-the-war-has-ended-unity-has-not-yet-been-achieved/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 January 2022 |title=Briefing by Special Representative Deborah Lyons to the Security Council |url=https://unama.unmissions.org/briefing-special-representative-deborah-lyons-security-council-10 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=UNAMA|archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004064300/https://unama.unmissions.org/briefing-special-representative-deborah-lyons-security-council-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> amid [[Islamic State–Taliban conflict|fighting between the Taliban and the local branch of the Islamic State]], as well as an anti-Taliban [[Republican insurgency in Afghanistan|Republican insurgency]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hamid Karzai stays on in Afghanistan — hoping for the best, but unable to leave|publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/08/08/1115674232/afghanistan-taliban-hamid-karzai-us-withdrawal |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119174316/https://www.npr.org/2022/08/08/1115674232/afghanistan-taliban-hamid-karzai-us-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Taliban Humvee in Kabul, August 2021 (cropped).png|thumb|left|Taliban fighters in Kabul on a captured [[Humvee]] following the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|2021 fall of Kabul]]]] The Taliban government is led by [[Head of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|supreme leader]] [[Hibatullah Akhundzada]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Zucchino|first=David|date=1 September 2021|title=Shifting to Governing, Taliban Will Name Supreme Afghan Leader|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-government-leader.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-government-leader.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited|access-date=6 September 2021|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and acting prime minister [[Hasan Akhund]], who took office on 7 September 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=گروه طالبان حکومت جدید خود را با رهبری ملا حسن اخوند اعلام کرد |publisher=BBC News فارسی |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-58477769 |access-date=8 October 2021 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907202525/https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-58477769 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 September 2021|title=Taliban announce new government for Afghanistan|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|access-date=9 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907212403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|url-status=live}}</ref> Akhund is one of the four founders of the Taliban<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Who is Afghanistan's new caretaker prime minister?|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2319144/profile-who-is-afghanistans-new-caretaker-prime-minister|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=8 September 2021|access-date=8 October 2021|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908140526/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2319144/profile-who-is-afghanistans-new-caretaker-prime-minister|url-status=live}}</ref> and was a deputy prime minister of the previous emirate; his appointment was seen as a compromise between moderates and hardliners.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|title=Hardliners get key posts in new Taliban government|publisher=BBC News|date=7 September 2021|access-date=9 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907212403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Cabinet of Afghanistan|new, all-male cabinet]] was formed, which included [[Abdul Hakim Haqqani]] as minister of justice.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban Announces Head of State, Acting Ministers |date=7 September 2021 |newspaper=[[TOLOnews]] |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-174556 |access-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907182414/https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-174556 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban Name Their Deputy Ministers, Doubling Down On An All-Male Team |date=21 September 2021 |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/21/1039232797/taliban-women-all-male-government-cabinet-ministers |access-date=8 October 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010123846/https://www.npr.org/2021/09/21/1039232797/taliban-women-all-male-government-cabinet-ministers |url-status=live }}</ref> On 20 September 2021, [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary-General]] [[António Guterres]] received a letter from acting [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)|minister of foreign affairs]] [[Amir Khan Muttaqi]] to formally claim Afghanistan's seat as a member state for their official spokesman in [[Doha]], [[Suhail Shaheen]]. The United Nations did not recognize the previous Taliban government and chose to work with the then government-in-exile instead.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/24/who-will-speak-for-afghanistan-at-the-united-nations|title=Who will speak for Afghanistan at the United Nations?|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|date=26 September 2021|access-date=8 October 2021|archive-date=14 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014060240/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/24/who-will-speak-for-afghanistan-at-the-united-nations|url-status=live}}</ref> Western nations suspended most of their humanitarian aid to Afghanistan following the Taliban's August 2021 takeover of the country; the [[World Bank]] and [[International Monetary Fund]] also halted their payments.<ref>{{cite news |title=China urges World Bank, IMF to help Afghanistan |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/world/news/china-urges-world-bank-imf-to-help-afghanistan-20211028 |work=News24 |date=28 October 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602222034/https://www.news24.com/news24/world/news/china-urges-world-bank-imf-to-help-afghanistan-20211028 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan: Can the Taliban avert a food crisis without foreign aid? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/afghanistan-can-the-taliban-avert-a-food-crisis-without-foreign-aid/a-59790464 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=11 November 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226203615/http://www.dw.com/en/afghanistan-can-the-taliban-avert-a-food-crisis-without-foreign-aid/a-59790464 |url-status=live }}</ref> More than half of Afghanistan's 39 million people faced an acute [[Food security|food shortage]] in October 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title='Countdown to catastrophe': half of Afghans face hunger this winter – UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/oct/25/countdown-to-catastrophe-half-of-afghans-face-hunger-this-winter-un |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 October 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609005548/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/oct/25/countdown-to-catastrophe-half-of-afghans-face-hunger-this-winter-un |url-status=live }}</ref> Human Rights Watch reported on 11 November 2021 that Afghanistan was facing widespread [[famine]] due to an economic and banking crisis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan Facing Famine: UN, World Bank, US Should Adjust Sanctions, Economic Policies |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/11/afghanistan-facing-famine |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=11 November 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512115310/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/11/afghanistan-facing-famine |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Taliban]] have significantly tackled corruption, improving on the [[Corruption Perceptions Index|corruption perceptions index]] from 174th to 150th best out of 180 countries from 2021 to 2022,<ref name=":0" /> but dropping to 162th in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-30 |title=2023 Corruption Perceptions Index: Explore the results |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Transparency.org |language=en}}</ref> The Taliban have also reportedly reduced bribery and extortion in public service areas.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Can the Taliban Tackle Corruption in Afghanistan? |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/can-the-taliban-tackle-corruption-in-afghanistan-/6942205.html |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=VOA |quote=Taliban-ruled Afghanistan is ranked 150th, a remarkable status upgrade from its 174th ranking in 2021. In 2011, at the height of U.S. military and developmental engagement in Afghanistan, the country was ranked 180th, next to North Korea and Somalia. |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816235333/https://www.voanews.com/a/can-the-taliban-tackle-corruption-in-afghanistan-/6942205.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At the same time, the human rights situation in the country has deteriorated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taliban blasted for 'shocking oppression' of women |website=Arab News |date=12 September 2023 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2372216/world |access-date=13 September 2023 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912213450/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2372216/world |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the 2001 invasion, more than 5.7&nbsp;million refugees returned to Afghanistan;<ref>Afghan Refugees, Costs of War, {{cite web |url=http://costsofwar.org/article/afghan-refugees |title=Afghan Refugees &#124; Costs of War |access-date=5 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310001659/http://costsofwar.org/article/afghan-refugees |archive-date=10 March 2013}}, 2012</ref> however, in 2021, 2.6&nbsp;million Afghans remained refugees, primarily in Iran and Pakistan, and another 4 million were internally displaced.<ref>{{cite web |title=In numbers: Life in Afghanistan after America leaves |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-57767067 |publisher=BBC News |date=13 July 2021 |access-date=15 July 2021 |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823133602/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-57767067 |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2023, the Pakistani government ordered the [[expulsion of Afghans from Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news |title='What's wrong?': The silence of Pakistanis on expulsion of Afghan refugees |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/22/whats-wrong-the-silence-of-pakistanis-on-expulsion-of-afghan-refugees |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=22 November 2023 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126111459/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/22/whats-wrong-the-silence-of-pakistanis-on-expulsion-of-afghan-refugees |url-status=live }}</ref> Iran also decided to deport [[Afghans in Iran|Afghan]] nationals back to Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghans Banned From 16 Provinces In Iran As Forced Exodus Continues |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-afghans-banned-provinces/32713320.html |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=4 December 2023 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126112954/https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-afghans-banned-provinces/32713320.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Taliban authorities condemned the deportations of Afghans as an "inhuman act".<ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban: Iran Deports Almost 350,000 Afghans Within 3 Months |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-iran-deports-almost-350-000-afghans-within-3-months/7392705.html |work=VOA News |date=11 December 2023 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126101758/https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-iran-deports-almost-350-000-afghans-within-3-months/7392705.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Afghanistan faced a humanitarian crisis in late 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 1 mn Afghan children facing severe malnutrition, says WHO chief |url=https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/over-1-mn-afghan-children-facing-severe-malnutrition-says-who-chief-123122200080_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=22 December 2023 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101131416/https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/over-1-mn-afghan-children-facing-severe-malnutrition-says-who-chief-123122200080_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 10 November 2024, Afghanistan's Foreign Ministry confirmed that Taliban representatives would attend the [[2024 United Nations Climate Change Conference]], marking the first time the country participated since the Taliban's return to power in 2021. Afghanistan had been barred from previous summits due to the lack of global recognition of the Taliban regime. However, the Taliban's environmental officials stressed that climate change is a humanitarian issue, not a political one, and should be addressed regardless of political differences.<ref>{{cite news|title=Afghanistan's Taliban send delegation to COP climate summit |date=10 November 2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/afghanistans-taliban-send-delegation-to-cop-climate-summit/a-70746139 |website=DW News |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography of Afghanistan}} {{Map of Afghanistan}} Afghanistan is located in Southern-Central Asia.<ref>* {{cite web |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |title=U.S. maps |publisher=Pubs.usgs.gov |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225134851/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |archive-date=25 December 2013 }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar |title=South Asia: Data, Projects, and Research |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301035209/http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar |archive-date=1 March 2015 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |title=Maps Showing Geology, Oil and Gas Fields and Geological Provinces of South Asia (Includes Afghanistan) |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225134851/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |archive-date=25 December 2013 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |url=http://jsis.washington.edu/advise/catalog/soasia-b.html |title=University of Washington Jackson School of International Studies: The South Asia Center |access-date=2 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100846/http://jsis.washington.edu/advise/catalog/soasia-b.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/programs/sac/ |title=Syracruse University: The South Asia Center |date=26 March 2013 |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326065054/http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/programs/sac/ |archive-date=26 March 2015 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ii.umich.edu/csas |title=Center for South Asian Studies (CSAS) |website= U-M LSA |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211204817/http://www.ii.umich.edu/csas/ |archive-date=11 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia |title=Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings |publisher=[[UNdata]] | date=26 April 2011 |access-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713041240/http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |archive-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan |title=Afghanistan |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225235842/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan |archive-date=25 February 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Anjelica |title=A new strategy for Central Asia |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/483511-a-new-strategy-for-central-asia |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=18 February 2020 |quote=, as Afghan President Ashraf Ghani has noted, Afghanistan is itself a Central Asian country. |access-date=28 March 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816055841/https://thehill.com/opinion/international/483511-a-new-strategy-for-central-asia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Afghanistan {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University |isbn=9781107619500 |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghanistan |access-date=28 March 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006145913/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghanistan |url-status=live }}</ref> The region centered at Afghanistan is considered the "crossroads of Asia",<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&pg=PA257|title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia|first=Jason|last=Neelis|date=19 November 2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004181595}}</ref> and the country has had the nickname Heart of Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh01.html |title=Afghanistan: Cultural Crossroad at the Heart of Asia |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=30 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830013605/https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh01.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The renowned [[Urdu]] poet [[Allama Iqbal]] once wrote about the country: {{Blockquote|Asia is a body of water and earth, of which the Afghan nation is the heart. From its discord, the discord of Asia; and from its accord, the accord of Asia.}} At over {{convert|652864|km2|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Land area (sq. km) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2 |work=World Development Indicators |publisher=World Bank |access-date=13 October 2011 |year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185313/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> Afghanistan is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|41st largest country]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html#af |title=CIA Factbook – Area: 41 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency | date=26 November 1991 |access-date=4 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html |archive-date=31 January 2014 }}</ref> It is slightly bigger than France and smaller than Myanmar, and about the size of Texas in the United States. There is no coastline, as Afghanistan is [[landlocked]]. Afghanistan shares its longest land border (the [[Durand Line]]) with Pakistan to the east and south, followed by borders with Tajikistan to the northeast, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the north-west, Uzbekistan to the north and China to the far northeast; India recognizes a border with Afghanistan through Pakistani-administered [[Kashmir]].<ref>[https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf "International Land Border."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308124901/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf |date=8 March 2021 }} India Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 13 November 2021.</ref> Clockwise from south-west, Afghanistan shares borders with the [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province]], South Khorasan Province and [[Razavi Khorasan Province]] of Iran; [[Ahal Region]], [[Mary Region]] and [[Lebap Region]] of Turkmenistan; [[Surxondaryo Region]] of Uzbekistan; [[Khatlon Region]] and [[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region]] of Tajikistan; [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] of China; and the [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit-Baltistan territory]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan province]] of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cary Gladstone|title=Afghanistan Revisited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aH_KCWVB6W0C&pg=PA121|year=2001|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-421-8|page=121}}</ref> [[File:FrontLines Environment Photo Contest Winner -5 (5808476109).jpg|thumb|Floodplain cultivation in the [[Wakhan Corridor]], [[Pamir Mountains]]]] The geography in Afghanistan is varied, but is mostly mountainous and rugged, with some unusual mountain ridges accompanied by plateaus and river basins.<ref name="Fisher-2002">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&pg=PA59|title=The Far East and Australasia 2003|date=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781857431339|chapter=Afghanistan: Physical and Social Geography|last=Fisher|first=W. B.|pages=59–60}}</ref> It is dominated by the [[Hindu Kush]] range, the western extension of the [[Himalayas]] that stretches to eastern [[Tibet]] via the [[Pamir Mountains]] and [[Karakoram Mountains]] in Afghanistan's far north-east. Most of the highest points are in the east consisting of fertile mountain valleys, often considered part of the "[[Roof of the World]]". The Hindu Kush ends at the west-central highlands, creating plains in the north and southwest, namely the [[Turkestan]] Plains and the [[Sistan Basin]]; these two regions consist of rolling grasslands and semi-deserts, and hot windy deserts, respectively.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_AdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT26|title=Afghanistan|first=Kim|last=Whitehead|date=21 October 2014|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781633559899}}</ref> Forests exist in the corridor between [[Nuristan]] and [[Paktika]] provinces (see [[East Afghan montane conifer forests]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cropwatch.unl.edu/documents/Forests%20of%20Afghanistan.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://cropwatch.unl.edu/documents/Forests%20of%20Afghanistan.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Forests of Afghanistan |website=cropwatch.unl.edu |access-date=28 June 2021 }}</ref> and [[tundra]] in the northeast. The country's highest point is [[Noshaq]], at {{convert|7492|m|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name="Factbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Afghanistan|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref> The lowest point lies in [[Jowzjan Province]] along the Amu River bank, at {{convert|258|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. [[File:Afghan topo en.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The mountainous [[topography]] of Afghanistan]] Despite having numerous rivers and [[list of dams and reservoirs in Afghanistan|reservoirs]], large parts of the country are dry. The [[endorheic]] Sistan Basin is one of the driest regions in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sistan.pdf |title=History of Environmental Change in the Sistan Basin 1976–2005 |access-date=20 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807214557/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sistan.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Amu Darya]] rises at the north of the Hindu Kush, while the nearby [[Hari Rud]] flows west towards [[Herat]], and the [[Arghandab River]] from the central region southwards. To the south and west of the Hindu Kush flow a number of streams that are tributaries of the [[Indus River]],<ref name="Fisher-2002"/> such as the [[Helmand River]]. The [[Kabul River]] flows in an easterly direction to the Indus ending at the Indian Ocean.<ref name="afghanistans.com-1">{{cite web|url=https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/RiversLakes.htm|title=Afghanistan Rivers Lakes – Afghanistan's Web Site|website=afghanistans.com|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815172309/https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/RiversLakes.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Afghanistan receives heavy snow during the winter in the [[Hindu Kush]] and [[Pamir Mountains]], and the melting snow in the spring season enters the [[List of rivers of Afghanistan|rivers, lakes, and streams]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=16066 |title=Snow in Afghanistan: Natural Hazards |publisher=NASA | date=3 February 2006 |access-date=6 May 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235107/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=16066 |archive-date=30 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/afghanistan-snow-idINDEE80H0BR20120118 |work=Reuters |title=Snow may end Afghan drought, but bitter winter looms | date=18 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233432/http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/01/18/afghanistan-snow-idINDEE80H0BR20120118 |archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> However, two-thirds of the country's water flows into the neighboring countries of [[Iran]], Pakistan, and [[Turkmenistan]]. As reported in 2010, the state needs more than US$2&nbsp;billion to rehabilitate its irrigation systems so that the water is properly managed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0615/Afghanistan-s-woeful-water-management-delights-neighbors |title=Afghanistan's woeful water management delights neighbors |work=The Christian Science Monitor | date=15 June 2010 |access-date=14 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114131338/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0615/Afghanistan-s-woeful-water-management-delights-neighbors |archive-date=14 November 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> In Afghanistan, [[forest cover]] is around 2% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,208,440 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, which was unchanged from 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 1,208,440 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest, 0% was reported to be [[primary forest]] (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 0% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under [[State ownership|public ownership]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Afghanistan |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/AFG/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> The northeastern Hindu Kush [[mountain range]], in and around the [[Badakhshan Province]] of Afghanistan, is in a [[natural environment#Geological activity|geologically active]] area where earthquakes may occur almost every year.<ref>{{cite tech report |last=Crone |first=Anthony J. |title=Earthquakes Pose a Serious Hazard in Afghanistan |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3027/pdf/FS07-3027_508.pdf |publisher=[[US Geological Survey]] |access-date=14 October 2011 |id=Fact Sheet FS 2007–3027 | date=April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727072311/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3027/pdf/FS07-3027_508.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2013 }}</ref> They can be deadly and destructive, causing [[landslide]]s in some parts or [[2009 Afghan avalanches|avalanches]] during the winter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Earthquake Hazards |url=http://afghanistan.cr.usgs.gov/earthquake-hazards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004040745/http://afghanistan.cr.usgs.gov/earthquake-hazards |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 2011 |work=USGS Projects in Afghanistan |publisher=US Geological Survey |access-date=13 October 2011 | date=1 August 2011 }}</ref> In June 2022, a [[June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake|destructive 5.9 earthquake]] struck near the border with Pakistan, killing at least 1,150 people and sparking fears of a major humanitarian crisis.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Noroozi |first1=Ebrahim |title=Deadly quake a new blow to Afghans enervated by poverty |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/deadly-quake-a-new-blow-to-afghans-enervated-by-poverty-1.5963026 |access-date=3 July 2022 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[CTV News]] |date=25 June 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703044828/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/deadly-quake-a-new-blow-to-afghans-enervated-by-poverty-1.5963026 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 7 October 2023, a [[October 2023 Afghanistan earthquake|6.3 magnitude earthquake]] struck northwest of Herat, killing over 1,400 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistan-earthquakes-herat-province-health-situation-report-no-12-november-2023|website=reliefweb.int|title=Afghanistan: Earthquakes in Herat Province, Health Situation Report No. 12, November 2023|date=2 December 2023|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405192018/https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistan-earthquakes-herat-province-health-situation-report-no-12-november-2023|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Climate=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map AFG present.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate map]] of Afghanistan<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F.|author6-link=Eric Franklin Wood |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |pages=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |pmid=30375988 |pmc=6207062 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B }}</ref>]] Afghanistan has a [[continental climate]] with harsh winters in the [[Hazarajat|central highlands]], the glaciated northeast (around [[Nuristan]]), and the [[Wakhan Corridor]], where the average temperature in January is below {{convert|-15|C}} and can reach {{convert|-26|C}},<ref name="Fisher-2002"/> and hot summers in the low-lying areas of the [[Sistan Basin]] of the southwest, the [[Jalalabad]] basin in the east, and the [[Afghan Turkestan|Turkestan]] plains along the [[Amu River]] in the north, where temperatures average over {{convert|35|C}} in July<ref name="Factbook"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Afghanistan {{!}} History, Map, Flag, Capital, Population, & Languages|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan|access-date=23 March 2021|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111113403/https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref> and can go over {{convert|43|C}}.<ref name="Fisher-2002"/> The country is generally [[arid]] in the summers, with most rainfall falling between December and April. The lower areas of northern and western Afghanistan are the driest, with precipitation more common in the east. Although proximate to India, Afghanistan is mostly outside the [[monsoon]] zone,<ref name="Fisher-2002"/> except the [[Nuristan Province]] which occasionally receives summer monsoon rain.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69V7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|title=Terraced Landscapes|first=Drago|last=Kladnik|date=1 September 2017|publisher=Založba ZRC|isbn=9789610500193}}</ref> Although Afghanistan has contributed minimally to global [[greenhouse gas emissions]], it is one of the most vulnerable countries to [[climate change]] and least prepared to cope with its impacts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative |title=Country Index Rankings |url=https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/rankings/ |access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref> [[Climate change in Afghanistan]] is causing more frequent and severe droughts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan: The alarming effects of climate change {{!}} OCHA |url=https://www.unocha.org/news/afghanistan-alarming-effects-climate-change |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.unocha.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Kate |date=2021-11-06 |title=Global Warming and Afghanistan: Drought, hunger and thirst expected to worsen |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/economy-development-environment/global-warming-and-afghanistan-drought-hunger-and-thirst-expected-to-worsen/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Afghanistan Analysts Network - English |language=ps-GB}}</ref> Severe drought conditions affect 25 of the country's 34 provinces, impacting over half the population.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) |date=1 August 2023 |title=Afghanistan: The alarming effects of climate change {{!}} OCHA |url=https://www.unocha.org/news/afghanistan-alarming-effects-climate-change |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.unocha.org |language=en}}</ref> These droughts cause [[desertification]],<ref name=":43">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) |date=1 August 2023 |title=Afghanistan: The alarming effects of climate change {{!}} OCHA |url=https://www.unocha.org/news/afghanistan-alarming-effects-climate-change |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.unocha.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Afghanistan. A Report to the Department for International Development |url=https://www.weadapt.org/sites/weadapt.org/files/legacy-new/placemarks/files/5345354491559sei-dfid-afghanistan-report-1-.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628173538/https://www.weadapt.org/sites/weadapt.org/files/legacy-new/placemarks/files/5345354491559sei-dfid-afghanistan-report-1-.pdf |archive-date=2020-06-28 |access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref> reduce [[Food security|food]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Food Programme |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.wfp.org/emergencies/afghanistan-emergency |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.wfp.org |language=en}}</ref> and [[water security]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Akhundzadah |first1=Noor Ahmad |last2=Soltani |first2=Salim |last3=Aich |first3=Valentin |date=23 September 2020 |title=Impacts of Climate Change on the Water Resources of the Kunduz River Basin, Afghanistan |journal=Climate |language=en |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=102 |doi=10.3390/cli8100102 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020Clim....8..102A |issn=2225-1154}}</ref> disrupt agriculture and cause [[Internally displaced person|internal displacement]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-22 |title=Women and children most at risk as climate change and conflict drive migration in Afghanistan {{!}} ActionAid International |url=https://actionaid.org/news/2021/women-and-children-most-risk-climate-change-and-conflict-drive-migration-afghanistan |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=actionaid.org |language=en}}</ref> Extreme rainfall over short periods is also more likely, increasing the risk of [[Flood|floods]] and [[Landslide|landslides]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan's impending climate disaster – DW – 08/30/2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/amid-taliban-takeover-climate-change-could-drive-conflict/a-59025446 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> Due to rising temperatures, almost 14% of Afghanistan's glacier coverage was lost between 1990 and 2015<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bjelica |first=Jelena |date=2021-01-05 |title=Shrinking, Thinning, Retreating: Afghan glaciers under threat from climate change |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/economy-development-environment/shrinking-thinning-retreating-afghan-glaciers-under-threat-from-climate-change/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Afghanistan Analysts Network - English |language=ps-GB}}</ref> increasing the risk of [[Glacial lake outburst flood|glacial lake outburst floods]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development |date=12 July 2019 |title=Learning from a disaster event: Investigating the 2018 Panjshir flood in Afghanistan |url=https://www.icimod.org/success-stories/learning-from-a-disaster-event-investigating-the-2018-panjshir-flood-in-afghanistan/ |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=ICIMOD}}</ref> By 2050, climate change could displace an additional 5 million people within Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-22 |title=Women and children most at risk as climate change and conflict drive migration in Afghanistan {{!}} ActionAid International |url=https://actionaid.org/news/2021/women-and-children-most-risk-climate-change-and-conflict-drive-migration-afghanistan |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=actionaid.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Welle (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche |title=Amid Taliban takeover, climate change could drive conflict {{!}} DW {{!}} 30.08.2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/amid-taliban-takeover-climate-change-could-drive-conflict/a-59025446 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907131158/https://www.dw.com/en/amid-taliban-takeover-climate-change-could-drive-conflict/a-59025446 |archive-date=2021-09-07 |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=DW.COM |language=en-GB}}</ref> ===Biodiversity=== {{Main|Wildlife of Afghanistan}} [[File:Schneeleopard- P1020498.jpg|thumb|The [[snow leopard]] is the official national animal of Afghanistan.]] Several types of mammals exist throughout Afghanistan. [[Snow leopard]]s, [[Siberian tiger]]s and [[brown bear]]s live in the high elevation [[alpine tundra]] regions. The [[Marco Polo sheep]] exclusively live in the [[Wakhan Corridor]] region of north-east Afghanistan. Foxes, [[wolves]], [[otter]]s, [[deer]], [[wild sheep]], [[lynx]] and other big cats populate the mountain forest region of the east. In the semi-desert northern plains, wildlife include a variety of birds, [[hedgehog]]s, [[gopher]]s, and large carnivores such as [[Golden jackal|jackal]]s and [[Striped hyena|hyena]]s.<ref name="Gritzner-2009">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5QY3vCg338C&pg=PA22|title=Afghanistan, Second Edition|first1=Jeffrey A.|last1=Gritzner|first2=John F.|last2=Shroder|date=14 June 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438104805}}</ref> [[Gazelle]]s, [[wild boar|wild pigs]] and jackals populate the [[steppe]] plains of the south and west, while [[mongoose]] and cheetahs exist in the semi-desert south.<ref name="Gritzner-2009"/> [[Marmot]]s and [[ibex]] also live in the high mountains of Afghanistan, and [[pheasant]]s exist in some parts of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/PlantAnimal.htm|title=Afghanistan Plant and Animal Life – Afghanistan's Web Site|website=afghanistans.com|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711065504/http://www.afghanistans.com/information/PlantAnimal.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Afghan hound]] is a native breed of dog known for its fast speed and its long hair; it is relatively known in the west.<ref name="Wahab-2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y20MTE0C9kwC&pg=PA10|title=A Brief History of Afghanistan|first1=Shaista|last1=Wahab|first2=Barry|last2=Youngerman|date=14 June 2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438108193}}</ref> [[Endemic]] fauna of Afghanistan includes the [[Afghan flying squirrel]], [[Afghan snowfinch]], ''[[Paradactylodon]]'' (or the "[[Paghman]] mountain salamander"), ''[[Stigmella kasyi]]'', ''[[Vulcaniella kabulensis]]'', [[Afghan leopard gecko]], ''[[Wheeleria parviflorellus]]'', among others. Endemic flora include ''[[Iris afghanica]]''. Afghanistan has a wide variety of birds despite its relatively arid climate – an estimated 460 species of which 235 breed within.<ref name="Wahab-2007"/> The forest region of Afghanistan has vegetation such as [[pine tree]]s, [[spruce tree]]s, [[fir tree]]s and [[larch]]es, whereas the steppe grassland regions consist of [[broadleaf tree]]s, short grass, [[perennial plant]]s and [[shrubland]]s. The colder high elevation regions are composed of hardy grasses and small flowering plants.<ref name="Gritzner-2009"/> Several regions are designated [[List of protected areas of Afghanistan|protected areas]]; there are three [[national parks]]: [[Band-e Amir]], [[Wakhan National Park|Wakhan]] and [[Nuristan National Park|Nuristan]]. Afghanistan had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.85/10, ranking it 15th globally out of 172 countries.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Government and politics== {{Main|Politics of Afghanistan}} [[File:200229-D-AP390-1529 (49603221753).jpg|thumb|[[Arg, Kabul|The Arg]] (the Presidential palace) in Kabul, photographed in 2020]] Following the effective collapse of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] during the [[2021 Taliban offensive]], the Taliban declared the country an Islamic Emirate. A new caretaker government was announced on 7 September.<ref name="BBCHardliners"/> {{As of|2024|June}}, no other country has formally [[Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|recognized the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] as the ''[[de jure]]'' government of Afghanistan.<ref name=":1" /> According to the [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] Afghanistan in 2023 was the third least [[Democracy in Asia|electoral democratic country in Asia]].<ref>{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |year=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A traditional instrument of governance in Afghanistan is the ''[[loya jirga]]'' (grand assembly), a [[Pashtun]] consultative meeting that was mainly organized for choosing a new [[head of state]], adopting a new constitution, or to settle national or regional issue such as war.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1782079.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Q&A: What is a loya jirga? |date=1 July 2002 |access-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523165931/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1782079.stm |archive-date=23 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Loya jirgas have been held since at least 1747,{{sfn|Barfield|2012|page=295}} with the most recent one occurring in August 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tolonews.com/index.php/afghanistan/politicians-express-mixed-reactions-loya-jirga|title=Politicians Express Mixed Reactions to Loya Jirga|publisher=TOLO News|date=7 August 2020|access-date=10 August 2020|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810023639/https://tolonews.com/index.php/afghanistan/politicians-express-mixed-reactions-loya-jirga|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/loya-jirga-approves-release-400-taliban-prisoners|title=Loya Jirga Approves Release of 400 Taliban Prisoners|date=9 August 2020|access-date=10 August 2020|publisher=TOLO News|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810124524/https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/loya-jirga-approves-release-400-taliban-prisoners|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Development of Taliban government=== {{Main|Government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan}} {{See also|Cabinet of Afghanistan#Islamic Emirate (2021–present)}} {{multiple image | total_width = 270 | perrow = 2 | direction = horizontal | caption_align = center | image1 = Hasan Akhund.png | caption1 = [[Hasan Akhund]]<br /><small>Acting [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]]</small> | image2 = Sirajuddin Haqqani (cropped).png | caption2 = [[Sirajuddin Haqqani]]<br /><small>First [[Deputy Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Deputy Leader]] and Acting [[Interior Minister of Afghanistan|Interior Minister]]</small> | image3 = Mullah Yaqoob in January 2022.png | caption3 = [[Mullah Yaqoob]]<br /><small>Second Deputy Leader and Acting [[Ministry of Defense (Afghanistan)|Defense Minister]]</small> | image4 = Abdul_Ghani_Baradar.jpg | caption4 = [[Abdul Ghani Baradar]]<br /><small>Third Deputy Leader and Acting [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|First Deputy Prime Minister]]</small> }} On 17 August 2021, the leader of the Taliban-affiliated [[Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin|Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin]] party, [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]], met with both [[Hamid Karzai]], the former [[President of Afghanistan]], and [[Abdullah Abdullah]], the former chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation and former [[Chief Executive (Afghanistan)|Chief Executive]], in [[Doha]], [[Qatar]], with the aim of forming a [[national unity government]].<ref>{{cite web|date=16 August 2021|title=Afghanistan's Hekmatyar says heading for Doha with Karzai, Abdullah Abdullah to meet Taliban – Al Jazeera|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/afghanistans-hekmatyar-says-heading-doha-with-karzai-abdullah-abdullah-meet-2021-08-16/|access-date=18 August 2021|work=Reuters|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816202122/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/afghanistans-hekmatyar-says-heading-doha-with-karzai-abdullah-abdullah-meet-2021-08-16/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=AFP|date=18 August 2021|title=Taliban met ex-Afghan leader Karzai, Abdullah Abdullah|url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40114270|access-date=18 August 2021|website=Brecorder|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818215958/https://www.brecorder.com/news/40114270|url-status=live}}</ref> President [[Ashraf Ghani]], having fled the country during the Taliban advance to either [[Tajikistan]] or [[Uzbekistan]], emerged in the United Arab Emirates and said that he supported such negotiations and was in talks to return to Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Macias|first2=Natasha |last2=Turak|first1= Amanda|date=18 August 2021|title=Ousted Afghan President Ashraf Ghani resurfaces in UAE after fleeing Kabul, Emirati government says|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/18/afghan-president-ashraf-ghani-is-in-uae-after-fleeing-afghanistan.html|access-date=19 August 2021|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818141114/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/18/afghan-president-ashraf-ghani-is-in-uae-after-fleeing-afghanistan.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ghani says he backs talks as Taliban meet with Karzai, Abdullah|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/146741/ghani-says-he-backs-talks-as-taliban-meet-with-karzai-abdullah|access-date=18 August 2021|website=New Age|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818215958/https://www.newagebd.net/article/146741/ghani-says-he-backs-talks-as-taliban-meet-with-karzai-abdullah|url-status=live}}</ref> Many figures within the Taliban generally agreed that continuation of the [[2004 Constitution of Afghanistan]] may, if correctly applied, be workable as the basis for the new religious state as their objections to the former government were political, and not religious.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Osman|first1=Borhan|url=https://cic.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/taliban_future_state_final.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://cic.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/taliban_future_state_final.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Taliban Views on a Future State|date=July 2016|publisher=[[New York University]]|page=7}}</ref> Hours after the final flight of American troops left Kabul on 30 August, a Taliban official interviewed said that a new government would likely be announced as early as Friday 3 September after [[Jumu'ah]]. It was added that [[Hibatullah Akhundzada]] would be officially named [[Head of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Emir]], with cabinet ministers being revealed at the [[Arg (Kabul)|Arg]] in an official ceremony. Abdul Ghani Baradar would be named [[head of government]] as [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]], while other important positions would go to [[Sirajuddin Haqqani]] and [[Mullah Yaqoob]]. Beneath the supreme leader, day-to-day governance will be entrusted to the [[Cabinet of Afghanistan#Islamic Emirate (2021–present)|cabinet]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2 September 2021|title=Afghanistan: Taliban expected to announce new government|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/02/afghanistan-taliban-expected-to-announce-new-government|access-date=2 September 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902115607/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/02/afghanistan-taliban-expected-to-announce-new-government|url-status=live}}</ref> In a report by CNN-News18, sources said the new government was going to be governed similarly to Iran with Hibatullah Akhundzada as supreme leader similar to the role of [[Ali Khamenei|Saayid Ali Khamenei]], and would be based out of [[Kandahar]]. Baradar or Yaqoob would be head of government as [[Prime minister]]. The government's ministries and agencies will be under a cabinet presided over by the Prime Minister. The Supreme Leader would preside over an [[Executive (government)|executive body]] known as the Supreme Council with anywhere from 11 to 72 members. [[Abdul Hakim Haqqani]] is likely to be promoted to [[Chief justice]]. According to the report, the new government will take place within the framework of an amended [[1964 Constitution of Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|date=31 August 2021|title=Taliban to Follow Iran Model in Afghanistan; Reclusive Hibatullah Akhundzada to be Supreme Leader|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/talibans-govt-in-afghanistan-on-iran-model-reclusive-hibatullah-akhundzada-to-be-supreme-leader-4149431.html|access-date=3 September 2021|website=News18|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831155248/https://www.news18.com/news/world/talibans-govt-in-afghanistan-on-iran-model-reclusive-hibatullah-akhundzada-to-be-supreme-leader-4149431.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Government formation was delayed due to concerns about forming a broad-based government acceptable to the international community.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Taliban again postpone Afghan govt formation announcement|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/taliban-again-postpone-afghan-govt-formation-announcement/articleshow/85923976.cms?from=mdr|access-date=4 September 2021|archive-date=4 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904171526/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/taliban-again-postpone-afghan-govt-formation-announcement/articleshow/85923976.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> It was later added however that the Taliban's Rahbari Shura, the group's leadership council was divided between the hardline Haqqani Network and moderate Abdul Ghani Baradar over appointments needed to form an "inclusive" government. Reports claimed that this culminated in a skirmish which led to Baradar being injured and treated in Pakistan, however this was denied by Baradar himself.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 September 2021|title=New 'inclusive' Afghanistan government to be announced soon: Taliban|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/new-inclusive-afghanistan-government-to-be-announced-soon-taliban-11630841282911.html|access-date=5 September 2021|website=mint|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906081415/https://www.livemint.com/news/world/new-inclusive-afghanistan-government-to-be-announced-soon-taliban-11630841282911.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2021 |title=Afghanistan: Taliban deputy denies reports of leadership row in new video |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58555234 |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref> As of early September 2021 the Taliban were planning the cabinet to be men-only. Journalists and other human rights activists, mostly women, [[2021 Afghan protests|protested]] in [[Herat]] and Kabul, calling for women to be included.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 September 2021|title=Afghanistan: Women protest against all-male Taliban government|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58490819|access-date=9 September 2021|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908223524/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58490819|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Cabinet of Afghanistan#Islamic Emirate (2021–present)|acting Cabinet]] announced on 7 September was men-only, and the [[Ministry of Women's Affairs (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Women's Affairs]] was abolished.<ref name="BBCHardliners">{{cite news|date=7 September 2021|title=Hardliners get key posts in new Taliban government|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|access-date=9 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907212403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|url-status=live}}</ref> As of June 2024, no country has recognized the [[Taliban]] government as the legitimate authorities of Afghanistan, with the U.N adding that recognition was impossible so long as restrictions on female education and employment remained.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=25 June 2024 |title=The Taliban confirm they will attend a UN-led meeting in Qatar on Afghanistan |url=https://apnews.com/article/taliban-delegation-doha-meeting-d3af51909b06aa7b086e44b25c464c77 |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=AP News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ruchi |title=Why has China recognised Taliban's envoy to Beijing? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/14/is-chinas-recognition-of-afghanistan-envoy-a-diplomatic-win-for-taliban |access-date=1 July 2024 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> On 16 September 2024, the Taliban suspended polio vaccination campaigns in Afghanistan, as reported by the United Nations, posing a significant risk to global polio eradication efforts.<ref>{{cite news|title=Taliban have suspended polio vaccination campaigns in Afghanistan, the UN says|date=16 September 2024 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/taliban-suspended-polio-vaccination-campaigns-afghanistan-113720519 |newspaper=ABC News|access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{Main|Provinces of Afghanistan|Districts of Afghanistan}} Afghanistan is administratively divided into 34 provinces (''[[wilayat]]'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ariananews.co/en/afghanistan-provinces/|title=Afghanistan Provinces|access-date=4 July 2019|publisher=Ariana News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704210454/https://ariananews.co/en/afghanistan-provinces/|archive-date=4 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Each province has a governor and a capital. The country is further divided into nearly 400 provincial [[Districts of Afghanistan|districts]], each of which normally covers a city or several villages. Each district is represented by a district governor. The [[list of current governors of Afghanistan|provincial governors]] are now appointed by the [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan]], and the district governors are selected by the provincial governors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/world/asia/for-afghan-officials-prospect-of-death-comes-with-territory.html|title=For Afghan Officials, Prospect of Death Comes With Territory|last=Ahmed|first=Azam|date=8 December 2012|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 April 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019103603/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/world/asia/for-afghan-officials-prospect-of-death-comes-with-territory.html|archive-date=19 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The provincial governors are representatives of the central government in Kabul and are responsible for all administrative and formal issues within their provinces. There are also provincial councils that are elected through direct and general elections for four years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iec.org.af/eng/content.php?id=5&cnid=24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827204439/http://www.iec.org.af/eng/content.php?id=5&cnid=24 |archive-date=27 August 2010 |title=Explaining Elections, Independent Election Commission of Afghanistan |publisher=Iec.org.af | date=9 October 2004 |access-date=4 February 2012}}</ref> The functions of provincial councils are to take part in provincial development planning and to participate in the monitoring and appraisal of other provincial governance institutions. According to article 140 of the constitution and the presidential decree on electoral law, mayors of cities should be elected through free and direct elections for a four-year term. In practice however, mayors are appointed by the government.<ref>{{cite web|title=An Assessment of Afghanistan's Municipal Governance Framework|url=http://webarchive.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412448-An-Assessment-of-Afghanistans-Municipal-Governance-Framework.pdf|access-date=4 July 2019|publisher=Urban Institute Center on International Development and Governance|author1=Jamie Boex|author2=Grace Buencamino|author3=Deborah Kimble|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704193403/http://webarchive.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412448-An-Assessment-of-Afghanistans-Municipal-Governance-Framework.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Afghanistan provinces numbered.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Afghanistan is divided into [[provinces of Afghanistan|34 provinces]], which are further divided into a [[Districts of Afghanistan|number of districts]].]] The 34 provinces in alphabetical order are: {{colbegin|colwidth=15em}} # [[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]] # [[Badghis Province|Badghis]] # [[Baghlan Province|Baghlan]] # [[Balkh Province|Balkh]] # [[Bamyan Province|Bamyan]] # [[Daykundi Province|Daykundi]] # [[Farah Province|Farah]] # [[Faryab Province|Faryab]] # [[Ghazni Province|Ghazni]] # [[Ghor Province|Ghor]] # [[Helmand Province|Helmand]] # [[Herat Province|Herat]] # [[Jowzjan Province|Jowzjan]] # [[Kabul Province|Kabul]] # [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]] # [[Kapisa Province|Kapisa]] # [[Khost Province|Khost]] # [[Kunar Province|Kunar]] # [[Kunduz Province|Kunduz]] # [[Laghman Province|Laghman]] # [[Logar Province|Logar]] # [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]] # [[Nimruz Province|Nimruz]] # [[Nuristan Province|Nuristan]] # [[Oruzgan Province|Oruzgan]] # [[Paktia Province|Paktia]] # [[Paktika Province|Paktika]] # [[Panjshir Province|Panjshir]] # [[Parwan Province|Parwan]] # [[Samangan Province|Samangan]] # [[Sar-e Pol Province|Sar-e Pol]] # [[Takhar Province|Takhar]] # [[Wardak Province|Wardak]] # [[Zabul Province|Zabul]] {{colend}} ===Foreign relations=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Afghanistan}} {{See also|Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)}} Afghanistan became a member of the United Nations in 1946.{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=642}} Historically, Afghanistan had strong relations with Germany, one of the first countries to recognize Afghanistan's independence in 1919; the Soviet Union, which provided much aid and military training for Afghanistan's forces and includes the signing of a Treaty of Friendship in 1921 and 1978; and [[Afghanistan–India relations|India]], with which a friendship treaty was signed in 1950.<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty of Friendship|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6584/Treaty+of+Friendship|access-date=31 December 2020|website=mea.gov.in|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119135256/https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6584/Treaty+of+Friendship|url-status=live}}</ref> Relations with [[Afghanistan–Pakistan relations|Pakistan]] have often been tense for various reasons such as the [[Durand Line]] border issue and alleged Pakistani involvement in Afghan insurgent groups. The present Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is currently internationally [[Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|unrecognized]], but has had notable unofficial ties with [[Afghanistan–China relations|China]], Pakistan, and Qatar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-16/china-enters-high-stakes-relationship-with-post-u-s-afghanistan|title=China Embraces High-Stakes Taliban Relationship as U.S. Exits|date=16 August 2021|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820193617/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-16/china-enters-high-stakes-relationship-with-post-u-s-afghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/7/taliban-afghanistan-international-recognition|title=Taliban still struggling for international recognition|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network]]|first=Ali M|last=Latifi|date=7 October 2021|access-date=15 October 2021|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013140538/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/7/taliban-afghanistan-international-recognition|url-status=live}}</ref> Under the previous Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, it enjoyed cordial relations with a number of [[NATO]] and allied nations, particularly the [[Afghanistan–United States relations|United States]], [[Afghanistan–Canada relations|Canada]], [[Afghanistan–United Kingdom relations|United Kingdom]], [[Afghanistan–Germany relations|Germany]], Australia, and [[Afghanistan–Turkey relations|Turkey]]. In 2012, the United States and the then-republic in Afghanistan signed their [[US–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement|Strategic Partnership Agreement]] in which Afghanistan became a [[major non-NATO ally]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hillary Clinton says Afghanistan 'major non-Nato ally'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18750732|date=7 July 2012|publisher=BBC News|access-date=4 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705181134/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18750732|archive-date=5 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Such qualification was rescinded by US President [[Joe Biden]] in July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mizelle |first1=Shawna |last2=Fossum |first2=Sam |date=7 July 2022 |title=Biden will rescind Afghanistan's designation as a major non-NATO ally |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/06/politics/afghanistan-major-non-nato-ally-designation-biden-rescind/index.html |access-date= |publisher=CNN |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810104553/https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/06/politics/afghanistan-major-non-nato-ally-designation-biden-rescind/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Military=== {{Main|Afghan Armed Forces}} The [[Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] captured a large amount of weapons, hardware, vehicles, aerocrafts, and equipment from the [[Afghan National Security Forces]] following the [[2021 Taliban offensive]] and the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Fall of Kabul]]. The total value of the captured equipment has been estimated at US$83&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 October 2021 |title=White House defends letting billions in military equipment fall into Taliban hands |url=https://news.yahoo.com/white-house-defends-letting-billions-192700107.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012095525/https://news.yahoo.com/white-house-defends-letting-billions-192700107.html |archive-date=12 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Andrzejewski |first=Adam |title=Staggering Costs – U.S. Military Equipment Left Behind In Afghanistan |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamandrzejewski/2021/08/23/staggering-costs--us-military-equipment-left-behind-in-afghanistan/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Forbes |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011181932/https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamandrzejewski/2021/08/23/staggering-costs--us-military-equipment-left-behind-in-afghanistan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Human rights=== {{See also|Human rights in Afghanistan|Women in Afghanistan|LGBT rights in Afghanistan|Treatment of women by the Taliban|Afghan refugees}} Homosexuality is [[taboo]] in Afghan society;<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmadzai |first=Aria |date=7 October 2016 |title=The LGBT community living under threat of death |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36884732 |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121132953/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36884732 |url-status=live }}</ref> according to the Penal Code, homosexual intimacy is punished by up to a year in prison.<ref>{{cite web |title=Afghanistan &#124; Human Dignity Trust |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country-profile/afghanistan/ |website=humandignitytrust.org. |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225749/https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/afghanistan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Under [[Sharia law]] offenders can be [[Death penalty for homosexuality|punished by death]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Fake Life': Being Gay in Afghanistan |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-being-gay-fake-life/28731934.html |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |last1=Bezhan |first1=Frud |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819061502/https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-being-gay-fake-life/28731934.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=LGBT relationships are illegal in 74 countries, research finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/gay-lesbian-bisexual-relationships-illegal-in-74-countries-a7033666.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614095346/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/gay-lesbian-bisexual-relationships-illegal-in-74-countries-a7033666.html |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=3 June 2019 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> However, an ancient tradition involving male homosexual acts between children and older men (typically wealthy warlords or elite people) called ''[[bacha bazi]]'' persists. Religious minorities such as Sikhs,<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ruchi |date=28 March 2020 |title=For Afghan Sikhs, it's between violence and exodus|work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/for-afghan-sikhs-its-between-violence-and-exodus/article31194107.ece |access-date=11 September 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403202634/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/for-afghan-sikhs-its-between-violence-and-exodus/article31194107.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Hindus,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Abed |first2=Fahim |date=19 July 2020 |title=India Offers Escape to Afghan Hindus and Sikhs Facing Attacks|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/19/world/asia/india-afghanistan-sikh-hindu.html |access-date=11 September 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403195219/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/19/world/asia/india-afghanistan-sikh-hindu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and Christians have reportedly faced persecution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lyons |first1=Kate |last2=Blight |first2=Garry |date=27 July 2015 |title=Where in the world is the worst place to be a Christian? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2015/jul/27/where-in-the-world-is-it-worst-place-to-be-a-christian |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425220001/https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2015/jul/27/where-in-the-world-is-it-worst-place-to-be-a-christian |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Afghan clerics call for Christian convert to be killed despite Western outrage |date=23 March 2006 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SY0IM-ZvDtM |publisher=[[AP Archive]] |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426074158/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SY0IM-ZvDtM |url-status=live }}</ref> Since May 2022, all women in Afghanistan have been required by law to wear full-body coverings when in public (either a [[burqa]] or an [[abaya]] paired with a [[niqāb]], which leaves only the eyes uncovered).<ref>{{cite news |last=George |first=Susannah |title=Taliban orders head-to-toe coverings for Afghan women in public |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/07/taliban-orders-head-toe-coverings-afghan-women-public/ |access-date=8 May 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507171800/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/07/taliban-orders-head-toe-coverings-afghan-women-public/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Graham-Harrison |first=Emma |title=Taliban order all Afghan women to cover their faces in public |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/07/taliban-order-all-afghan-women-to-wear-burqa |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514020908/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/07/taliban-order-all-afghan-women-to-wear-burqa |url-status=live }}</ref> First [[Deputy Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Deputy Leader]] [[Sirajuddin Haqqani]] claimed the decree is only advisory and no form of [[hijab]] is compulsory in Afghanistan,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shelley |first1=Jo |last2=Popalzai |first2=Ehsan |last3=Mengli |first3=Ahmet |last4=Picheta |first4=Rob |title=Top Taliban leader makes more promises on women's rights but quips 'naughty women' should stay home |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/18/asia/amanpour-haqqani-taliban-women-interview-intl/index.html |access-date=20 May 2022 |publisher=CNN |date=19 May 2022 |location=Kabul, Afghanistan |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520015009/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/18/asia/amanpour-haqqani-taliban-women-interview-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> though this contradicts the reality.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zucchino |first1=David |last2=Akbary |first2=Yaqoob |title=The Taliban Pressure Women in Afghanistan to Cover Up |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/21/world/asia/taliban-afghanistan-women-hijab.html |access-date=22 May 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=21 May 2022 |location=Kabul, Afghanistan |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522011038/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/21/world/asia/taliban-afghanistan-women-hijab.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It has been speculated that there is a genuine internal policy division over women's rights between hardliners, including leader Hibatullah Akhundzada, and pragmatists, though they publicly present a united front.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gannon |first1=Kathy |title=Taliban divisions deepen as Afghan women defy veil edict |url=https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-religion-kabul-taliban-aec1a4bb5dc2a91fc19954093a5595e0 |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=[[Associated Press News]] |date=8 May 2022 |location=Kabul, Afghanistan |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520015011/https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-religion-kabul-taliban-aec1a4bb5dc2a91fc19954093a5595e0 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another decree was issued shortly after the first, requiring female TV presenters to cover their faces during broadcasts.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fraser |first1=Simon |title=Afghanistan's female TV presenters must cover their faces, say Taliban |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-61508072 |access-date=20 May 2022 |publisher=BBC News |date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520005817/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-61508072 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the Taliban takeover, suicides among women have become more common, and the country could now be one of the few where the rate of suicide among women surpasses that among men.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nader |first=Zahra |title='Despair is settling in': female suicides on rise in Taliban's Afghanistan | website=The Guardian | date=28 August 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/28/despair-is-settling-in-female-suicides-on-rise-in-talibans-afghanistan |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Thoms |first=Silja |title=How the Taliban are violating women's rights in Afghanistan |website=DW |date=8 July 2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-the-taliban-are-violating-womens-rights-in-afghanistan/a-66143514 |access-date=28 August 2023 |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828120349/https://www.dw.com/en/how-the-taliban-are-violating-womens-rights-in-afghanistan/a-66143514 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Rabia |last=Ali |title=Activists sound alarm over surge in suicides among Afghan women |website=Anadolu Ajansı |date=1 August 2023 |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/activists-sound-alarm-over-surge-in-suicides-among-afghan-women/2959080 |access-date=28 August 2023 |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828120350/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/activists-sound-alarm-over-surge-in-suicides-among-afghan-women/2959080 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2022, the Taliban dissolved Afghanistan's Human Rights Commission along with four other government departments, citing the country's budget deficit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban dissolves Afghanistan's human rights commission as 'unnecessary' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/17/taliban-dissolves-afghanistans-human-rights-commission-as-unnecessary |access-date=20 May 2022 |agency=Reuters |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 May 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521122935/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/17/taliban-dissolves-afghanistans-human-rights-commission-as-unnecessary |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Economy== {{Main|Economy of Afghanistan}} [[File:Afghan pomegranate processing.jpg|thumb|Workers processing [[pomegranate production in Afghanistan|pomegranates]] (''anaar''), for which Afghanistan is famous in Asia]] Afghanistan's nominal GDP was $20.1&nbsp;billion in 2020, or $81&nbsp;billion by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP).<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=Afghanistan|publisher=International Monetary Fund|access-date=1 May 2023|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501160206/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Its [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per capita]] is $2,459 (PPP) and $611 by nominal.<ref name="imf2"/> Despite having $1&nbsp;trillion or more in mineral deposits,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-12-15/karzai-tells-investors-u-s-will-meet-his-security-pact-demands|title=Karzai Woos India Inc. as Delay on U.S. Pact Deters Billions|first=Kartikay|last=Mehrotra|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=16 December 2013|access-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011222703/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-12-15/karzai-tells-investors-u-s-will-meet-his-security-pact-demands|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> it remains one of the world's [[least developed countries]]. Afghanistan's rough physical geography and its landlocked status has been cited as reasons why the country has always been among the least developed in the modern era – a factor where progress is also slowed by contemporary conflict and political instability.<ref name="Fisher-2002"/> The country imports over $7&nbsp;billion worth of goods but exports only $784&nbsp;million, mainly fruits and [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]]. It has $2.8&nbsp;billion in [[external debt]].<ref name="Factbook"/> The service sector contributed the most to the GDP (55.9%) followed by agriculture (23%) and industry (21.1%).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/214.html|title=Field Listing :: GDP – composition, by sector of origin – The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111214540/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/214.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Da Afghanistan Bank]] serves as the central bank of the nation<ref>{{Cite web| title = Interest Rate Cut in Place, Says Central Bank| work = TOLOnews| access-date = 28 May 2019| url = https://www.tolonews.com/business/interest-rate-cut-place-says-central-bank| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190704193402/https://www.tolonews.com/business/interest-rate-cut-place-says-central-bank| archive-date = 4 July 2019| url-status = live}}</ref> and the [[Afghan afghani|Afghani]] (AFN) is the national currency, with an exchange rate of about 75 Afghanis to 1 US dollar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Afghani Falls Against Dollar By 3% In A Month|url=https://www.tolonews.com/business/afghani-falls-against-dollar-3-month|publisher=TOLOnews|date=18 April 2019|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419141610/https://www.tolonews.com/business/afghani-falls-against-dollar-3-month|archive-date=19 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A number of local and foreign banks operate in the country, including the [[Afghanistan International Bank]], [[New Kabul Bank]], [[Azizi Bank]], [[Pashtany Bank]], [[Standard Chartered Bank]], and the [[First MicroFinance Bank-Afghanistan|First Micro Finance Bank]]. [[File:Afghan carpets being sold.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Afghan rugs]] are one of Afghanistan's main exports.]] One of the main drivers for the current economic recovery is the return of over 5&nbsp;million [[Afghan diaspora|expatriates]], who brought with them entrepreneurship and wealth-creating skills as well as much needed funds to start up businesses. Many Afghans are now involved in construction, which is one of the largest industries in the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/world/asia/08contract.html |title=Afghan Companies Say U.S. Did Not Pay Them |work=The New York Times|first=Carlotta |last=Gall | date=7 July 2010 |access-date=30 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402005151/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/world/asia/08contract.html |archive-date=2 April 2013 }}</ref> Some of the major national construction projects include the $35&nbsp;billion New Kabul City next to the capital, the Aino Mena project in Kandahar, and the [[Ghazi Amanullah Khan Town]] near Jalalabad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dcda.gov.af/ |title=DCDA {{!}} Welcome to our Official Website |publisher=dcda.gov.af |access-date=4 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233634/http://www.dcda.gov.af/|archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.najeebzarab.af/town_main.php |title=::Welcome to Ghazi Amanullah Khan Website:: |year=2009 |publisher=najeebzarab.af |access-date=15 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429180506/http://www.najeebzarab.af/town_main.php |archive-date=29 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.designmena.com/portfolio/aino-mina |title=Case study: Aino Mina |publisher=Designmena |first1= Oliver |last1=Ephgrave |year=2011 |access-date=4 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106003655/http://www.designmena.com/portfolio/aino-mina|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> Similar development projects have also begun in [[Herat]], [[Mazar-e-Sharif]], and other cities.<ref>"[https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/02/mazar-i-sharif-khaled-amiri-opinions-21-century-cities-09-ann-marlowe.html A Humane Afghan City?]" by Ann Marlowe. ''[[Forbes]]''. 2 September 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001216/http://www.forbes.com/2009/09/02/mazar-i-sharif-khaled-amiri-opinions-21-century-cities-09-ann-marlowe.html | date=31 December 2013 }}.</ref> An estimated 400,000 people enter the labor market each year.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Michael Sprague |title=Afghanistan country profile |url=https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1871/01%20Country%20Profile%20FINAL%20July%202016.pdf |website=USAID |access-date=23 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501062352/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1871/01%20Country%20Profile%20FINAL%20July%202016.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several small companies and factories began operating in different parts of the country, which not only provide revenues to the government but also create new jobs. Improvements to the business environment have resulted in more than $1.5&nbsp;billion in [[Telecommunications|telecom]] investment and created more than 100,000 jobs since 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/economic_growth#Tab=Description |title=Economic growth |publisher=USAID Afghanistan |access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929082351/http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/economic_growth |archive-date=29 September 2013}}</ref> [[Afghan rug]]s are becoming popular again, allowing many carpet dealers around the country to hire more workers; in 2016–17 it was the fourth most exported group of items.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-carpets-idUKKBN1HI2VL|title=Sales of Afghanistan's renowned carpets unravel as war intensifies |work=Reuters |date=12 April 2018 |last1=Nickel |first1=Rod |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200612214646/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-carpets-idUKKBN1HI2VL |archive-date= 12 June 2020 }}</ref> Afghanistan is a member of [[WTO]], [[SAARC]], [[Economic Cooperation Organization|ECO]], and [[OIC]]. It holds an observer status in [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]]. In 2018, a majority of imports come from either Iran, China, Pakistan and Kazakhstan, while 84% of exports are to Pakistan and India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/AFG/Year/LTST/TradeFlow/EXPIMP/Partner/by-country |title= Afghanistan trade balance, exports and imports by country 2019 |website=World Integrated Trade Solution |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> Since the Taliban's takeover of the country in August 2021, the United States has [[Afghan frozen assets|frozen about $9&nbsp;billion]] in assets belonging to the [[Da Afghanistan Bank|Afghan central bank]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban blames U.S. as 1 million Afghan kids face death by starvation |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/afghanistan-taliban-blames-us-as-1-million-kids-face-starvation/ |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=20 October 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712011202/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/afghanistan-taliban-blames-us-as-1-million-kids-face-starvation/ |archive-date= 12 July 2023 }}</ref> blocking the Taliban from accessing billions of dollars held in US bank accounts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is the United States Driving Afghanistan Toward Famine? |url=https://messaging-custom-newsletters.nytimes.com/template/oakv2?campaign_id=30&emc=edit_int_20211029&instance_id=44044&nl=the-interpreter&productCode=INT&regi_id=57806557&segment_id=72971&te=1&uri=nyt%3A%2F%2Fnewsletter%2Fde4d3c8a-f805-5843-bf23-d2fd9a6bcf70&user_id=9aa4b6ac6a6bfa9626d966e353fed48b |work=The Interpreter |date=29 October 2021 |first1=Max |last1=Fisher |first2=Amanda |last2=Taub |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032707/https://messaging-custom-newsletters.nytimes.com/template/oakv2?campaign_id=30&emc=edit_int_20211029&instance_id=44044&nl=the-interpreter&productCode=INT&regi_id=57806557&segment_id=72971&te=1&uri=nyt%3A%2F%2Fnewsletter%2Fde4d3c8a-f805-5843-bf23-d2fd9a6bcf70&user_id=9aa4b6ac6a6bfa9626d966e353fed48b |archive-date= 26 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan's hunger crisis is a problem the U.S. can fix |url=https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/afghanistan-s-hunger-crisis-problem-u-s-can-fix-n1283618 |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |date=10 November 2021}}</ref> The [[Economy of Afghanistan|GDP of Afghanistan]] is estimated to have dropped by 20% following the Taliban return to power. Following this, after months of free-fall, the Afghan economy began stabilizing, as a result of the Taliban's restrictions on smuggled imports, limits on banking transactions, and UN aid. In 2023, the Afghan economy began seeing signs of revival. This has also been followed by stable exchange rates, low inflation, stable revenue collection, and the rise of trade in exports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two Years into Taliban Rule, New Shocks Weaken Afghan Economy |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/08/two-years-taliban-rule-new-shocks-weaken-afghan-economy |access-date=16 August 2023 |publisher=United States Institute of Peace}}</ref> In the third quarter of 2023, the [[Afghan afghani|Afghani]] rose to be the best performing currency in the world, climbing over 9% against the [[United States dollar|US dollar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2023 |title=Taliban Controls the World's Best Performing Currency This Quarter|work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-25/taliban-controls-world-s-best-performing-currency-this-quarter |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref> ===Agriculture=== [[File:Afghan Saffron.jpg|thumb|Afghan [[saffron]]]] Agricultural production is the backbone of Afghanistan's economy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/agriculture |title=Agriculture |publisher=USAID |access-date=23 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929082220/http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/agriculture |archive-date=29 September 2013 }}</ref> and has traditionally dominated the economy, employing about 40% of the workforce as of 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/afghanistan/publication/unlocking-potential-of-agriculture-for-afghanistan-growth |title=Unlocking the Potential of Agriculture for Afghanistan's Growth|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> The country is known for producing [[pomegranate production in Afghanistan|pomegranates]], grapes, apricots, melons, and several other fresh and dry fruits. Afghanistan also became the world's top producer of [[cannabis]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-cannabis-idUSTRE62U0IC20100331|title=Afghanistan now world's top cannabis source: U.N. |work=Reuters |date=31 March 2010 |last=Burch |first=Jonathon}}</ref> In March 2023, however, cannabis production was banned by a decree from Hibatullah Akhundzada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sultan |first=Abid |title=Taliban leader bans cannabis cultivation in Afghanistan |url=https://www.trtworld.com/asia/taliban-leader-bans-cannabis-cultivation-in-afghanistan-66283 |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=Taliban leader bans cannabis cultivation in Afghanistan}}</ref> [[Saffron]], the most expensive spice, grows in Afghanistan, particularly [[Herat Province]]. In recent years, there has been an uptick in saffron production, which authorities and farmers are using to try to replace poppy cultivation. Between 2012 and 2019, the saffron cultivated and produced in Afghanistan was consecutively ranked the world's best by the International Taste and Quality Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1602281/world|title=Afghanistan's red gold 'saffron' termed world's best|date=22 December 2019|website=Arab News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/28053-afghan-saffron-worlds-best|title=Afghan Saffron, World's Best|website=TOLOnews}}</ref> Production hit record high in 2019 (19,469&nbsp;kg of saffron), and one kilogram is sold domestically between $634 and $1147.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/25/c_138657013.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228193104/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/25/c_138657013.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2019|title=Saffron production hits record high in Afghanistan|agency=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref> The availability of cheap diesel-powered water pumps imported from China and Pakistan, and in the 2010s, of cheap solar power to pump water, resulted in expansion of agriculture and population in the southwestern deserts of Afghanistan in [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]], [[Helmand Province|Helmand]] and [[Nimruz Province|Nimruz]] provinces in the 2010s. Wells have gradually been deepened, but water resources are limited. Opium is the major crop, but as of 2022, was under attack by the new Taliban government which, to suppress opium production, was systematically suppressing water pumping.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Bryan Denton |author2=David Zucchino |author3=Yaqoob Akbary |title=Green Energy Complicates the Taliban's New Battle Against Opium: The multibillion-dollar trade has survived previous bans. Now, the Taliban are going after solar-powered water pumps to try to dry up poppy crops in the middle of a national economic crisis. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/29/world/asia/afghanistan-opium-taliban.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=29 May 2022|quote=Do not destroy the fields, but make the fields dry out.... We are committed to fulfilling the opium decree.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=David Mansfield |title=When the Water Runs Dry: What is to be done with the 1.5 million settlers in the deserts of southwest Afghanistan when their livelihoods fail? |url=https://areu.org.af/when-the-water-runs-dry/ |website=areu.org.af |publisher=The Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) |access-date=29 May 2022 |date=23 May 2022}}</ref> In a 2023 report, poppy cultivation in southern Afghanistan was reduced by over 80% as a result of Taliban campaigns to stop its use toward opium. This included a 99% reduction of opium growth in the [[Helmand Province]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2023 |title=Poppy Cultivation in South of Afghanistan Down by 80%: Report |pages=1 |work=ToloNews |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-183684 |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref> In November 2023, a U.N report showed that in the entirety of Afghanistan, poppy cultivation dropped by over 95%, removing it from its place as being the world's largest opium producer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghan opium poppy cultivation plunges by 95 percent under Taliban: UN |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/5/afghan-opium-poppy-cultivation-plunges-by-95-percent-under-taliban-un |access-date=7 November 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2023 |title=Opium cultivation declines by 95 per cent in Afghanistan: UN survey {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143232 |access-date=7 November 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> ===Mining=== {{Main|Mining in Afghanistan}} [[File:Lapis Lazuli from Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|[[Lapis lazuli]] stones]] The country's natural resources include: coal, copper, iron ore, [[lithium]], [[uranium]], [[rare earth element]]s, [[chromite]], gold, [[zinc]], [[talc]], [[barite]], [[sulfur]], lead, [[marble]], precious and [[semi-precious stones]], natural gas, and petroleum.<ref name="peters2007">{{cite tech report |last=Peters |first=Steven G. |title=Preliminary Assessment of Non-Fuel Mineral Resources of Afghanistan, 2007 |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3063/fs2007-3063.pdf |publisher=USGS Afghanistan Project/[[US Geological Survey]]/Afghanistan Geological Survey |access-date=13 October 2011 |id=Fact Sheet 2007–3063 | date=October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727053445/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3063/fs2007-3063.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2013 }}</ref><ref name="bgs" /> In 2010, US and Afghan government officials estimated that untapped mineral deposits located in 2007 by the [[US Geological Survey]] are worth at least {{nowrap|$1 trillion}}.<ref name="bbcminerals">{{cite news |title=Afghans say US team found huge potential mineral wealth |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10311752 |access-date=13 October 2011 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809125352/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10311752 |archive-date=9 August 2013}}</ref> [[Michael E. O'Hanlon]] of the [[Brookings Institution]] estimated that if Afghanistan generates about $10&nbsp;billion per year from its [[mining in Afghanistan|mineral deposits]], its [[gross national product]] would double and provide long-term funding for critical needs.<ref>O'Hanlon, Michael E. [http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0616_afghanistan_minerals_ohanlon.aspx "Deposits Could Aid Ailing Afghanistan"] ({{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923172142/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0616_afghanistan_minerals_ohanlon.aspx |date=23 September 2011 }}), [[The Brookings Institution]], 16 June 2010.</ref> The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) estimated in 2006 that northern Afghanistan has an average {{convert|2.9|e9oilbbl|e6m3|abbr=unit|order=flip}} of [[crude oil]], {{convert|15.7|e12cuft|abbr=unit|order=flip}} of natural gas, and {{convert|562|e6USbbl|e9L|0|abbr=unit|order=flip}} of [[natural gas liquids]].<ref>{{cite tech report|last=Klett |first=T.R. |title=Assessment of Undiscovered Petroleum Resources of Northern Afghanistan, 2006 |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3031/pdf/FS-3031.pdf |publisher=USGS-Afghanistan Ministry of Mines & Industry Joint Oil & Gas Resource Assessment Team |access-date=13 October 2011 | date=March 2006 |id=Fact Sheet 2006–3031|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727060903/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3031/pdf/FS-3031.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2013 }}</ref> In 2011, Afghanistan signed an oil exploration contract with [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] (CNPC) for the development of three oil fields along the Amu Darya river in the north.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://ph.news.yahoo.com/afghanistan-signs-7-bn-oil-deal-china-102107778.html |title=Afghanistan signs '$7 bn' oil deal with China | date=28 December 2011 |access-date=29 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233953/http://ph.news.yahoo.com/afghanistan-signs-7-bn-oil-deal-china-102107778.html |archive-date=30 December 2013 }}</ref> The country has significant amounts of [[lithium]], copper, gold, coal, iron ore, and other [[minerals]].<ref name=peters2007 /><ref name="bgs">{{cite web |url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/AfghanMinerals/docs/Gold_A4.pdf#search='gold%20and%20copper%20discovered%20in%20afghanistan'|title=Minerals in Afghanistan |publisher=[[British Geological Survey]] |access-date=4 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726155518/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/AfghanMinerals/docs/Gold_A4.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uvm.edu/ieds/node/568/ |title=Afghanistan's Mineral Fortune |publisher=Institute for Environmental Diplomacy and Security Report |year=2011 |access-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212153853/http://www.uvm.edu/ieds/node/568 |archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref> The [[Khanashin]] [[carbonatite]] in Helmand Province contains {{convert|1000000|t|lk=out}} of [[rare earth element]]s.<ref>{{cite tech report|last=Tucker |first=Ronald D. |title=Rare Earth Element Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Preliminary Resource Assessment of the Khanneshin Carbonatite Complex, Helmand Province, Afghanistan |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1207/pdf/ofr2011-1207.pdf |publisher=USGS |access-date=13 October 2011 |year=2011 |id=Open-File Report 2011–1207|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727062511/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1207/pdf/ofr2011-1207.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2013}}</ref> In 2007, a 30-year lease was granted for the [[Mes Aynak#Copper Mine|Aynak]] copper mine to the [[China Metallurgical Group]] for $3&nbsp;billion,<ref>"[http://www.dailyfinance.com/2010/06/14/china-us-afghanistan-mineral-mining/ China, Not U.S., Likely to Benefit from Afghanistan's Mineral Riches]". ''Daily Finance''. 14 June 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001630/http://www.dailyfinance.com/2010/06/14/china-us-afghanistan-mineral-mining/ |date=31 December 2013}}</ref> making it the biggest foreign investment and private business venture in Afghanistan's history.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/world/asia/30mine.html |title=China Willing to Spend Big on Afghan Commerce |work=The New York Times |date=29 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731145815/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/world/asia/30mine.html |archive-date=31 July 2011}}</ref> The state-run [[Steel Authority of India]] won the mining rights to develop the huge [[Hajigak Pass|Hajigak]] iron ore deposit in central Afghanistan.<ref>"[http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-12-06/indian-group-wins-rights-to-mine-in-afghanistan-s-hajigak.html Indian Group Wins Rights to Mine in Afghanistan's Hajigak]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010060446/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-12-06/indian-group-wins-rights-to-mine-in-afghanistan-s-hajigak.html |date=10 October 2013}}). ''Businessweek''. 6 December 2011</ref> Government officials estimate that 30% of the country's untapped mineral deposits are worth at least {{nowrap|$1 trillion}}.<ref name=bbcminerals /> One official asserted that "this will become the backbone of the Afghan economy" and a Pentagon memo stated that Afghanistan could become the "Saudi Arabia of lithium".<ref>{{cite news|last=Risen|first=James|author-link=James Risen|date=17 June 2010|title=U.S. Identifies Vast Riches of Minerals in Afghanistan|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/world/asia/14minerals.html|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617204149/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/world/asia/14minerals.html|archive-date=17 June 2010}}</ref> The lithium reserves of 21 Mio. tons could amount to the ones of [[Bolivia]], which is currently viewed as the country with the largest lithium reserves.<ref name="Hosp-2021">{{Cite news|last=Hosp|first=Gerald|date=31 August 2021|title=Afghanistan: die konfliktreichen Bodenschätze|url=https://www.nzz.ch/wirtschaft/afghanistan-die-konfliktreichen-bodenschaetze-ld.1642056|access-date=1 September 2021|website=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]]|language=de}}</ref> Other larger deposits are the ones of [[bauxite]] and [[cobalt]].<ref name="Hosp-2021" /> Access to [[biocapacity]] in Afghanistan is lower than world average. In 2016, Afghanistan had 0.43 global hectares<ref name=footprintdata>{{cite web|url=http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=2&type=BCpc,EFCpc|title=Country Trends|publisher=Global Footprint Network|access-date= 23 June 2020}}</ref> of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=David|last2=Hanscom|first2=Laurel|last3=Murthy|first3=Adeline|last4=Galli|first4=Alessandro|last5=Evans|first5=Mikel|last6=Neill|first6=Evan|last7=Mancini|first7=MariaSerena|last8=Martindill|first8=Jon|last9=Medouar|first9=FatimeZahra|last10=Huang|first10=Shiyu|last11=Wackernagel |first11=Mathis|year=2018|title=Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018|journal=Resources|volume=7|issue=3|pages=58|doi=10.3390/resources7030058|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2016 Afghanistan used 0.73 global hectares of biocapacity per person—their [[ecological footprint]] of consumption. This means they use just under double as much biocapacity as Afghanistan contains. As a result, Afghanistan is running a biocapacity deficit.<ref name=footprintdata/> In September 2023, the [[Taliban]] signed mining contracts worth {{nowrap|$6.5 billion}}, with extractions based on gold, iron, lead, and zinc in the provinces of Herat, Ghor, Logar, and Takhar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2023 |title=Taliban Sign Multibillion-Dollar Afghan Mining Deals |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-sign-multibillion-dollar-afghan-mining-deals/7249135.html |access-date=1 July 2024 |publisher=Voice of America}}</ref> ===Energy=== {{Main|Energy in Afghanistan|Renewable energy in Afghanistan}} [[File:Afghanistan electricity production.svg|thumb|Afghanistan electricity supply (1980–2019)]] According to the [[World Bank]], 98% of the rural population have access to electricity in 2018, up from 28% in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) – Afghanistan {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.RU.ZS?end=2018&locations=AF&start=2005&view=chart|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Overall the figure stands at 98.7%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?end=2018&locations=AF&start=2005&view=chart|title=Access to electricity (% of population) – Afghanistan|publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> As of 2016, Afghanistan produces 1,400 [[megawatt]]s of power, but still imports the majority of electricity via transmission lines from Iran and the Central Asian states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tolonews.com/business/afghanistan-has-capacity-produce-310000mw-power|title=Afghanistan Has Capacity To Produce 310,000MW Power|website=TOLOnews}}</ref> The majority of electricity production is via [[hydropower]], helped by the amount of rivers and streams that flow from the mountains.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/05/14/largest-plant-restarts-operations-in-first-step-developing-afghanistan-hydropower|title=Afghanistan Resurrects its Largest Hydropower Plant Toward a Brighter Future|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> However electricity is not always reliable and blackouts happen, including in Kabul.<ref name="Afghanistan Analysts Network – English-2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/economy-development-environment/power-to-the-people-how-to-extend-afghans-access-to-electricity/|title=Power to the People: How to extend Afghans' access to electricity|date=3 February 2015|website=Afghanistan Analysts Network – English}}</ref> In recent years an increasing number of [[Solar power|solar]], [[biomass]] and wind power plants have been constructed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.af.undp.org/content/afghanistan/en/home/presscenter/IntheNews/renewable-energy-in-afghanistan-atn.html|title=The Power of Nature: How Renewable Energy is Changing Lives in Afghanistan|website=UNDP in Afghanistan|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414230313/https://www.af.undp.org/content/afghanistan/en/home/presscenter/IntheNews/renewable-energy-in-afghanistan-atn.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Currently under development are the [[CASA-1000]] project which will transmit electricity from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, and the [[Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India pipeline|Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India]] (TAPI) gas pipeline.<ref name="Afghanistan Analysts Network – English-2015"/> Power is managed by the [[Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat]] (DABS, Afghanistan Electricity Company). Important dams include the [[Kajaki Dam]], [[Dahla Dam]], and the [[Sardeh Band Dam]].<ref name="afghanistans.com-1"/> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Afghanistan}} [[File:Contrasts (4292970991).jpg|thumb|[[Band-e Amir National Park]]]] Tourism is a small industry in Afghanistan due to security issues. Nevertheless, some 20,000 foreign tourists visit the country annually as of 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2016/09/27/20000-foreign-tourists-visit-afghanistan-annually |title=20,000 foreign tourists visit Afghanistan annually |publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News (PAN) |editor=Navid Ahmad Barakzai |date=27 September 2016 |access-date=15 May 2017 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123022923/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2016/09/27/20000-foreign-tourists-visit-afghanistan-annually |url-status=dead }}</ref> In particular an important region for domestic and international tourism is the picturesque [[Bamyan]] Valley, which includes lakes, canyons and historical sites, helped by the fact it is in a safe area away from insurgent activity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/coronavirus-shatters-tourism-hopes-in-afghanistan-s-bamyan-province-1.1011018|title=Coronavirus shatters tourism hopes in Afghanistan's Bamyan province|website=The National|date=26 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2017/09/03/more-200000-tourists-visit-bamyan-year|title=More than 200,000 tourists visit Bamyan this year|website=pajhwok.com|date=3 September 2017|last1=Basharat|first1=Hakim}}</ref> Smaller numbers visit and trek in regions such as the [[Wakhan]] Valley, which is also one of the world's most remote communities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/2154951/where-instagramers-and-taliban-play-afghanistan|title=Where Instagramers and Taliban play|date=14 July 2018|website=South China Morning Post}}</ref> From the late 1960s onwards, Afghanistan was a popular stop on the famous [[hippie trail]], attracting many Europeans and Americans. Coming from Iran, the trail traveled through various Afghan provinces and cities including [[Herat]], [[Kandahar]] and [[Kabul]] before crossing to northern Pakistan, northern India, and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail.htm|title= Origins of the hippie trail|website= richardgregory.org.uk|access-date= 13 June 2020|archive-date= 11 November 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215149/https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail-03.htm |title=The hippie trail |website=richardgregory.org.uk |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308185419/https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail-03.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tourism peaked in 1977, the year before the start of political instability and armed conflict.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/middle-east/afghanistan/articles/when-afghanistan-was-just-the-laid-back-highlight-on-the-hippie-/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/middle-east/afghanistan/articles/when-afghanistan-was-just-the-laid-back-highlight-on-the-hippie-/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=When Afghanistan was just a laid-back highlight on the hippie trail|first=Oliver|last= Smith|website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=20 April 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[File:Jam afghanistan ghorprovince islamic architecture.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Minaret of Jam]], a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]]] The city of [[Ghazni]] has significant history and historical sites, and together with [[Bamyan]] city have in recent years been voted Islamic Cultural Capital and South Asia Cultural Capital respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/context-culture/bamyan-first-ever-cultural-capital-of-south-asia-a-big-party-but-what-else/|title=Bamyan, First Ever Cultural Capital of South Asia: A big party, but what else?|date=8 June 2015|website=Afghanistan Analysts Network – English}}</ref> The cities of [[Herat]], [[Kandahar]], [[Balkh]], and [[Zaranj]] are also very historic. The [[Minaret of Jam]] in the [[Hari River, Afghanistan|Hari River]] valley is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. A cloak reputedly worn by Islam's prophet [[Muhammad]] is kept in the [[Shrine of the Cloak]] in Kandahar, a city founded by [[Alexander the Great]] and the first capital of Afghanistan. The [[citadel of Alexander]] in the western city of Herat has been renovated in recent years and is a popular attraction. In the north of the country is the [[Shrine of Ali]], believed by many to be the location where [[Ali]] was buried.{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=115}} The [[National Museum of Afghanistan]] in Kabul hosts a large number of Buddhist, [[Bactria]]n Greek and early Islamic antiquities; the museum suffered greatly by civil war but has been slowly restoring since the early 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20200203-the-afghan-artefacts-that-survived-taliban-destruction|title=The Afghan artefacts that survived Taliban destruction|first=Ruchi|last=Kumar|publisher=[[BBC Travel]]}}</ref> Unexpectedly, tourism has seen improvement in Afghanistan following the Taliban takeover. Active efforts by the Taliban encouraged tourism to increase from 691 tourists in 2021, to 2,300 in 2022, to 5,200 in 2023, with some estimates of between 7,000 and 10,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2024 |title=The Taliban are working to woo tourists to Afghanistan |url=https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-taliban-tourism-women-7acb04bb78dd779e763a337790113cec |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=AP News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Photos: Tourist numbers up in post-war Afghanistan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2024/4/2/tourist-numbers-up-in-post-war-afghanistan |access-date=1 July 2024 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='A remarkable development': How Western tourism is on the rise in this controversial nation |url=https://news.sky.com/story/a-remarkable-development-how-western-tourism-is-on-the-rise-in-afghanistan-13087329 |access-date=1 July 2024 |publisher=Sky News}}</ref> This is, however, threatened by the [[Islamic State – Khorasan Province]], who took responsibility for attacks on tourists, such as the [[2024 Bamyan shooting]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2024 |title=Attack on tourists rocks fledgling Afghanistan tourism sector |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240520-attack-on-tourists-rocks-fledgling-afghanistan-tourism-sector |access-date=1 July 2024 |publisher=France 24}}</ref> ===Communication=== {{Main|Communications in Afghanistan}} Telecommunication services in Afghanistan are provided by [[Afghan Telecom]], [[Afghan Wireless]], [[Etisalat]], [[MTN Group]], and [[Roshan (telco)|Roshan]]. The country uses its own space [[satellite]] called [[Afghansat 1]], which provides services to millions of phone, internet, and television subscribers. By 2001 following years of civil war, telecommunications was virtually a non-existent sector, but by 2016 it had grown to a $2&nbsp;billion industry, with 22&nbsp;million mobile phone subscribers and 5&nbsp;million internet users. The sector employs at least 120,000 people nationwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afghanistanembassy.org.uk/english/3155/|title=Connecting Afghanistan: The rise of technology in governance and society – The Embassy of Afghanistan in London|website=afghanistanembassy.org.uk|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121125742/http://afghanistanembassy.org.uk/english/3155/|archive-date=21 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Transportation=== {{Main|Transport in Afghanistan}} {{See also|List of airports in Afghanistan|Rail transport in Afghanistan}} [[File:Françoise Foliot - Afghanistan 043.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Salang Tunnel]]]] Due to Afghanistan's geography, transport between various parts of the country has historically been difficult. The backbone of Afghanistan's road network is [[Highway 1 (Afghanistan)|Highway 1]], often called the "Ring Road", which extends for {{convert|2210|km}} and connects five major cities: Kabul, Ghazni, Kandahar, Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/going-in-circles-the-never-ending-story-of-afghanistans-unfinished-ring-road/|title=Going in Circles: The never-ending story of Afghanistan's unfinished Ring Road|publisher=Afghanistan Analysts Network|author=Qayoom Suroush|date=16 January 2015|access-date=7 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707120451/https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/going-in-circles-the-never-ending-story-of-afghanistans-unfinished-ring-road/|archive-date=7 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> with spurs to Kunduz and Jalalabad and various border crossings, while skirting around the mountains of the Hindu Kush.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29bg7g1U6coC&pg=PA118|title=The Geography and Politics of Afghanistan|first=Ramamoorthy|last=Gopalakrishnan|date=13 June 1982|publisher=Concept Publishing Company}}</ref> The Ring Road is crucially important for domestic and international trade and the economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/economy-development-environment/going-in-circles-the-never-ending-story-of-afghanistans-unfinished-ring-road/|title=Going in Circles: The never-ending story of Afghanistan's unfinished Ring Road|date=16 January 2015|website=Afghanistan Analysts Network – English}}</ref> A key portion of the Ring Road is the [[Salang Tunnel]], completed in 1964, which facilitates travel through the Hindu Kush mountain range and connects northern and southern Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cary Gladstone|title=Afghanistan Revisited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aH_KCWVB6W0C&pg=PA122|year=2001|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-421-8|page=122}}</ref> It is the only land route that connects Central Asia to the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-46016020100209 |title=Afghan avalanches kill dozens, trap hundreds |date=9 February 2010 |work=Reuters |last=Azimy |first=Yousuf}}</ref> Several mountain passes allow travel between the Hindu Kush in other areas. Serious traffic accidents are common on Afghan roads and highways, particularly on the [[Kabul–Kandahar Highway|Kabul–Kandahar]] and the [[Kabul–Jalalabad Road]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/26/afghan-bus-crash |title=Afghan bus crash kills 45 |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=26 April 2013 |access-date=4 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105002154/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/26/afghan-bus-crash |archive-date=5 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Traveling by bus in Afghanistan remains dangerous due to militant activities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Driving in Afghanistan|url=http://caravanistan.com/transport/driving/afghanistan/|website=Caravanistan|access-date=22 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904001045/http://caravanistan.com/transport/driving/afghanistan/|archive-date=4 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Ariana Afghan A310-300 F-GEMO.jpg|thumb|An [[Ariana Afghan Airlines]] [[Airbus A310]] in 2006]] Air transport in Afghanistan is provided by the national carrier, [[Ariana Afghan Airlines]],<ref>{{cite news |title=EU To Impose Ban on Afghan Planes |url=http://news.airwise.com/story/view/1290466447.html |publisher=Airwise News |date=22 November 2010 |quote=Kabul-based [[Safi Airways|Safi]] is the country's No. 2 airline after national carrier Ariana Afghan Airlines |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524011714/http://news.airwise.com/story/view/1290466447.html |archive-date=24 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and by the private company [[Kam Air]]. Airlines from a number of countries also provide flights in and out of the country. These include [[Air India]], [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]], [[Gulf Air]], [[Iran Aseman Airlines]], [[Pakistan International Airlines]], and [[Turkish Airlines]]. The country has four international airports: [[Kabul International Airport]] (formerly Hamid Karzai International Airport), [[Kandahar International Airport]], [[Herat International Airport]], and [[Mazar-e Sharif International Airport]]. Including domestic airports, there are 43.<ref name="Factbook"/> [[Bagram Air Base]] is a major military airfield. The country has three rail links: one, a {{convert|75|km|adj=on}} line from [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] to the [[Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge|Uzbekistan border]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/hairatan-to-mazar-i-sharif/|title=Hairatan to Mazar-i-Sharif railway – Railways of Afghanistan|website=andrewgrantham.co.uk|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224182253/http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/hairatan-to-mazar-i-sharif/|archive-date=24 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a {{convert|10|km|adj=on}} long line from [[Toraghundi]] to the [[Turkmenistan]] border (where it continues as part of [[Turkmen Railways]]); and a short link from [[Aqina]] across the Turkmen border to [[Kerki]], which is planned to be extended further across Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2016/11/28/afghan-turkmenistan-railroad-inaugurated|title=Afghan-Turkmenistan railroad inaugurated|website=pajhwok.com|date=28 November 2016|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512234058/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2016/11/28/afghan-turkmenistan-railroad-inaugurated|archive-date=12 May 2017|url-status=live|last1=Salehai|first1=Zarghona}}</ref> These lines are used for freight only and there is no passenger service. A rail line between [[Khaf, Iran|Khaf]], Iran and [[Herat]], western Afghanistan, intended for both freight and passengers, was under construction as of 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.azernews.az/region/135859.html |title=Khaf-Herat railroad to be launched in Iran soon |date=7 August 2018 |quote="Iran-Afghanistan railway networks through Khaf-Herat Railroad will be completed in the next few months," Yazdani said, according to Mehr news agency on 3 August |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928003514/https://www.azernews.az/region/135859.html |archive-date=28 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/iran-strongly-condemns-herat-railway-mine-blast/|title=Iran Strongly Condemns Herat Railway Mine Blast|date=20 May 2019|access-date=7 July 2019|publisher=Iran Front Page|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521080709/https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/iran-strongly-condemns-herat-railway-mine-blast/|archive-date=21 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> About {{convert|125|km}} of the line will lie on the Afghan side.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-domestic-economy/60378/rail-linkup-with-afghanistan-by-march-2018|title=Rail Linkup With Afghanistan by March 2018|date=25 February 2017|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922112855/https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-domestic-economy/60378/rail-linkup-with-afghanistan-by-march-2018|archive-date=22 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Khaf-Herat railway |url=http://www.raillynews.com/2013/khaf-herat-railway/ |website=RaillyNews {{!}} Dailly Railway News in English |date=10 December 2013 |access-date=1 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220114246/http://www.raillynews.com/2013/khaf-herat-railway/ |archive-date=20 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Private vehicle ownership has increased substantially since the early 2000s. Taxis are yellow and consist of both cars and [[auto rickshaw]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/eastsats/5/2/5_292/_pdf/-char/en |title=The Possibility of Introducing a Regular Bus System in Kandahar |last1=Rahmat |first1=Mohibullah |last2=Mizokami |first2=Shoshi |last3=Fujiwara |first3=Akimasa |journal=Asian Transport Studies |volume=5 |issue=2 |year=2018 |pages=292–309}}</ref> In rural Afghanistan, villagers often use donkeys, [[mule]]s or horses to transport or carry goods. Camels are primarily used by the Kochi nomads.<ref name="Wahab-2007"/> Bicycles are popular throughout Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |title=Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding, 2 Volume Pack |isbn=9781845934668 |first1=Valerie |last1=Porter |first2=Lawrence |last2=Alderson |first3=Stephen J.G. |last3=Hall |first4=D. Phillip |last4=Sponenberg |date=9 March 2016 |page=23 |quote=[Donkeys] are the primary means of transportation in the countryside (along with bicycles) and are sometimes described as the 'Jeeps' of Afghanistan — or even as the country's 'helicopters'.}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Main|Afghans|Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghan diaspora}} [[File:Afghanistan ethnic groups 2005.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A Cold War-era CIA map showing traditional Afghan tribal territories. [[Pashtun tribes]] form the world's largest tribal society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ag-afghanistan.de/files/glatzer/tribal_system.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ag-afghanistan.de/files/glatzer/tribal_system.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=The Pashtun Tribal System |last1=Glatzer |first1=Bernt |year=2002 |publisher=Concept Publishers |location=New Delhi }}</ref>]] ===Population=== The population of Afghanistan was estimated at 32.9&nbsp;million as of 2019 by the Afghanistan Statistics and Information Authority,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/nsia-estimates-afghanistan-population-329m|title=NSIA Estimates Afghanistan Population at 32.9M|website=TOLOnews}}</ref> whereas the UN estimates over 38.0&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web | title=Afghanistan Population 2020 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs) | website=2020 World Population by Country | date=26 April 2020 | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/afghanistan-population/ | access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> In 1979 the total population was reported to be about 15.5&nbsp;million.<ref>"[https://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/afghan/un-afghan-history.shtml United Nations and Afghanistan]". UN News Centre. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031084259/https://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/afghan/un-afghan-history.shtml |date=31 October 2013 }}</ref> About 23.9% of them are [[urban area|urbanite]], 71.4% live in rural areas, and the remaining 4.7% are nomadic.<ref name="Worldmeters-2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/|title=Afghan Population Estimates 2020|publisher=Worldmeters|year=2020|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127023212/https://www.worldometers.info/|archive-date=27 November 2020|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> An additional 3&nbsp;million or so Afghans are temporarily housed in neighboring [[Afghans in Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Afghans in Iran|Iran]], most of whom were born and raised in those two countries. As of 2013, Afghanistan was the largest refugee-producing country in the world, a title held for 32 years. The current population growth rate is 2.37%,<ref name="Factbook"/> one of the highest in the world outside of Africa. This population is expected to reach 82&nbsp;million by 2050 if current population trends continue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/Countries/Afghanistan.aspx |title=Afghanistan&nbsp;– Population Reference Bureau |publisher=[[Population Reference Bureau]] |access-date=29 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224051/http://www.prb.org/Countries/Afghanistan.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> The population of Afghanistan increased steadily until the 1980s, when civil war caused millions to flee to other countries such as Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Afghan Households in Iran: Profile and Impact |url=http://www.unhcr.org/455835d92.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223013910/https://www.unhcr.org/455835d92.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2018|first1=Piyasiri |last1=Wickramasekara |first2=Jag |last2=Sehgal |first3=Farhad |last3=Mehran |first4=Ladan |last4=Noroozi |first5=Saeid |last5=Eisazadeh |website=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]}}</ref> Millions have since returned and the war conditions contribute to the country having the highest fertility rate outside Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Is recent Afghanistan survey data suitable for fertility analysis? A regional investigation based on fertility inhibiting determinants|first1=Jamal Abdul|last1=Nasir|first2=Sohail|last2=Akhtar|first3=Syed Arif Ahmed|last3=Zaidi|first4=Andleeb|last4=Rani|first5=Hina|last5=Bano|first6=Andrew|last6=Hinde|date=16 October 2019|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=14|issue=10|pages=e0223111|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0223111|pmid=31618275|pmc=6795489|bibcode=2019PLoSO..1423111N|doi-access=free}}</ref> Afghanistan's healthcare has recovered since the turn of the century, causing falls in infant mortality and increases in life expectancy, although it has the lowest life expectance of any country outside Africa. This (along with other factors such as returning refugees) caused rapid population growth in the 2000s that has only recently started to slow down.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} The [[Gini coefficient]] in 2008 was 27.8.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511044958/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI|archive-date=11 May 2014}}</ref> ====Fertility rate==== Afghanistan 2024 [[total fertility rate]] has been estimated at 4.4.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/total-fertility-rate/country-comparison/|title=Total fertility rate Comparison – The World Factbook|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> In 2022 it was 4.5, about twice the world average rate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?end=2022&start=1960&view=chart|title=World Bank Open Data|website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> The rate has fallen since the early 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?end=2022&locations=AF&start=1983&view=chart|title=World Bank Open Data|website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> ===Urbanization=== As estimated by the CIA World Factbook, 26% of the population was urbanized as of 2020. This is one of the lowest figures in the world; in Asia it is only higher than [[Cambodia]], [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. Urbanization has increased rapidly, particularly in the capital [[Kabul]], due to returning refugees from Pakistan and Iran after 2001, internally displaced people, and rural migrants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/20/can-cities-save-afghanistan/|title=Can Cities Save Afghanistan?|first=Ali|last=Karimi|date=20 March 2015 }}</ref> Urbanization in Afghanistan is different from typical urbanization in that it is centered on just a few cities.<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/10/unraveling-afghan-art-carpet-weaving-201410917826901821.html|title=Unravelling the Afghan art of carpet weaving|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> The only city with over a million residents is its capital, Kabul, located in the east of the country. The other large cities are located generally in the "ring" around the Central Highlands, namely [[Kandahar]] in the south, [[Herat]] in the west, [[Mazar-i-Sharif]], [[Kunduz]] in the north, and [[Jalalabad]] in the east.<ref name="Worldmeters-2020" /> {{Largest cities of Afghanistan}} ===Ethnicity and languages=== {{Main|Ethnic groups in Afghanistan|Languages of Afghanistan}} {{See also|Afghans}} [[File:US Army ethnolinguistic map of Afghanistan -- circa 2001-09.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Ethnolinguistic map of Afghanistan (2001)]] [[Afghans]] are divided into several [[Ethnolinguistic group|ethnolinguistic]] groups. According to research data by several institutions in 2019, the [[Pashtuns]] are the largest ethnic group, comprising 42%, followed by [[Tajiks]], comprising 27%<ref name="Population Matters">{{Cite web |url=https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230 |title=Population Matters |date=3 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816021136/https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia" /><ref name="Population 2021">{{cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/afghanistan-population |title=Afghanistan Population 2021 |date=19 September 2021 |publisher=World Population Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1258799/afghanistan-share-of-population-by-ethnic-group/ | title=Distribution of Afghan population by ethnic group 2020| date=20 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="reliefweb.int"/> of the country's population. The other two major ethnic groups are the [[Hazaras]] and [[Uzbeks]], each at 9%. A further 10 other ethnic groups are recognized and each are represented in the [[Afghan National Anthem]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/08/31/the-roots-of-afghanistans-tribal-tensions|title=The roots of Afghanistan's tribal tensions|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=31 August 2017}}</ref> [[Dari]] and [[Pashto]] are the [[official language]]s of Afghanistan; [[bilingualism]] is very common.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of Afghanistan|url=https://www.mfa.gov.af/constitution/chapter-one-state.html|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829115048/https://www.mfa.gov.af/constitution/chapter-one-state.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dari, which is also referred to as Eastern Persian as it is a variety of and mutually intelligible with [[Persian language|Persian]] (and very often called '[[Farsi]]' by some Afghans like in [[Iran]]), functions as the [[lingua franca]] in Kabul as well as in much of the northern and northwestern parts of the country.<ref>{{cite web|year=2004|title=Article Sixteen of the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan|url=http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html#preamble|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028065437/http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html|archive-date=28 October 2013|access-date=13 June 2012|quote=Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state. Uzbek, Turkmen, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani and Pamiri are – in addition to Pashto and Dari – the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them}}</ref> Native speakers of Dari, of any ethnicity, are sometimes called [[Farsiwan]]s.<ref>The ''Encyc. Iranica'' makes clear in the article on Afghanistan&nbsp;— Ethnography that "The term Farsiwan also has the regional forms Parsiwan and Parsiban. In religion they are Imami Shia. In the literature they are often mistakenly referred to as Tajik." [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/afghanistan-COM_4803 Dupree, Louis (1982) "Afghanistan: (iv.) Ethnography", in ''Encyclopædia Iranica''] Online Edition 2006.</ref> Pashto is the native tongue of the [[Pashtuns]], although many of them are also fluent in Dari while some non-Pashtuns are fluent in Pashto. Despite the Pashtuns having been dominant in Afghan politics for centuries, Dari remained the preferred language for government and bureaucracy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2019/7/11/what-will-happen-to-afghanistans-national-languages|title=What will happen to Afghanistan's national languages?|first=Austin|last=Bodetti|website=alaraby|date=11 July 2019}}</ref> According to [[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]], Dari Persian is spoken by 78% ([[First language|L1]] + [[Second language|L2]]) and functions as the lingua franca, while [[Pashto]] is spoken by 50%, [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] 10%, English 5%, [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] 2%, [[Urdu]] 2%, [[Pashayi languages|Pashayi]] 1%, [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]] 1%, [[Arabic]] 1%, and [[Balochi language|Balochi]] 1% (2021 est). Data represent the most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because there is much bilingualism in the country and because respondents were allowed to select more than one language. There are a number of smaller regional languages, including Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi, and Nuristani.<ref name="Factbook"/> When it comes to foreign languages among the populace, many are able to speak or understand [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Urdu]]-[[Hindi]]), partly due to returning [[Afghans in Pakistan|Afghan refugees]] from [[Pakistan]] and the popularity of [[Bollywood]] films respectively.<ref name="Afroz-2013">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjYUAgAAQBAJ|title=Afghanistan – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture|first1=Nazes|last1=Afroz|first2=Moska|last2=Najib|first3=Culture|last3=Smart!|date=1 December 2013|publisher=Kuperard|isbn=9781857336801}}</ref> English is also understood by some of the population,<ref>The Asia Foundation. [https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/2018_Afghan-Survey_fullReport-12.4.18.pdf ''Afghanistan in 2018: A Survey of the Afghan People''.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807211241/https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/2018_Afghan-Survey_fullReport-12.4.18.pdf |date=7 August 2019}}</ref> and has been gaining popularity as of the 2000s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34215293|title=Pakistan's confusing move to Urdu|first=M. Ilyas|last=Khan|publisher=BBC News |date=12 September 2015}}</ref> Some Afghans retain some ability in Russian, which was [[Russian occupation of Afghanistan|taught in public schools during the 1980s]].<ref name="Afroz-2013"/> ===Religion=== {{Main|Religion in Afghanistan}} [[File:Mazar-e sharif - Steve Evans.jpg|thumb|[[Blue Mosque (Mazar-i-Sharif)|Blue Mosque]] in [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] is the largest mosque in Afghanistan.]] The CIA estimated in 2009 that 99.7% of the Afghan population was Muslim<ref name="Factbook"/> and most are thought to adhere to the [[Sunni]] [[Hanafi]] school.<ref name="The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan (SCA)">{{cite web|url=https://swedishcommittee.org/afghanistan/religion|title=Religion in Afghanistan|website=The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan (SCA)}}</ref> According to [[Pew Research Center]], as much as 90% are of the Sunni denomination, 7% [[Shia]] and 3% [[Non-denominational Muslim|non-denominational]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=9 August 2012|work=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|archive-date=26 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[CIA]] Factbook variously estimates up to 89.7% Sunni or up to 15% Shia.<ref name="Factbook"/> Afghan [[Sikhism in Afghanistan|Sikhs]] and [[Hinduism in Afghanistan|Hindus]] are also found in certain major cities (namely Kabul, Jalalabad, Ghazni, Kandahar)<ref>{{cite news |last=Majumder |first=Sanjoy |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3138282.stm |title=Sikhs struggle in Afghanistan |publisher=BBC News |date=25 September 2003 |access-date=19 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222132753/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3138282.stm |archive-date=22 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Lavina Melwani |url=http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1994/4/1994-4-02.shtml |title=Hindus Abandon Afghanistan |work=Hinduism Today |access-date=19 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111080626/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1994/4/1994-4-02.shtml |archive-date=11 January 2007}}</ref> accompanied by gurdwaras and mandirs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.religion.info/2005/08/25/afghanistan-sikhs-rebuilding-gurdwaras/ |title=Afghanistan: Sikhs rebuilding gurdwaras |date=25 August 2005 |website=Religioscope}}</ref> According to [[Deutsche Welle]] in September 2021, 250 remain in the country after 67 were evacuated to India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chabba |first=Seerat |title=Afghanistan: What does Taliban rule mean for Sikhs and Hindus? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/afghanistan-what-does-taliban-rule-mean-for-sikhs-and-hindus/a-59122249 |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=8 September 2021}}</ref> There was a small [[History of the Jews in Afghanistan|Jewish community in Afghanistan]], living mainly in Herat and Kabul. Over the years, this small community was forced to leave due to decades of warfare and religious persecution. By the end of the twentieth century, nearly the entire community had emigrated to Israel and the United States, with one known exception, Herat-born [[Zablon Simintov]]. He remained for years, being the caretaker of the only remaining Afghan synagogue. He left the country for the US after the second Taliban takeover. A woman who left shortly after him has since been identified as the likely last Jew in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A39702-2005Jan26.html |title=Afghan Jew Becomes Country's One and Only |author=N.C. Aizenman |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=27 January 2005 |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516090806/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A39702-2005Jan26.html |archive-date=16 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/last-jew-afghanistan-en-route-us-report |title=Last Jew in Afghanistan en route to US: report |work=The New Arab |date=7 September 2021 |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Ben Zion Gad |title='Last Jew in Afghanistan' loses title to hidden Jewish family |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/not-the-last-jew-in-afghanistan-after-all-683879 |access-date=7 February 2023 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=1 December 2021}}</ref> [[Afghan Christians]], who number 500–8,000, practice their faith secretly due to intense societal opposition, and there are no public churches.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gebauer |first1=Matthias |date=20 March 2006 |title=Christians in Afghanistan: A Community of Faith and Fear |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,408781,00.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127030841/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,408781,00.html |archive-date=27 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=((USSD Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor))| year=2009 |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2009 |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127362.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130031916/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127362.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 November 2009 |access-date=6 March 2010}}</ref> ===Education=== {{Main|Education in Afghanistan}} [[File:UNESCO Institute of Statistics Afghanistan Literacy Rate population plus15 1980-2018.png|thumb|upright=1.3|UNESCO Institute of Statistics Afghanistan Literacy Rate among population aged 15+ (1980–2018)]] [[Education in Afghanistan]] is overseen by the [[Ministry of Education (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Education]] and the [[Ministry of Higher Education (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Higher Education]]. There are over 16,000 schools in the country and roughly 9&nbsp;million students. Of this, about 60% are males and 40% females. However, the new regime has thus far forbidden female teachers and female students from returning to secondary schools.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 September 2021|title=Afghanistan: Girls excluded as Afghan secondary schools reopen|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58607816 |access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Blue|first1=Victor J.|last2=Zucchino|first2=David|date=20 September 2021|title=A Harsh New Reality for Afghan Women and Girls in Taliban-Run Schools|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/20/world/asia/afghan-girls-schools-taliban.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/20/world/asia/afghan-girls-schools-taliban.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited|access-date=20 September 2021|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Over 174,000 students are enrolled in different [[List of universities in Afghanistan|universities around the country]]. About 21% of these are females.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usaid.gov/afghanistan/education |title=Education |publisher=[[USAID]] |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110231403/https://www.usaid.gov/afghanistan/education |archive-date=10 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Former Education Minister [[Ghulam Farooq Wardak]] had stated that construction of 8,000 schools is required for the remaining children who are deprived of [[formal learning]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2013/05/18/wardak-seeks-3b-aid-school-buildings |title=Wardak seeks $3b in aid for school buildings |publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News |date=18 May 2013 |access-date=13 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234222/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2013/05/18/wardak-seeks-3b-aid-school-buildings |archive-date=30 December 2013|last1=Adina |first1=Mohammad Sabir}}</ref> As of 2018 the literacy rate of the population age 15 and older is 43.02% (males 55.48% and females 29.81%).<ref>{{cite web |title=UNESCO UIS: Afghanistan |url=http://uis.unesco.org/ |access-date=6 August 2020 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> The top universities in Afghanistan are the [[American University of Afghanistan]] (AUAF) followed by [[Kabul University]] (KU), both of which are located in Kabul. The [[National Military Academy of Afghanistan]], modeled after the [[United States Military Academy]] at West Point, was a four-year military development institution dedicated to graduating officers for the [[Afghan Armed Forces]]. The [[Afghan Defense University]] was constructed near [[Qargha]] in Kabul. Major universities outside of Kabul include [[Kandahar University]] in the south, [[Herat University]] in the northwest, [[Balkh University]] and [[Kunduz University]] in the north, [[Nangarhar University]] and [[Khost University]] in the east. After the Taliban regained power in 2021, it became unclear to what extent female education would continue in the country. In March 2022, after they had been closed for some time, it was announced that secondary education would be reopened shortly. However, shortly before reopening, the order was rescinded and schools for older girls remained closed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Taliban reverses decision, barring Afghan girls from attending school beyond 6th grade|publisher=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/23/1088202759/taliban-afghanistan-girls-school |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref> Despite the ban, six provinces, [[Balkh Province|Balkh]], [[Kunduz Province|Kunduz]], [[Jowzjan Province|Jowzjan]], [[Sar-e Pol Province|Sar-I-Pul]], [[Faryab Province|Faryab]], and the [[Daykundi Province|Day Kundi]], still allow girl's schools from grade 6 and up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2023 |title=Afghanistan: Six provinces keep schools open for girls despite nationwide ban |url=https://amu.tv/en/30372/ |access-date=17 February 2023 |publisher=AmuTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Neda Safi |first=Tooba |date=17 February 2023 |title=Girls return to high school in some regions of Afghanistan |url=https://genevasolutions.news/explorations/dispatches-from-women-in-afghanistan/girls-return-to-high-school-in-some-regions-of-afghanistan |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=Geneva Solutions}}</ref> In December 2023, investigations were being held by the United Nations on the claim that Afghan girls of all ages were allowed to study at religious schools.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title=UN is seeking to verify that Afghanistan's Taliban are letting girls study at religious schools |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation/un-is-seeking-to-verify-that-afghanistans-taliban-are-letting-girls-study-at-religious-schools/ |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=The Seattle Times}}</ref> As of November 2024, some parts of the country allow women to attend religious schools to pursue dentistry, nursing, and other subjects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-18 |title=Taliban seeks international aid for Afghanistan's reconstruction |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/russia-central-asia/article/3286955/taliban-seeks-international-aid-afghanistans-reconstruction |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> ===Health=== {{Main|Health in Afghanistan}} [[File:Kabul Military Hospital - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The [[Daoud Khan Military Hospital]] in Kabul is one of the largest [[list of hospitals in Afghanistan|hospitals]] in Afghanistan.]] According to the [[Human Development Index]], Afghanistan is the [[List of countries by Human Development Index|15th least developed country in the world]]. The average [[List of countries by life expectancy|life expectancy]] is estimated to be around 60 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/136852/1/ccsbrief_afg_en.pdf |title=Afghanistan |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722191648/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/136852/1/ccsbrief_afg_en.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="UNESCO-2016">{{cite web |publisher=UNESCO |title=Afghanistan |date=27 November 2016 |url=https://uis.unesco.org/en/country/af |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623093810/http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/af |archive-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> The country's [[maternal mortality]] rate is 396 deaths/100,000 live births and its [[infant mortality]] rate is 66<ref name="UNESCO-2016"/> to 112.8 deaths in every 1,000 live births.<ref name="Factbook"/> The [[Ministry of Public Health (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Public Health]] plans to cut the infant mortality rate to 400 for every 100,000 live births before 2020. The country has more than 3,000 [[midwifery|midwives]], with an additional 300 to 400 being trained each year.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/childbirth-maternal-health-improve-afghanistan-160657704.html |title=Childbirth and maternal health improve in Afghanistan |first=Tom A. |last=Peter |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor | date=17 December 2011 |access-date=12 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002243/http://news.yahoo.com/childbirth-maternal-health-improve-afghanistan-160657704.html |archive-date=31 December 2013 }}</ref> There are over 100 [[hospitals in Afghanistan]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaea825.pdf|title=Afghanistan National Hospital Survey|date=August 2004|publisher=Afghan Ministry of Health|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807231748/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaea825.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> with the most advanced treatments being available in Kabul. The [[French Medical Institute for Children]] and [[Indira Gandhi Children's Hospital]] in Kabul are the leading [[children's hospital]]s in the country. Some of the other leading hospitals in Kabul include the [[Jamhuriat Hospital]] and [[Jinnah Hospital (Kabul)|Jinnah Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-funded-afghan-hospital-begins-operations/4884454.html|title=Pakistan-funded Afghan Hospital Begins Operations|work=VOA News|first=Ayaz|last=Gul|date=20 April 2019|access-date=28 May 2019|quote=It opens a new chapter in the friendship of the two countries... This is the second-largest hospital [in Afghanistan] built with your support that will serve the needy," Feroz told the gathering.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423111329/https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-funded-afghan-hospital-begins-operations/4884454.html|archive-date=23 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In spite of all this, many Afghans travel to Pakistan and India for advanced treatment. It was reported in 2006 that nearly 60% of the Afghan population lives within a two-hour walk of the nearest health facility.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/health |title=Health |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) |access-date=20 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929082306/http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/health|archive-date=29 September 2013}}</ref> The [[disability]] rate is also high in Afghanistan due to the decades of war.<ref>{{cite web |first=Anne-Marie |last=DiNardo |author2=LPA/PIPOS |url=http://www.usaid.gov/stories/afghanistan/fp_afghan_disabled.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040508140406/http://www.usaid.gov/stories/afghanistan/fp_afghan_disabled.html |archive-date=8 May 2004|title=Empowering Afghanistan's Disabled Population&nbsp;– 31 March 2006 |publisher=Usaid.gov | date=31 March 2006 |access-date=19 May 2012}}</ref> It was reported recently that about 80,000 people are missing limbs.<ref>{{cite news |first =Richard |last=Norton-Taylor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/13/afghanistan |title=Afghanistan's refugee crisis 'ignored' |work=[[The Guardian]] | date=13 February 2008 |access-date=19 May 2012 |location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215150225/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/feb/13/afghanistan |archive-date=15 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=26520 |title=Afghanistan: People living with disabilities call for integration |work=The New Humanitarian |url-status=live |date=2 December 2004 |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920142752/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=26520 |archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> Non-governmental charities such as [[Save the Children]] and [[Mahboba's Promise]] assist orphans in association with governmental structures.<ref>{{cite web |first=Virginia |last=Haussegger |title=Mahboba's Promise |date=2 July 2009 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2009/s2615472.htm |publisher=ABC News|location=Australia |access-date=15 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726123857/http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2009/s2615472.htm |archive-date=26 July 2013}}</ref> ==Culture== {{Main|Culture of Afghanistan}} [[File:CH-NB - Afghanistan, Kulm (Khulm, Kholm)- Menschen - Annemarie Schwarzenbach - SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-21-110.jpg|thumb|An Afghan family near [[Kholm, Afghanistan|Kholm]], 1939 – most Afghans are tribal.]] [[Afghans]] have both common cultural features and those that differ between the regions of Afghanistan, each with distinctive cultures partly as a result of geographic obstacles that divide the country.<ref name="Fisher-2002"/> Family is the mainstay of Afghan society and families are often headed by a [[patriarch]].<ref name="afghanistans.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/People/WayofLife.htm|title=Afghanistan Way of Life &#124; Afghanistan's Web Site|website=afghanistans.com|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140824/https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/People/WayofLife.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the southern and eastern region, the people live according to the [[Pashtun culture]] by following [[Pashtunwali]] (the Pashtun way).<ref>{{citation-attribution |{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html |title=Afghanistan: a country study |year=1998 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]], [[Federal Research Division]] |editor-last=Blood |editor-first=Peter R. |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=904447770 |entry=Pashtun |entry-url=https://webharvest.gov/peth04/20041031011222/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0037) |access-date=23 January 2021}}}}</ref> Key tenets of Pashtunwali include [[Melmastia|hospitality]], the provision of [[Nanawatai|sanctuary]] to those seeking refuge, and revenge for the shedding of blood.{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=126}} The Pashtuns are largely connected to the culture of Central Asia and the [[Iranian Plateau]]. The remaining Afghans are culturally [[Persianization|Persian]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]. Some non-Pashtuns who live in proximity with Pashtuns have adopted Pashtunwali in a process called [[Pashtunization]], while some Pashtuns have been [[Persianized]]. Those who have lived in Pakistan and Iran over the last 30 years have been further influenced by the cultures of those neighboring nations. The Afghan people are known to be strongly religious.<ref name="The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan (SCA)"/> Afghans, particularly Pashtuns, are noted for their tribal solidarity and high regard for personal honor.{{sfn|Barfield|2012|page=59}} There are various [[ethnic groups in Afghanistan|Afghan tribes]], and an estimated 2–3&nbsp;million [[Kochi people|nomads]].<ref>"[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=76794 Afghanistan: Kuchi nomads seek a better deal]". [[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] Asia. 18 February 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910205256/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=76794 |date=10 September 2011}}</ref> Afghan culture is deeply [[Islamic culture|Islamic]],{{sfn|Barfield|2012|page=40–41}} but pre-Islamic practices persist.{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=104}} [[Child marriage in Afghanistan|Child marriage]] is prevalent;<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bahgam|first=S|author2=Mukhatari|title=Study on Child Marriage in Afghanistan|journal=Medica Mondiale|year=2004|pages=1–20|url=http://www.medicamondiale.org/fileadmin/content/07_Infothek/Afghanistan/Afghanistan_Child_marriage_medica_mondiale_study_2004_e.pdf|access-date=15 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506222217/http://www.medicamondiale.org/fileadmin/content/07_Infothek/Afghanistan/Afghanistan_Child_marriage_medica_mondiale_study_2004_e.pdf|archive-date=6 May 2012}}</ref> the legal age for marriage is 16.<ref>{{cite web|title=Afghanistan Has a Tougher Law on Child Marriage than Florida|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/20/afghanistan-has-tougher-law-child-marriage-florida|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=20 October 2017|quote=In Afghanistan girls can marry at 16, or at 15 with permission from their father or a judge.|access-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725072232/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/20/afghanistan-has-tougher-law-child-marriage-florida|archive-date=25 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The most preferred marriage in Afghan society is to one's [[parallel cousin]], and the groom is often expected to pay a [[bride price]].{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=122, 198}} [[File:Kuchi Village.jpg|thumb|A house occupied by nomadic ''kochi'' people in [[Nangarhar Province]]]] In the villages, families typically occupy [[mudbrick]] houses, or compounds with mudbrick or [[stone wall]]ed houses. Villages typically have a headman (''malik''), a master for water distribution (''mirab'') and a religious teacher (''mullah''). Men would typically work on the fields, joined by women during harvest.<ref name="afghanistans.com"/> About 15% of the population are [[nomadic]], locally called ''[[Kochi people|kochis]]''.<ref name="Fisher-2002"/> When nomads pass villages they often buy supplies such as tea, wheat and [[kerosene]] from the villagers; villagers buy [[wool]] and milk from the nomads.<ref name="afghanistans.com"/> [[Afghan clothing]] for both men and women typically consists of various forms of [[shalwar kameez]], especially ''[[perahan tunban]]'' and ''[[khet partug]]''. Women would normally wear a ''[[chador]]'' for head covering; some women, typically from highly conservative communities, wear the ''[[burqa]]'', a full body covering. These were worn by some women of the Pashtun community well before Islam came to the region, but the [[Taliban]] enforced this dress on women when they were in power.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7ATBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|title=What Is Veiling?|first=Sahar|last=Amer|date=2 September 2014|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=9781469617763}}</ref> Another popular dress is the ''[[chapan]]'' which acts as a coat. The ''[[Karakul (hat)|karakul]]'' is a hat made from the fur of a specific regional breed of sheep. It was favored by former kings of Afghanistan and became known to much of the world in the 21st century when it was constantly worn by President [[Hamid Karzai]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1956862.stm|title=Karzai heads for hat trouble|date=28 April 2002|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> The ''[[pakol]]'' is another traditional hat originating from the far east of the country; it was popularly worn by the guerrilla leader [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghan-web.com/culture/clothes/|title=Traditional Afghan Clothes|date=12 March 2018|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813151029/https://www.afghan-web.com/culture/clothes/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ''[[Mazari hat]]'' originates from northern Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/hats-proliferate-symbol-pashtun-protest-movement|title=Hats Proliferate as Symbol of Pashtun Protest Movement|publisher=Voice of America}}</ref> ===Architecture=== {{Main|Architecture of Afghanistan}} [[File:Kabul Skyline.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Kabul skyline, displaying both historical and contemporary buildings]] The nation has a complex history that has survived either in its current cultures or in the form of various languages and monuments. Afghanistan contains many remnants from all ages, including [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Buddhist]] stupas, monasteries, monuments, temples, and Islamic minarets. Among the most well known are the [[Great Mosque of Herat]], the [[Blue Mosque (Mazar-i-Sharif)|Blue Mosque]], the [[Minaret of Jam]], the [[Chil Zena]], the Qala-i Bost in [[Lashkargah]], the ancient Greek city of [[Ai-Khanoum]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/People/ArtArchitecture.htm|title=Afghanistan Art and Architecture &#124; Afghanistan's Web Site|website=afghanistans.com|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307212319/https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/People/ArtArchitecture.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, many of its historic monuments have been damaged in modern times due to the civil wars.<ref>G.V. Brandolini. ''Afghanistan [[cultural heritage]]''. Orizzonte terra, [[Bergamo]]. 2007. p. 64.</ref> The two famous [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]] were destroyed by the Taliban, who regarded them as [[idolatrous]]. As there was no colonialism in the modern era in Afghanistan, European-style architecture is rare but does exist: the Victory Arch at [[Paghman]] and the [[Darul Aman Palace]] in Kabul were built in this style in the 1920s. Afghan architecture also ranges [[Indo-Islamic architecture|deep into India]] such as the city of [[Agra]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=ud-Din |first=Hameed |year=1960 |title=THE AFGHAN ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA: An historical study, 1451–1526 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41922907 |journal=Rivista degli studi orientali |volume=35 |pages=149–155 |jstor=41922907 |issn=0392-4866}}</ref> and the [[tomb of Sher Shah Suri]], an [[Sur Empire|Afghan Emperor of India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Medieval India the study of a civilization|first=Irfan|last=Habib|page=228|publisher=National Book Trust, India|isbn=978-81-237-5255-6|year=2007}}</ref> ===Art and ceramics=== {{Main|Afghan art}} [[File:Traditional Afghan Embroidery Style.jpg|thumb|A traditional Afghan [[embroidery]] pattern]] Carpet [[weaving]] is an ancient practice in Afghanistan, and many of these are still [[Handicraft|handmade]] by tribal and nomadic people today.<ref name="aljazeera.com"/> Carpets have been produced in the region for thousands of years and traditionally done by women.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://khorasanrugs.com/post/1033364869875/in-afghanistan-weaving-ancient-industry|title=In Afghanistan, weaving ancient industry back into global market|date=21 August 2019|journal=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> Some crafters express their feelings through the designs of rugs; for example after the outbreak of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], "[[war rugs]]", a variant of [[Afghan rug]]s, were created with designs representing pain and misery caused by the conflict.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://speri.dept.shef.ac.uk/2020/01/15/selling-war-commodifying-the-insecurity-of-afghan-women/|title=Selling war: commodifying the (in)security of Afghan women|date=15 January 2020|website=SPERI}}</ref> Every province has its own specific characteristics in making rugs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gounesco.com/weaving-culture-through-the-afghan-rug/|title=Weaving Culture through the Afghan rug|date=7 December 2017|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830215415/https://www.makeheritagefun.com/weaving-culture-through-the-afghan-rug/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In some of the Turkic-populated areas in the north-west, bride and wedding ceremony prices are driven by the bride's weaving skills.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/context-culture/rug-weavers-and-bride-prices-in-the-northwest-still-expensive-in-spite-of-government-and-taleban-rules/|title=Rug Weavers and Bride Prices in the Northwest: Still expensive in spite of government and Taleban rules|date=12 May 2019|website=Afghanistan Analysts Network – English}}</ref> [[Pottery]] has been crafted in Afghanistan for millennia. The village of [[Istalif]], north of Kabul, is in particular a major center, known for its unique turquoise and green pottery,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seretandsons.org/giving-back|title=Giving Back – Seret and Sons}}</ref> and their methods of crafting have remained the same for centuries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khaama.com/the-potter-crafting-afghanistans-future-9899/|title=The Potter: Crafting Afghanistan's future|date=27 January 2015|website=The Khaama Press News Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/19/world/asia/afghanistan-istalif-pottery.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/19/world/asia/afghanistan-istalif-pottery.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |url-access=limited|title=War and Pillaging Couldn't Break an Afghan Village, but a Tumbling Economy May|first=Kareem|last=Fahim|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 August 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Much of ''[[lapis lazuli]]'' stones were earthed in modern-day Afghanistan which were used in [[Chinese porcelain]] as [[cobalt blue]], later used in ancient [[Mesopotamia]] and Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/how-the-color-blue-changed-art-forever/index.html|title=How the quest for the 'perfect blue' changed art forever|first=Isambard |last=Wilkinson|publisher=CNN|date=14 June 2018}}</ref> The lands of Afghanistan have a long history of art, with the world's earliest known usage of [[oil painting]] found in cave murals in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=First-ever oil paintings found in Afghanistan |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/24/afghanistan.painting/ |date=24 April 2008 |access-date=3 December 2012 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World's Oldest Oil Paintings Found in Afghanistan |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,352342,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427021547/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,352342,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 April 2008 |date=24 April 2008 |access-date=3 December 2012 |publisher=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> A notable art style that developed in Afghanistan and eastern Pakistan is [[Gandhara Art]], produced by a fusion of [[Greco-Roman]] art and [[Buddhist art]] between the 1st and 7th centuries CE.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Gandhara-art |title=Gandhara art |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> Later eras saw increased use of the [[Persian miniature]] style, with [[Kamaleddin Behzad]] of [[Herat]] being one of the most notable miniature artists of the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] and early [[Safavid]] periods. Since the 1900s, the nation began to use Western techniques in art. [[Abdul Ghafoor Breshna]] was a prominent Afghan painter and sketch artist from Kabul during the 20th century. ===Literature=== {{See also|Poetry of Afghanistan}} Classic [[Persian literature|Persian]] and [[Pashto poetry]] are a cherished part of Afghan culture. Poetry has always been one of the major educational pillars in the region, to the level that it has integrated itself into culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/10/567862-feature-western-afghanistan-ancient-love-poetry-thrives-again|title=FEATURE: In Western Afghanistan, an ancient love of poetry thrives again|date=5 October 2017|website=UN News}}</ref> One of the poetic styles is called [[Landay (poetry)|landay]]. A popular theme in Afghan folklore and mythology are [[Dev (mythology)|Divs]], monstrous creatures.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|title=American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore (3 Volumes)|first1=Christopher R.|last1=Fee|first2=Jeffrey B.|last2=Webb|date=29 August 2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695688}}</ref> Thursdays are traditionally "poetry night" in the city of [[Herat]] when men, women and children gather and recite both ancient and modern poems.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan: 10 facts you may not know |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13931608 |url-status=live |publisher=BBC News |date=6 July 2011 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304072803/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13931608 |archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> Three mystical authors are considered true national glories (although claimed with equal ardor by Iran), namely: [[Khwaja Abdullah Ansari]] of Herat, a great mystic and [[Sufi]] saint in the 11th century, [[Sanai]] of [[Ghazni]], author of mystical poems in the 12th century, and, finally, [[Rumi]] of [[Balkh]], in the 13th century, considered the greatest mystical poet of the Muslim world. The Afghan Pashto literature, although quantitatively remarkable and in great growth in the last century, has always had an essentially local meaning and importance, feeling the influence of both Persian literature and the contiguous literatures of India. Both main literatures, from the second half of the nineteenth century, have shown themselves to be sensitive to genres, movements and stylistic features imported from Europe. [[Khushal Khan Khattak]] of the 17th century is considered the national poet. Other notable poets include [[Rabi'a Balkhi]], [[Jami]], [[Rahman Baba]], [[Khalilullah Khalili]], and [[Parween Pazhwak]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afghan-web.com/culture/poetry/cpoets.html |title=Classical Dari and Pashto Poets |publisher=Afghan-web.com |access-date=4 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412113451/http://www.afghan-web.com/culture/poetry/cpoets.html|archive-date=12 April 2014}}</ref> ===Music=== {{Main|Music of Afghanistan}} [[File:Afghan rubab.jpg|thumb|left|The Afghan [[Rubab (instrument)|rubab]]]] Afghan classical music has close historical links with [[Indian classical music]] and use the same Hindustani terminology and theories like [[raga]]. Genres of this style of music include [[ghazal]] (poetic music) and instruments such as the Indian [[tabla]], [[sitar]] and [[harmonium]], and local instruments like [[zerbaghali]], as well as [[dayereh]] and [[tanbur]] which are also known in Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Middle East. The [[Rubab (instrument)|rubab]] is the country's national instrument and precurses the Indian [[sarod]] instrument. Some of the famous artists of classical music include [[Ustad Sarahang]] and [[Abdul Rahim Sarban|Sarban]].<ref name="Songlines">{{cite web|url=https://www.songlines.co.uk/explore/guides-and-lists/the-rough-guide-to-world-music-afghanistan|title=Afghanistan – The Rough Guide to World Music|website=Songlines}}</ref> Pop music developed in the 1950s through [[Radio Kabul]] and was influential in social change. During this time female artists also started appearing, at first [[Mermon Parwin]].<ref name="Songlines"/> Perhaps the most famous artist of this genre was [[Ahmad Zahir]], who synthesized many genres and continues to be renowned for his voice and rich lyrics long after his death in 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2016/06/ahmad-zahir-the-afghan-elvis|title=Ahmad Zahir: The Voice of Afghanistan|website=daily.redbullmusicacademy.com}}</ref><ref name="Songlines"/> Other notable masters of traditional or popular Afghan music include [[Nashenas]], [[Ubaidullah Jan]], [[Mahwash]], [[Ahmad Wali]], [[Farhad Darya]], and [[Naghma (singer)|Naghma]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afghanland.com/entertainment/music/bio.html |title=Artist Biographies |publisher=Afghanland.com |access-date=17 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809214750/http://www.afghanland.com/entertainment/music/bio.html |archive-date=9 August 2013}}</ref> [[Attan]] is the national dance of Afghanistan, a group dance popularly performed by Afghans of all backgrounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wadsam.com/arts-culture/afghanistans-traditional-dance-attan-3090/|title=Afghanistan's Traditional Dance-Attan|date=7 July 2012}}</ref> The dance is considered part of Afghan identity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanzariza.com/article/articledetail/attan--the-fascinating-national-dance-of-afghanistan|title=Attan – the fascinating national dance of Afghanistan|website=Afghan Zariza|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308040731/https://www.afghanzariza.com/article/articledetail/attan--the-fascinating-national-dance-of-afghanistan|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Media and entertainment=== {{Main|Media of Afghanistan}} Afghanistan has around 350 [[List of radio stations in Afghanistan|radio stations]] and over 200 television stations.<ref name=TOLO-2019>{{cite news|title=Suspects Sentenced To Death For Killing Journalist in Kandahar|url=https://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/suspects-sentenced-death-killing-journalist-kandahar|publisher=[[TOLOnews]]|date=16 April 2019|access-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417161248/https://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/suspects-sentenced-death-killing-journalist-kandahar|archive-date=17 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Radio Television Afghanistan]], originating from 1925, is the state public broadcaster. Television programs began airing in the 1970s and today there are many private television channels such as [[TOLO (TV channel)|TOLO]] and [[Shamshad TV]]. The first Afghan newspaper was published in 1873,{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=405}} and there are hundreds of print outlets today.<ref name="TOLO-2019"/> By the 1920s, [[Radio Kabul]] was broadcasting local radio services.<ref>{{cite book|author=Monica Whitlock|title=Land Beyond the River: The Untold Story of Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OW1tAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|date=24 October 2003|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-27727-7|page=127}}</ref> [[Voice of America]], [[BBC World Service|BBC]], and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (RFE/RL) broadcast in both of Afghanistan's official languages on radio.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/afghanistan|title=Freedom of the Press 2016: Afghanistan|publisher=Freedom House|year=2016|access-date=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205122939/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/afghanistan|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Press restrictions have been gradually relaxed and private media diversified since 2002, after more than two decades of tight controls. Afghans have long been accustomed to watching Indian [[Bollywood]] films and listening to its [[filmi]] songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalmag.com/encounters-bollywood-kabul/|title=Encounters with Bollywood in Kabul|date=14 September 2013|website=Himal Southasian}}</ref> It has been claimed that Afghanistan is among the biggest markets for the Hindi film industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/panipat-irks-afghans-founding-father-portrayal-191210053601818.html|title=Bollywood's Panipat irks Afghans over founding father's portrayal|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> The stereotypes of [[Afghans in India]] (''Kabuliwala'' or ''Pathani'') have also been represented in some Bollywood films by actors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/period-films-like-padmaavat-kesari-and-now-panipat-have-crassly-stereotyped-and-vilified-afghans/cid/1717346|title=Vilifying Afghans in Bollywood|website=The Telegraph|location=India}}</ref> Many Bollywood film stars have roots in Afghanistan, including [[Salman Khan]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Aamir Khan]], [[Feroz Khan (Indian actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Zarine Khan]], [[Celina Jaitly]], and a number of others. Several Bollywood films have been shot inside Afghanistan, including ''[[Dharmatma]]'', ''[[Khuda Gawah]]'', ''[[Escape from Taliban]]'', and ''[[Kabul Express]]''. ===Cuisine=== {{Main|Afghan cuisine}} [[File: Bread of Afghanistan in 2010.jpg|thumb|[[Naan|Non]], the most widely consumed bread in Afghanistan]] Afghan cuisine is largely based upon the nation's chief crops, such as wheat, maize, [[barley]] and rice. Accompanying these staples are native fruits and vegetables as well as dairy products such as milk, [[yogurt]], and [[whey]]. [[Kabuli palaw]] is the [[national dish]] of Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodrepublic.com/2012/07/31/everything-you-need-know-about-afghan-food|title=Everything You Need To Know About Afghan Food |date=31 July 2012 |publisher=foodrepublic |first=Tanveer |last=Ali|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213232915/https://www.foodrepublic.com/2012/07/31/everything-you-need-know-about-afghan-food|archive-date=13 February 2013}}</ref> The nation's culinary specialties reflect its ethnic and geographic diversity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brittin|first=Helen|title=The Food and Culture Around the World Handbook|year=2011|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Boston|pages=20–21}}</ref> Afghanistan is known for its high-quality [[Pomegranate production in Afghanistan|pomegranates]], grapes, and sweet melons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rareseeds.com/afghan-honeydew-melon/|title=Rare Heirloom Seeds – Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds|website=Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds|access-date=28 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063844/http://www.rareseeds.com/afghan-honeydew-melon/|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tea is a favorite drink among Afghans. A typical Afghan diet consists of [[naan]], yogurt, rice, and meat.<ref name="afghanistans.com"/> ===Holidays and festivals=== [[File:هفت میوه.jpg|thumb|upright|Haft Mewa (Seven Fruit Syrup), popularly consumed during Nowruz]] Afghanistan's official New Year starts with [[Nowruz]], an ancient tradition that started as a [[Zoroastrian]] celebration in present-day Iran, and with which it shares the annual celebration along with several other countries. It occurs every year at the [[March equinox|vernal equinox]]. [[Nauruz in Afghanistan|In Afghanistan]], Nowruz is typically celebrated with music and dance, as well as holding [[buzkashi]] tournaments.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/middle-east/afghanistan/festivals-and-events |title=Afghanistan Holidays and Festivals |website=iexplore.com}}</ref> [[Yaldā]], another nationally celebrated ancient tradition,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.mehrnews.com/news/112907/Yalda-Iranian-celebration-of-winter-solstice |last=Rezaian |first=Lachin |agency=[[Mehr News Agency]] |date=20 December 2015 |title=Yalda: Iranian celebration of winter solstice}}</ref> commemorates the ancient goddess [[Mithra]] and marks the longest night of the year on the eve of the [[winter solstice]] ({{transliteration|fa|čelle ye zemestān}}; usually falling on 20 or 21 December),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yonOicJi5BEC |title=No More "us" and "them": Classroom Lessons and Activities to Promote Peer Respect |last=Roessing |first=Lesley |date=2012 |page=89 |publisher=R&L Education |isbn=978-1-61048-812-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-adv-persian-winter-solstice-20131221-story.html |title=In ancient tradition, Iranians celebrate winter solstice |last=Hamedy |first= Saba |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=20 December 2013}}</ref> during which families gather together to recite poetry and eat fruit.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ti24AwAAQBAJ |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |last=Foltz |first= Richard |publisher=Oneworld Publications |date=2013 |page=29|isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |author-link=Foltz, Richard}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Alavi |first=Nasrin |url=https://archive.org/details/weareiranpersian0000alav/page/134/mode/2up |title=We Are Iran: The Persian Blogs |date=8 November 2015 |publisher=Soft Skull Press |page=135 |isbn=978-1-55192-871-5 |url-access=registration}}</ref> As a predominantly Muslim country, Islamic events and festivals such as [[Ramadan]], [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Ashura]] are widely celebrated annually in Afghanistan. The Sikh festival of [[Vaisakhi]] is celebrated by the Sikh community<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2013/04/11/sikhs-throng-temples-celebrate-vaisakhi|title=Sikhs throng temples to celebrate Vaisakhi|website=pajhwok.com|date=11 April 2013|last1=Mahbob|first1=Mahbob Shah}}</ref> and the Hindu festival [[Diwali]] by the Hindu community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/afghan-hindus-and-sikhs-celebrate-diwali-without-pomp-and-splendour-amid-fear-1.668735|title=Afghan Hindus and Sikhs celebrate Diwali without 'pomp and splendour' amid fear|website=The National|date=19 October 2017}}</ref> [[Afghan Independence Day|National Independence Day]] is celebrated on 19 August to mark the [[Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919]] and the country's full independence.<ref name="Factbook"/> Several international celebrations are also officially held in Afghanistan, such as [[International Workers' Day]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2024 |title=International Workers Day 2024: List of Countries that Celebrate Labor Day on 1st May, Check Here |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/international-workers-day-1714484773-1 |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> and [[International Women's Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellingwood |first=Anselma |date=11 March 2024 |title=International Women's Day: Afghan Women Endure Gender Apartheid |url=https://feminist.org/news/international-womens-day-afghan-women-endure-gender-apartheid/ |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=Feminist Majority Foundation}}</ref> Some regional festivals include the [[Nowruz#Afghanistan|Red Flower Festival]] (during Nowruz) in [[Mazar-i-Sharif]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=Nowruz celebration in Afghanistan |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/184697/Nowruz-celebration-in-Afghanistan |access-date=1 July 2024 |agency=Mehr News Agency}}</ref> and the Damboora Festival in [[Bamyan Province]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2018 |title=Traditional Dambora Musical Festival organized in Bamyan province |url=https://www.khaama.com/traditional-dambora-musical-festival-organized-in-bamyan-province-05461/ |access-date=1 July 2024 |work=Khaama Press}}</ref> ===Sports=== {{Main|Sport in Afghanistan}} {{See also|Traditional games of Afghanistan}} [[File:Buzkashi game in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|left|The ancient national sport of Afghanistan, [[Buzkashi]]]] Sport in Afghanistan is managed by the [[Afghan Sports Federation]]. [[Cricket]] and association football are the two most popular sports in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/%E2%80%98Cricket-is-now-the-biggest-sport-in-Afghanistan%E2%80%99/article13994180.ece|title=Cricket is now the biggest sport in Afghanistan|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 July 2019|date=11 January 2016|author=Uthra Ganesan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/afghanistan.htm|title=Sport in Afghanistan|access-date=4 July 2019|publisher=Top End Sports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711025603/https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/afghanistan.htm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Afghan Sports Federation promotes cricket, association football, basketball, volleyball, golf, [[team handball|handball]], [[boxing]], [[taekwondo]], [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]], [[bodybuilding]], track and field, [[ice skating|skating]], [[bowling]], [[snooker]], [[chess]], and other sports. The [[Afghanistan national basketball team]] won the first team sports title at the [[2010 South Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/South-Asian-Games-Shooters-swimmers-shine-as-India-consolidate-dominance/articleshow/5540143.cms|title=South Asian Games: Shooters, swimmers shine as India consolidate dominance|newspaper=The Times of India|date=5 February 2010|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613093112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/South-Asian-Games-Shooters-swimmers-shine-as-India-consolidate-dominance/articleshow/5540143.cms|archive-date=13 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, the country's [[Afghanistan national 3x3 team|3x3 basketball team]] won the gold medal at the [[3-on-3 basketball at the 2012 Asian Beach Games|2012 Asian Beach Games]]. In 2013, Afghanistan's [[Afghanistan national football team|football team]] followed as it won the [[SAFF Championship]].<ref name="SAFF2013">{{cite news |last=Lyse |first=Doucet |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24074786 |title=Precious moments of unity touch Afghans after football triumph |publisher=BBC News |date=12 September 2013 |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925172338/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24074786 |archive-date=25 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Afghan national cricket team]], which was formed in 2001, won the [[2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2009/TOURNAMENTS/INTERCONTINENTAL/about.shtml |title=2009–10 Intercontinental Cup |website=CricketEurope |access-date=28 May 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224153614/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2009/TOURNAMENTS/INTERCONTINENTAL/about.shtml |archive-date=24 February 2013}}</ref> It won the [[ACC Twenty20 Cup]] in 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013. The team played in the [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]], [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]], and [[2023 Cricket World Cup]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalvoices.org/2015/02/20/afghanistan-makes-history-in-cricket-world-cup-despite-debut-loss-to-bangladesh/|title=Afghanistan Makes History in Cricket World Cup, Despite Debut Loss to Bangladesh|date=20 February 2015|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528232428/https://globalvoices.org/2015/02/20/afghanistan-makes-history-in-cricket-world-cup-despite-debut-loss-to-bangladesh/|archive-date=28 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Afghanistan Cricket Board]] (ACB) is the official governing body of the sport and is based in Kabul. The [[Alokozay Kabul International Cricket Ground]] serves as the nation's main cricket stadium. There are several other stadiums throughout the country, including the [[Ghazi Amanullah Khan International Cricket Stadium]] near [[Jalalabad]]. Domestically, cricket is played between teams from different provinces. The [[Afghanistan national football team]] has been competing in international [[Association football|football]] since 1941.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teammelli.com/matchdata/details/matchdetails.php?id=53|title=Statistics: Iran|access-date=28 May 2019|publisher=Team Melli|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103153545/http://www.teammelli.com/matchdata/details/matchdetails.php?id=53|archive-date=3 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The national team plays its home games at the [[Ghazi Stadium]] in Kabul, while [[football in Afghanistan]] is governed by the [[Afghanistan Football Federation]]. The national team has never competed or qualified for the [[FIFA World Cup]] but won an international football trophy in 2013.<ref name="SAFF2013"/> The country also has a national team in the sport of futsal, a 5-a-side variation of football. The traditional and the national sport of Afghanistan is [[buzkashi]], particularly popular in the north.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/afghanistans-buzkashi-horses-prepare-for-the-game-of-courage/article22457652.ece|title=Afghanistan's buzkashi horses prepare for the game of courage|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 January 2018}}</ref> It is similar to [[polo]], played by horsemen in two teams, each trying to grab and hold a goat carcass.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Abi-Habib|first1=Maria|last2=Fazly|first2=Walid|title=In Afghanistan's National Pastime, It's Better to Be a Hero Than a Goat|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703841904576256632384932122|access-date=13 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=13 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526095017/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703841904576256632384932122|archive-date=26 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Afghan Hound]] (a type of running dog) originated in Afghanistan and was used in [[wolf hunting with dogs|wolf hunting]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Rory|last=Stewart|author-link=Rory Stewart|title=The Places in Between|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz_2AwAAQBAJ|date=2007|publisher=HMH Books|isbn=978-0-15-603593-4|page=100}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Afghanistan|Asia}} * [[Outline of Afghanistan]] ==Explanatory notes== {{Notelist|refs= <!-- {{Efn|name=fn1|The phoneme {{IPA|/f/}} ف occurs only in loanwords in Pashto, it tends to be replaced with {{IPA|/p/}} پ. {{IPA|[b]}} is also an allophone of {{IPA|/p/}} before voiced consonants; {{IPA|[v]}} is an allophone of {{IPA|/f/}} before voiced consonants in loanwords.}}--> }} ==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===General and cited sources=== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813|last=Mehta|first=Jaswant Lal|date=January 2005|isbn=9781932705546|publisher=Sterling Publishers|ref={{sfnref|Mehta}}}} {{Refend}} ==Further reading== {{Main|Bibliography of Afghanistan}} {{See also|Bibliography of the history of Central Asia}} {{Refbegin}} {{Div col|content= * {{cite book |last=Barfield|first=Thomas|title=Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tg45ygAACAAJ|date=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15441-1}} * {{cite book |last1=Bleaney |first1=C. H. |last2=Gallego |first2=María Ángeles |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=qCh41lAvg8oC}} |title=Afghanistan: a bibliography |publisher=BRILL |year=2006 |isbn=978-90-04-14532-0}} * {{cite book |last=Clements |first=Frank |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=bv4hzxpo424C}} |title=Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85109-402-8}} * {{cite book |last=Dupree|first=Louis|author-link=Louis Dupree (professor)|title=Afghanistan|publisher=Oxford Pakistan Paperbacks|edition=2nd|year=1997|isbn=978-0-19-577634-8}} * {{cite book |title=Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics|last=Ewans|first=Martin|publisher=Curzon Press|date=2002|isbn=0060505087}} * {{cite book |last=Fowler |first=Corinne |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=o4IrhX7n66YC}} |title=Chasing Tales: Travel Writing, Journalism and the History of British Ideas About Afghanistan |publisher=Rodopi |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-420-2262-1}} * {{cite book |last=Griffiths |first=John C |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=M7nMtaXdAS8C}} |title=Afghanistan: a History of Conflict |publisher=Carlton Books |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-84222-597-4}} * {{cite book |last=Habibi |first=Abdul Hai |author-link=Abdul Hai Habibi |year=2003 |title=Afghanistan: An Abridged History |publisher=Fenestra Books |isbn=978-1-58736-169-2}} * {{cite book |last=Hopkins |first=B.D. |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=FOMUAQAAIAAJ}} |title=The Making of Modern Afghanistan |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-230-55421-4}} * {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Robert |title=The Afghan Way of War: How and Why They Fight |year=2011 |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=lNuH5YQJr6UC}} |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979856-8}} * {{cite book |last=Levi |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KakcAAAAMAAJ |title=The Light Garden of the Angel King: Journeys in Afghanistan |publisher=Collins |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-00-211042-6}} * {{cite book |last=Malleson |first=George Bruce |author-link=George Bruce Malleson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqNGBEmHUd4C |title=History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878 |edition=Elibron Classic Replica |publisher=Adamant Media Corporation |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4021-7278-6}} * {{cite book |last=Olson |first=Gillia M |url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistan0000olso |url-access=registration |title=Afghanistan |publisher=Capstone Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7368-2685-3}} * {{cite book |last1=Omrani |first1=Bijan |last2=Leeming |first2=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVu_NwAACAAJ|title=Afghanistan: A Companion and Guide |publisher=Odyssey Publications |edition=2nd |year=2011 |isbn=978-962-217-816-8}} * {{cite book |last=Reddy |first=L.R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NubtDf2T3cAC |title=Inside Afghanistan: End of the Taliban Era? |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7648-319-3}} * {{cite book |last=Runion |first=Meredith L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC |title=The History of Afghanistan |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-313-33798-7}} }} {{Refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|voy=Afghanistan|Afghanistan|s=Portal:Afghanistan|collapsible=collapsed}} * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ Afghanistan]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * {{GovPubs|Afghanistan}} * {{Wikiatlas|Afghanistan}} * [http://uiuc.libguides.com/afghanistan_research_guide Research Guide to Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823112103/http://uiuc.libguides.com/afghanistan_research_guide |date=23 August 2015}} {{Afghanistan topics}} {{Navboxes |list= {{Countries of Asia}} {{Central Asian topics}} {{South Asian topics}} {{Economic Cooperation Organization}} {{South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|state=collapsed}} {{US War on Terror}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Afghanistan| ]] [[Category:1709 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:Central Asian countries]] [[Category:Countries in Asia]] [[Category:Emirates]] [[Category:Iranian plateau]] [[Category:Islamic states]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Pashto-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Countries and territories where Persian is an official language]] [[Category:South Asian countries]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1709]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1747]] [[Category:Theocracies]] [[Category:Totalitarian states]] 01q28tu7q3tdnc23io1zdlqt1dc1gy1 0 185 191 2025-01-20T01:56:15Z Kl8876883 28775193 Created page with "[[File:Vinewood.jpg|thumb]] The '''Hollywood Sign''' is an American [[landmark]] and [[cultural icon]] overlooking [[Hollywood, Los Angeles]]. Originally the '''Hollywoodland Sign''', it is situated on [[Mount Lee]], above [[Beachwood Canyon, Los Angeles|Beachwood Canyon]] in the [[Santa Monica Mountains]]. Spelling out the word "''HOLLYWOODLAND''" in {{convert|50|ft|m|1|adj=mid|-tall}} white uppercase letters and 450 feet (137.2 m) long,<ref name="SignFacts">{{cite web..." 191 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Vinewood.jpg|thumb]] The '''Hollywood Sign''' is an American [[landmark]] and [[cultural icon]] overlooking [[Hollywood, Los Angeles]]. Originally the '''Hollywoodland Sign''', it is situated on [[Mount Lee]], above [[Beachwood Canyon, Los Angeles|Beachwood Canyon]] in the [[Santa Monica Mountains]]. Spelling out the word "''HOLLYWOODLAND''" in {{convert|50|ft|m|1|adj=mid|-tall}} white uppercase letters and 450 feet (137.2 m) long,<ref name="SignFacts">{{cite web|title=Fast Facts About The Hollywood Sign|url=http://hollywoodsign.org/fast-facts/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116170028/http://hollywoodsign.org/fast-facts/|archive-date=January 16, 2017|access-date=January 1, 2017|website=The Hollywood Sign}}</ref> it was originally erected in 1923 as a temporary advertisement for a local [[real estate]] development. Due to increasing recognition, the sign was left up, with the last four letters "LAND" removed in 1949.<ref name="hstpdf">{{cite web |title=The Hollywood Sign: A Beat-by-Beat Plotline |website=The Hollywood Sign |date=May 19, 2005 |url=http://www.hollywoodsign.org/pdf/HOLLYWOOD%20PLOTLINE.pdf |access-date=August 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809185557/http://www.hollywoodsign.org/pdf/HOLLYWOOD%20PLOTLINE.pdf |archive-date=August 9, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The sign was entirely replaced in 1978 with a more durable all-steel {{convert|45|ft|m|1|adj=mid|-tall}} structure and concrete footings. [[File:Sing Vinewood.webp|thumb]] Among the best-known landmarks in both California and the United States, the sign makes frequent appearances in [[popular culture]], particularly in [[establishing shot]]s for films and television programs set in or around Hollywood. Signs of similar style, but spelling different words, are frequently seen as parodies. The [[Hollywood Chamber of Commerce]] holds, for certain uses, trademark rights to a wordmark of staggered typeface that mimics the physical Hollywood Sign,<ref>http://www.hollywoodsign.us/trademark</ref> but it does not hold rights to the actual sign.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Licensing for the Walk of Fame |url=https://walkoffame.com/licensing/ |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Hollywood or the Walk of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref> Filmmakers benefit from knowing that the Chamber does not hold any rights in USTPO Class 41; ''entertainment''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Op-Ed: The Hollywood sign is a public treasure, and no one should have to pay to use its image|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2020-04-26/hollywood-sign-trademark-creative-use-license|publication-date=2020-04-26|access-date=2022-08-26|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> [[File:Los Vinewood.jpg|thumb]] Because of its widespread recognizability, the sign has been a frequent target of pranks and vandalism across the decades. It has since undergone restoration, including the installation of a security system to deter mischief. The Hollywood Sign Trust, which is controlled by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce, is a volunteer organization dedicated to maintaining, protecting and promoting the sign, but has no legal rights to the landmark itself,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hollywoodsign.org/hollywood-sign-trust/ |title=About the Hollywood Sign Trust |website=The Hollywood Sign |access-date=February 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610195344/http://hollywoodsign.org/hollywood-sign-trust/ |archive-date=June 10, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> or the surrounding land, which is part of [[Griffith Park]]. [[File:Hollywood .jpg|thumb]] == History == === Origin === The original sign was erected in 1923 and originally read "HOLLYWOODLAND" to promote the name of a new housing development in the hills above the Hollywood district of Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Fodor's Southern California |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4Y9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT258 |publisher=[[Fodor's]] |page=258 |date=2017 |series=Fodor's Travel Guides |isbn=978-0804143912 |access-date=August 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429143523/https://books.google.com/books?id=x4Y9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT258 |archive-date=April 29, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Vine .jpg|thumb]] [[File:Hollywoodland Sign (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|The original sign, reading "Hollywoodland"]] Real estate developers Woodruff and Shoults called their development "Hollywoodland" and advertised it as a "superb environment without excessive cost on the Hollywood side of the hills."<ref name="BeachwoodWilliams">{{cite web |url=http://www.beachwoodcanyon.org/HISTORY.htm |title=The Story of Hollywoodland |access-date=April 27, 2010 |last=Williams |first=Gregory |website=Beachwood Canyon Neighborhood Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119055147/http://www.beachwoodcanyon.org/HISTORY.htm |archive-date=January 19, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Jodeunited.webp|thumb]] They contracted the Crescent Sign Company to erect thirteen south-facing letters on the hillside. Crescent owner Thomas Fisk Goff (1890–1984) designed the wooden sign in {{convert|30|ft|m|1|adj=mid|-wide}} and {{convert|50|ft|m|1|adj=mid|-high}} white block letters. Studded with around 4,000 light bulbs, the completed sign alternated between flashing in successive segments "HOLLY", "WOOD", and "LAND" and as a whole.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schnalzer |first=Rachel |date=2022-05-03 |title=Why doesn't the Hollywood sign light up at night? We have answers |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-05-03/why-isnt-the-hollywood-sign-lighted |access-date=2022-12-24 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Below the sign was a searchlight to attract more attention. The poles that supported the sign were hauled to the site by mules. The project cost $21,000,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Horowitz |first=Joy |title=Signs and Wonders (review of ''The Hollywood Sign: Fantasy and Reality of an American Icon'' by Leo Braudy) |url=http://lareviewofbooks.org/article.php?type=&id=381&fulltext=1&media= |journal=[[Los Angeles Review of Books]] |date=May 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419031929/http://lareviewofbooks.org/article.php?type=&id=381&fulltext=1&media= |archive-date=April 19, 2013}}</ref> {{Inflation|US|21000|1923|r=-4|fmt=eq}}. [[File:Post .jpg|thumb]] The sign was officially dedicated in 1923, intended to last only a year and a half.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodsign.org/the-history-of-the-sign/1923-a-sign-is-born/ |title=1923: A Sign Is Born |website=The Hollywood Sign |access-date=January 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231135601/http://www.hollywoodsign.org/the-history-of-the-sign/1923-a-sign-is-born/ |archive-date=December 31, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The rise of [[Cinema of the United States|American cinema]] in Los Angeles during the [[Golden Age of Hollywood]] gave it widespread visibility, causing it to be left beyond that,<ref name="hollywoodhistoricphotos.com">{{cite web|url=http://hollywoodhistoricphotos.com/index.php/cPath/90_103_145|title=Hollywood Historic Photos|website=hollywoodhistoricphotos.com|access-date=December 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208231443/http://hollywoodhistoricphotos.com/index.php/cPath/90_103_145|archive-date=December 8, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> for over a quarter of a century still spelling "Hollywoodland". In September 1932, 24-year-old actress [[Peg Entwistle]] died by suicide by climbing a workman's ladder up to the top of the 'H' and jumping to her death.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19320920&id=9oApAAAAIBAJ&pg=3051,5949013|title=Young Actress Ends Life In Hollywood|date=September 20, 1932|newspaper=[[The Lewiston Daily Sun]]|access-date=May 13, 2014|page=11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429143519/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19320920&id=9oApAAAAIBAJ&pg=3051,5949013|archive-date=April 29, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Peg Entwistle and the Hollywood Sign Suicide: A Biography|last=Zeruk|first=James Jr. |publisher=McFarland|year=2013|isbn=978-0-786-47313-7|page=187}}</ref> [[File:I United States a.webp|thumb]] The sign’s illumination was switched off about 1933, as the new owners decided it was too expensive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palma |first=Bethania |date=2022-08-05 |title=Did the Hollywood Sign Once Say 'Hollywoodland'? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/hollywood-sign-hollywoodland/ |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref> [[File:United States.jpg|thumb]] === Deterioration and restoration === [[File:Hullywod-Sign.jpg|thumb|right|In the 1970s, the sign reached its most [[Dilapidation|dilapidated]] state. This image was taken shortly before the sign's 1978 restoration.]] [[File:Los Angeles Sand Tru Glee.jpg|thumb]] ==== 1940s ==== In time, the sign deteriorated. The letter ''H'' was destroyed in early 1944. A [[United Press International|United Press]] report in 1949 indicated that winds were to blame,<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=1949-09-27 |title=Putting the 'H' Back in Hollywood |pages=1 |work=The Tribune |agency=United Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107767541/putting-the-h-back-in-hollywood/ |access-date=2022-08-17|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> while the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' said that the H was destroyed by "vandals or windstorms."<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=1949-01-25 |title=Ruling Asked in Case of Hollywoodland Sign |pages=21 |work=The Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/107767831/ruling-asked-in-case-of-hollywoodland/ |access-date=2022-08-17|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> [[File:United .png|thumb]] In 1949, the sign drew complaints from local residents, who called it an "eyesore and detriment to the community" and advocated its demolition. The [[Hollywood Chamber of Commerce]] protested against the sign's removal and offered to repair it.<ref name=":5" /> The Chamber entered into a contract with the City of Los Angeles Parks Department to repair and rebuild the sign. The contract stipulated that "LAND" be removed to spell "Hollywood" and reflect the district, not the "Hollywoodland" housing development.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daviesignarama.com/hollywoodsign |title=The Hollywood Sign |date=September 24, 2014 |website=Sign A Rama Davie |access-date=September 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003033531/http://www.daviesignarama.com/hollywoodsign/ |archive-date=October 3, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The restoration and removal of the "land" portion of the sign was conducted in September 1949.<ref name=":6" /> [[File:Los Vinewood united.jpg|thumb]] ==== 1970s ==== [[File:Hollywood sign hill view.jpg|thumb|Once all wood, the sign was rebuilt in metal letters supported by a structural steel framework.]] [[File:Vine Holl.webp|thumb]] The sign's unprotected wood-and-sheet-metal structure deteriorated over the years. After a severe windstorm on February 10, 1978, the first ''O'' was splintered and broken, resembling a lowercase ''u'', and the third ''O'' had fallen down completely, leaving the now-dilapidated sign reading "HuLLYWO{{nbsp}}D."<ref>{{cite web |date=May 24, 2017 |title=Water and Power Associates |url=http://waterandpower.org:80/museum/Early_Views_of_Hollywood_(1920_+).html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524061523/http://waterandpower.org/museum/Early_Views_of_Hollywood_(1920_+).html |archive-date=May 24, 2017 |access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref><ref name="hollywoodhistoricphotos.com" /> In 1978, the Chamber set out to replace the severely deteriorated sign with a more permanent structure. Nine donors gave US$27,778 each (totaling US$250,000, {{Inflation|USD|250000|1978|fmt=eq|r=-4}}) to sponsor replacement letters, made of steel supported by steel columns on a concrete foundation (see [[#Donors|Donors]] section below).<ref name="Braudy">{{cite book |last=Braudy |first=Leo |title=The Hollywood Sign: Fantasy and Reality of an American Icon (Icons of America) |year=2012 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-18145-6}}</ref> The new letters were {{convert|44|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} tall and ranged from {{convert|31|to|39|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} wide. The new version of the sign was unveiled on November 11, 1978, as the culmination of a live [[CBS]] television special commemorating the 75th anniversary of Hollywood's incorporation as a city.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19781111&id=HIYsAAAAIBAJ&pg=6093,2327201 |title=Sign Unveiled |newspaper=[[Spartanburg Herald-Journal]] |date=November 11, 1978 |access-date=April 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429143514/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=19781111&id=HIYsAAAAIBAJ&pg=6093,2327201 |archive-date=April 29, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Refurbishment, donated by Bay Cal Commercial Painting,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baycal.com/hsrp/index.html |title=Hollywood Sign Restoration Project 2005 |access-date=January 1, 2008 |website=Bay Cal Painting |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110024057/http://www.baycal.com/hsrp/index.html |archive-date=January 10, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> began in November 2005 as workers stripped the letters back to their metal base and repainted them white. ==== Donors ==== [[File:Hollywood Sign satellite view.png|thumb|A satellite image shows it follows the contour of the hillside.]] Following the 1978 public campaign to restore the sign, the following nine donors gave $27,778 each (which totaled $250,002): * '''H''': Terrence Donnelly (publisher of the ''Hollywood Independent Newspaper'') * '''O''': [[Alice Cooper]] (singer), who donated in memory of comedian [[Groucho Marx]]<ref>{{cite book |year = 2011 |title = Time Out Los Angeles |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RQHN0MI5NO8C&pg=PA21 |isbn=978-1-84670-301-0 |publisher = [[Time Out Group]] |page = 21 |access-date = 2019-02-20 }}</ref> * '''L''': Les Kelley (founder of [[Kelley Blue Book]]) * '''L''': [[Gene Autry]] (actor) * '''Y''': [[Hugh Hefner]] (founder of ''[[Playboy]]'') * '''W''': [[Andy Williams]] (singer) * '''O''': Giovanni Mazza (Italian movie producer, co-founder of Panaria Film) * '''O''': Warner Bros. Records, currently known as [[Warner Records]] * '''D''': Dennis Lidtke (businessman, graphics company [[Gribbitt]]), donated in the name of Matthew Williams<ref name="Braudy"/>{{rp|166–167}} ==== The original sign and restoration of the "H" ==== The original 1923 sign was presumed to have been destroyed until 2005, when it was put up for sale on eBay by producer/entrepreneur Dan Bliss.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/2005/11/17/news/newsmakers/hollywood_sign |title=Buy a piece of HOLLYWOOD |first=Jessica |last=Seid |website=CNN |date=November 17, 2005 |access-date=February 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012184248/http://money.cnn.com/2005/11/17/news/newsmakers/hollywood_sign/ |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was sold to artist [[Bill Mack (Sculptor)|Bill Mack]], who used the sheet metal as a medium to paint the likenesses of stars from the [[Golden Age of Hollywood]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://billmack.com/hollywood-sign/ |title=Bill Mack's Hollywood Sign Project |access-date=September 17, 2012 |website=Erin Taylor Editions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423082100/http://billmack.com/index.php?%2Fhollywood_sign |archive-date=April 23, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2012, Mack constructed an exact replica of the letter ''H'' from the metal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2012/08/08/arts/minnesota-sculptor-restores-h-in-hollywood-sign/ |title=Minn. sculptor restores H |agency=Associated Press |date=August 8, 2012 |website=Minnesota Public Radio}}</ref> On August 9, 2012, [[Herb Wesson]] and [[Tom LaBonge]] of the [[Los Angeles City Council]] presented Mack with a Certificate of Recognition for his restoration efforts and preservation of the sign.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.myfoxtwincities.com/story/19243240/minneapolis-sculptor-unveils-original-h-from-hollywood-sign |title=Minneapolis sculptor unveils original H from Hollywood sign |website=KMSP-TV |date=August 9, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403034717/http://www.myfoxtwincities.com/story/19243240/minneapolis-sculptor-unveils-original-h-from-hollywood-sign |archive-date=April 3, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> ===Access issues=== Considerable public concern has arisen over certain access points to the trails leading to the sign that are in residential areas. Some residents of the neighborhoods adjoining the sign, such as [[Beachwood Canyon, Los Angeles|Beachwood Canyon]] and Lake Hollywood Estates, have expressed concerns about the congestion and traffic caused by tourists and sightseers attracted to the sign. The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' reported in 2013 that "there are more than 40 tour companies running buses and vans in and out of the canyon..." and residents "...are most concerned about safety issues because the curving hillside roads were not designed for so many cars and pedestrians."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-hollywood-sign-wars-20131009,0,2258306,full.story|title=Discontent brewing under the Hollywood sign|last=Pool|first=Bob|date=October 8, 2013|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=February 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013185422/http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-hollywood-sign-wars-20131009,0,2258306,full.story|archive-date=October 13, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-hollywood-sign-tourists-aggravate-residents-20131009,0,5716320.story|title=Hollywood sign tourists, sightseers annoy local residents|last=Pool|first=Bob|date=October 9, 2013|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=February 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014224515/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-hollywood-sign-tourists-aggravate-residents-20131009,0,5716320.story|archive-date=October 14, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Los Angeles Fire Department]] identifies Griffith Park, where the sign resides, as a high fire risk area due to the brush and dry climate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beverlypress.com/2015/10/hollywood-sign-access-points-debated-at-town-hall-meeting/|title=Hollywood Sign access points debated at town hall meeting|date=2015-10-07|website=Park Labrea News/ Beverly Press|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616171757/http://beverlypress.com/2015/10/hollywood-sign-access-points-debated-at-town-hall-meeting/|archive-date=June 16, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Local residents have created fake 'no access' and other misleading signs to discourage people from visiting the sign.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/mini-stories-volume-7/|title=Mini-Stories: Volume 7|website=99% Invisible|date=December 18, 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221214816/https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/mini-stories-volume-7/|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, at the behest of residents of the Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles City Councilman [[Tom LaBonge]] petitioned GPS manufacturers [[Garmin]] and [[Google Maps]] to redirect traffic away from residential streets, which lack the infrastructure (e.g., parking, restrooms, potable water) to deal with the large influx of tourists, towards two designated viewing areas, [[Griffith Observatory]] and the [[Hollywood and Highland Center]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.com/20120315/gps-directions-to-hollywood-sign-will-change|title=GPS directions to Hollywood sign will change|date=2012-03-15|website=Daily News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702153506/http://www.dailynews.com/20120315/gps-directions-to-hollywood-sign-will-change|archive-date=July 2, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The Hollywood Sign Trust, the nonprofit that maintains the sign, also endorses these two viewing platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hollywoodsign.org/best-viewpoints/|title=Best Viewpoints|date=2017-06-20|website=The Hollywood Sign|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322135145/https://hollywoodsign.org/best-viewpoints/|archive-date=March 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Other mapping services, such as [[Apple Maps]] and [[Bing Maps]], have subsequently followed suit.<ref name="gizmodo.com">{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/why-people-keep-trying-to-erase-the-hollywood-sign-from-1658084644|title=Why People Keep Trying to Erase the Hollywood Sign From Google Maps|website=Gizmodo|date=November 21, 2014 |language=en-us|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221214816/https://gizmodo.com/why-people-keep-trying-to-erase-the-hollywood-sign-from-1658084644|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/mini-stories-volume-7/|title=Mini-Stories: Volume 7 – Page 2 of 4|website=99% Invisible|date=December 18, 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221214816/https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/mini-stories-volume-7/|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> This was considered deceptive by some as the hike from Griffith Observatory could take up to two hours one way,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hikespeak.com/trails/griffith-observatory-to-hollywood-sign-hike/|title=Griffith Observatory to Hollywood Sign {{!}} Griffith Park {{!}} Hikespeak.com|website=www.hikespeak.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221214818/https://www.hikespeak.com/trails/griffith-observatory-to-hollywood-sign-hike/|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and both locations are considerably farther away from other viewing locations or trails.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://la.curbed.com/2017/4/11/15232372/hollywood-sign-best-spots-views-hike|title=The 7 best places to see the Hollywood Sign|last=Chandler|first=Jenna|date=2017-04-11|website=Curbed LA|language=en|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103035739/https://la.curbed.com/2017/4/11/15232372/hollywood-sign-best-spots-views-hike|archive-date=January 3, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gizmodo.com"/> [[File:Hollywood Sign (6215563649).jpg|thumb|upright|A walking trail at the edge of a residential canyon. This is the closest point most people will ever get to the Hollywood Sign. As signs indicate, public access from here to the sign is prohibited.]] [[File:BehindHollywoodSign-7842p.jpg|thumb|View from behind the Hollywood sign, 2003]] In 2015, the city made the northern parts of Beachwood Canyon into preferential parking districts, restricting parking on most of the streets in the neighborhood only to its residents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://la.curbed.com/2015/1/5/10005606/so-are-the-hollywood-sign-tourist-wars-over-now-1|title=So Are the Hollywood Sign Tourist Wars Over Now?|last=Kudler|first=Adrian Glick|date=2015-01-05|website=Curbed LA|language=en|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221214818/https://la.curbed.com/2015/1/5/10005606/so-are-the-hollywood-sign-tourist-wars-over-now-1|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, Beachwood Drive gate, an access point to the popular Hollyridge Trail, was closed to the public by city officials,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-hollywood-sign-20170415-story.html|title=Hikers savor final days of access to popular trail near Hollywood sign as some locals protest closure|date=2017-04-16|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221214816/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-hollywood-sign-20170415-story.html|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> though it remains accessible as an exit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beverlypress.com/2018/12/local-groups-continue-battle-over-griffith-park-gate/|title=Local groups continue battle over Griffith Park gate|date=2018-12-19|website=Park Labrea News/ Beverly Press|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221220321/https://beverlypress.com/2018/12/local-groups-continue-battle-over-griffith-park-gate/|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The closure came as a response to a lawsuit by Sunset Ranch Hollywood Stables against the city for advertising a gate at the bottom of the trail, which directed tourists towards the Ranch's "exclusive [[easement]] (right of way) road".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-hollywood-sign-legal-challenge-20170502-story.html|title=Groups mount legal battle over L.A.'s closure of the gate to the Hollywood sign|date=2017-05-02|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221214816/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-hollywood-sign-legal-challenge-20170502-story.html|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Los Angeles County Superior Court]] ruled that although the path was open to the public, the proliferation of its access by the city had interfered with the Ranch's business, thus the city was ordered either to provide access near the start of the easement or reopen a previously closed trail.<ref name=":0" /> A spokesperson from the office of Councilman [[David Ryu]], who succeeded Tom Labonge, stated that it was uncertain that the city could have kept the gate open while still complying with court orders.<ref name=":0" /> The Friends of Griffith Park, Los Feliz Oaks Homeowners Association, and the Griffith J. Griffith Charitable Trust filed a suit together to reverse the closing of the Beachwood Gate following its closure in 2017.<ref name=":1" /> The court ruled in favor of Los Angeles and denied their 2018 appeal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://casetext.com/case/friends-of-griffith-park-v-city-of-la|title=Friends of Griffith Park v. City of Los Angeles, B290637 {{!}} Casetext|website=casetext.com|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221214818/https://casetext.com/case/friends-of-griffith-park-v-city-of-la|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> An [[aerial tramway]] to the top of Mount Lee and the sign has been proposed numerous times.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-hollywood-sign-sky-tram-20180710-story.html|title=Warner Bros. wants to build a $100-million aerial tramway to the Hollywood sign|last=Faughder|first=Ryan|date=June 10, 2018|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|quote=The idea of an aerial tram to the Hollywood sign has been floated numerous times over the years as a way to draw tourists away from the residential areas and raise revenue for the city|access-date=February 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505110417/https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-hollywood-sign-sky-tram-20180710-story.html|archive-date=May 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2018, [[Warner Bros.]] proposed to fund an estimated $100 million tramway that would run from its [[Warner Bros. Studios Burbank|Burbank studio lot]] and up the north face of Mount Lee to a new visitors' area near the sign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2018/07/10/aerial-tram-iconic-hollywood-sign/771896002/|title=Aerial tram to iconic Hollywood sign? Warner Bros. proposes major project|last=Graham|first=Jefferson|date=July 10, 2018|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date=July 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713111227/https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2018/07/10/aerial-tram-iconic-hollywood-sign/771896002/|archive-date=July 13, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Other proposals stakeholders have set forth include establishing an official visitors' center for the sign, public shuttle service to lead tourists to the sign or trails, or even erecting a duplicate sign on the opposite side of Mount Lee.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-hollywood-sign-20180116-story.html|title=Does the Hollywood sign need an electric shuttle, an aerial tram – or a second sign?|last=Alpert Reyes|first=Emily|date=January 17, 2018|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=February 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023114203/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-hollywood-sign-20180116-story.html|archive-date=October 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> == Location == [[File:Hollywood sign from farmers market.jpg|thumb|View from [[West Hollywood]], near [[Santa Monica Boulevard]], a few blocks south of [[Hollywood Boulevard]]. The historic [[Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel]] is visible on the left.]] The sign is on the southern side of [[Mount Lee]] in [[Griffith Park]], north of the [[Mulholland Highway]], and to the south of the [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)]] cemetery. [[File:View towards Hollywood Sign and Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Hollywood Sign from [[Runyon Canyon Park]], [[San Gabriel Mountains]] in the background]] The sign is on rough, steep terrain, and there are barriers to prevent unauthorized access. In 2000, the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] installed a security system featuring motion detection and closed-circuit cameras. Any movement in the marked restricted areas triggers an alarm that notifies the police.<ref name='Hollywoodsign.org 2009-08-2'>{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodsign.org/signsecurity.html |title=Sign Security |access-date=August 2, 2009 |date=August 2, 2009 |website=The Hollywood Sign |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722024744/http://www.hollywoodsign.org/signsecurity.html |archive-date=July 22, 2009}}</ref> It is at an elevation of {{convert|1578|ft|m|adj=on|abbr=on}}. The building and tower just behind and to the right of the sign is the City of Los Angeles Central Communications Facility, which supports all cellphone, microwave, and radio towers used by the Los Angeles Police Department, the Fire Department, the Los Angeles Unified School District, and other municipal agencies. The building has no name and is a large maintenance building for the antennae. From 1939 to 1947, this site was the location of the studios and transmitter of the first television station in Los Angeles, W6XAO (now [[KCBS-TV]]), founded by The [[Don Lee Network]], hence the name [[Mount Lee]]. The TV studio left this location in 1948, and the transmission facility left in 1951, moving to the higher [[Mount Wilson (California)|Mount Wilson]]. [[File:Hollywood Sign February 2010.jpg|thumb|right|The sign in February 2010 during a donation drive raising money to preserve surrounding land]] Land in the vicinity of the sign was purchased by [[Howard Hughes]] in 1940, who planned to build a hilltop mansion at [[Cahuenga Peak]] for actress [[Ginger Rogers]]. Before long, Rogers broke off their engagement and the lot remained empty. Hughes' estate sold the property that lies to the left and above the sign for $1.7&nbsp;million in 2002 to Fox River Financial Resources, a Chicago developer that planned to build luxury mansions along the ridgeline.<ref name=kabc /> It put the property on the market in 2008 for $22&nbsp;million. As a result, the City of Los Angeles considered buying it, possibly by raising money from celebrities as was done for the 1978 restoration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/nation/900498,hollywood041708.article |title=Chicago investors' sale puts famous Hollywood sign in jeopardy, residents say |agency=Associated Press |date=April 17, 2008 |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |access-date=April 17, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815024016/http://www.suntimes.com/news/nation/900498%2Chollywood041708.article |archive-date=August 15, 2008 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Environmentalists and preservationists were concerned about the possibility of real estate development in the area. In April 2009 [[The Trust for Public Land]] (TPL) signed an option to buy the {{convert|138|acre|ha|abbr=on}} property for a discounted price of $12.5&nbsp;million. On February 11, 2010, as part of a campaign to help raise money and with the full support of both the city and the Hollywood Sign Trust, the organization covered each letter of the sign with large banners reading "SAVE THE PEAK".<ref name=kabc>{{cite web |title=Preservation campaigners cover Hollywood sign |url=https://abc7.com/archive/7272149/ |date=February 11, 2010 |website=KABC-TV |access-date=March 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629021900/http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=news%2Flocal%2Flos_angeles&id=7272149 |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> On April 26, 2010, the Trust for Public Land announced it had raised enough money, with ''[[Playboy]]'' magazine founder [[Hugh Hefner]] stepping forward to donate the final $900,000.<ref name='Sign.org'>{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodsign.org/savethepeak.html |title=Original Benefactor Hugh Hefner Returns as Final Donor to Save Land Surrounding Hollywood Sign |access-date=April 27, 2010 |date=April 26, 2010 |website=Hollywood Sign Trust, [[Hollywood Chamber of Commerce]], and City of Los Angeles |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429000807/http://www.hollywoodsign.org/savethepeak.html |archive-date=April 29, 2010}} </ref> Hefner later gave an additional $100,000 donation. After the purchase, the parcel became an extension of nearby Griffith Park.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cathcart |first=Rebecca |date=2010-04-26 |title=Beacon to Hollywood Stays Alive in the Hills |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/27/us/27sign.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Alterations == The sign was illuminated as part of the [[1984 Summer Olympics]] held in Los Angeles. In 1987, promotion for the prime time launch of the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] network had the sign read "FOX" for five days.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-hollywood-sign-hollyweed-holywood-20141219-story.html|title=As trail reopens, we recall edits to the Hollywood sign: Save the Pood?|date=2015-01-05|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225021646/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-hollywood-sign-hollyweed-holywood-20141219-story.html|archive-date=December 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A {{convert|75|ft|m|1|adj=on|abbr=on}}-tall cutout of Holli Would, main character from the film ''[[Cool World]]'' (1992), which appeared to sit on the sign, was added as part of a promotion for the film. The alteration angered local residents,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schoch |first=Deborah |date=1992-07-06 |title=Hollywood Residents Can't Shroud Anger : Promotion: Paramount Pictures defends attaching a movie cartoon character to the famous sign. Citizens fear a tourist invasion and say that the landmark is being commercialized. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-07-06-me-1213-story.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Cartoon Character Opens Landmark Rift |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB719DF2E0AA62A&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GoogleP |newspaper=[[San Jose Mercury News]] |date=July 7, 1992 |access-date=September 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013160624/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB719DF2E0AA62A&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GoogleP |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> who said the cartoon character was "appalling" and an insult to women.<ref name="Chazanov">{{cite news |first=Mathis |last=Chazanov |title='D' as in Disagreement Cartoon Character Atop Landmark Sign Sets Off Protests |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61039484.html?dids=61039484:61039484&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+07,+1992&author=MATHIS+CHAZANOV&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=`D'+as+in+Disagreement+Cartoon+Character+Atop+Landmark+Sign+Sets+Off+Pr |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=July 7, 1992 |access-date=September 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725050859/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61039484.html?dids=61039484:61039484&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+07,+1992&author=MATHIS+CHAZANOV&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=%60D'+as+in+Disagreement+Cartoon+Character+Atop+Landmark+Sign+Sets+Off+Pr |archive-date=July 25, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As part of the Los Angeles County [[millennium celebrations]], the Hollywood sign was illuminated and hosted a laser show for a television broadcast for the arrival of the year 2000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-oct-01-me-17326-story.html|title=Welcoming 2000, Hollywood Style|date=1999-10-01|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225021647/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-oct-01-me-17326-story.html|archive-date=December 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Citation|title=Frank Sinatra Jr Stars at 2000 Millenium LA Performance Hollywood| date=February 27, 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkKlsFMHYZg|language=en|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref> The event was produced by Carl Bendix.<ref name=":3" /> The sign was illuminated in various colors, one of the rare times the sign became lit; an alternative to the firework displays at several of the other world icons due to concerns{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} about fire in the dry conditions. Between February 14 and 16, 2022, the sign read "RAMS HOUSE" to celebrate the [[Los Angeles Rams]]' [[Super Bowl LVI]] victory. The changes were made by the Rams in collaboration with the City of Los Angeles, the [[Hollywood Chamber of Commerce]] and the Hollywood Sign Trust.<ref name="ramshouse">{{cite news | title=Hollywood sign to read: 'Rams House' in honor of Super Bowl LVI champs | url=https://abc7.com/hollywood-sign-celebration-la-rams-super-bowl-win/11562723/ | publisher=[[KABC-TV]] | date=February 14, 2022 | access-date=February 14, 2022}}</ref> Inclement weather delayed its completion, leading to the sign reading "RALLYOUSE" for much of Tuesday,<ref name="rallyouse">{{cite news | last=Roe | first=Mike | title=Why The Hollywood Sign Read 'RALLYOUSE' Instead Of 'RAMS HOUSE' Much Of Tuesday | url=https://laist.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/why-the-hollywood-sign-read-rallyouse-instead-of-rams-house-much-of-tuesday | work=LAist | date=February 15, 2022 | access-date=February 19, 2022}}</ref> and was only completed just before the Rams' victory parade the following day.<ref name="tmz">{{cite news | title=Hollywood Sign Finally Turns into 'RAMS HOUSE,' Still Looks Bad | url=https://www.tmz.com/2022/02/15/hollywood-sign-ramshouse-slow-pace-super-bowl-parade/ | work=[[TMZ]] | date=February 15, 2022 | access-date=February 19, 2022}}</ref> The sign was criticized for being unreadable,<ref name="unreadable">{{cite news | last=Impelli | first=Matthew | title='Hollywood' Sign Changed to 'Rams House' but No One Can Read It | url=https://www.newsweek.com/hollywood-sign-changed-rams-house-no-one-can-read-it-1680016 | work=[[Newsweek]] | date=February 16, 2022 | access-date=February 19, 2022}}</ref> eliciting negative reactions on Twitter,<ref name="twitter">{{cite news | last=DaSilva | first=Cameron | title=Twitter roasted the new 'Rams House' Hollywood sign | url=https://theramswire.usatoday.com/2022/02/16/rams-hollywood-sign-house-twitter-reaction/ | work=[[USA Today]] | date=February 16, 2022 | access-date=February 19, 2022}}</ref> but was nonetheless praised by some for being reflective of the team's performance in the run-up to the Super Bowl.<ref name="fans">{{cite news | title=The 'Rams House' Hollywood Sign Might Be Hard To Read, But It Means A Lot To Some Fans | url=https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2022/02/16/the-rams-house-hollywood-sign-might-be-hard-to-read-but-it-means-a-lot-to-some-fans/ | publisher=[[KCBS-TV]] | date=February 16, 2022 | access-date=February 19, 2022}}</ref> In 2022, the sign was lit for the first time in 22 years. Using laser projections, rainbow colors were cast onto the sign to commemorate Pride Month. A few days later, [[Projection mapping|digital projections]] were beamed onto the sign on the weekend of June 25 and 26 for 2022's [[BET Awards 2022|BET Awards]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.avinteractive.com/markets/media/hollywood-sign-projection-mapped-first-time-28-06-2022/ | title=Hollywood sign projection mapped for the first time &#124; AV Magazine }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Draughorne |first=Kenan |date=2022-06-25 |title=What does it take to light the Hollywood sign? A dream, six big projectors and BET |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-06-25/what-does-it-take-to-light-the-hollywood-sign-bet-awards |access-date=2022-12-24 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The sign featured in a film shot for the handover of the [[Olympic Flag]] from Paris to Los Angeles (the host of the [[2028 Summer Olympics]]) at the [[2024 Summer Olympics closing ceremony]]. In it, [[Tom Cruise]] is depicted [[free climbing]] the sign and altering it to feature the [[Olympic Rings]] in the double Os.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gharib |first=Anthony |date=2024-08-11|title= Tom Cruise leaps from Stade de France, assists in LA '28 Hollywood logo reveal |url= https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/40826354/2024-paris-olympics-closing-ceremony-tom-cruise-la-28 |access-date=2024-08-14|publisher=ESPN |language=en-US}}</ref> On October 30, 2024, the letter "D" was illuminated blue with a white outline to commemorate the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] winning the [[2024 World Series]].<ref>https://sports.yahoo.com/la-celebrates-dodgers-world-series-180243695.html#:~:text=To%20honor%20the%20Los%20Angeles,with%20a%207%2D6%20score.</ref> === Unofficial === The sign has been unofficially altered several times, often eliciting a great deal of attention.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://laist.com/2017/04/03/hollywood_sign_pranks.php |title=A Brief History of Hollywood Sign Pranks |website=LAist |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404202938/http://laist.com/2017/04/03/hollywood_sign_pranks.php |archive-date=April 4, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The modifications have included: *HOLLYWeeD&nbsp;– January 1976 and January 2017: The sign was first altered in 1976 by Daniel Finegood following the passage of a state law decriminalizing [[cannabis]].<ref name="finegood">{{cite news |first=Valerie J. |last=Nelson |title=Daniel N. Finegood, 52; prankster known for creative alterations of Hollywood sign |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-27-me-finegood27-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=January 27, 2007 |access-date=November 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125110244/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/27/local/me-finegood27 |archive-date=November 25, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The sign was altered again early on New Year's Day in 2017, likely as an homage to a new California law legalizing recreational cannabis which passed during the 2016 election and which became effective on January 1.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/01/hollywoods-iconic-sign-becomes-hollyweed-after-vandal-strikes.html |title=The high life? LA's iconic 'Hollywood' sign becomes 'Hollyweed' overnight |last=David |first=Javier E. |date=January 1, 2017 |website=CNBC |access-date=January 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101232023/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/01/hollywoods-iconic-sign-becomes-hollyweed-after-vandal-strikes.html |archive-date=January 1, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkKlsFMHYZg&t=1254|title=Frank Sinatra Jr Stars at 2000 Millenium LA Performance Hollywood|last=Terrence|first=Thompson|date=1999|website=www.youtube.com|access-date=2019-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nelson|first=Laura J.|date=2017-01-01|title=Hollywood sign altered to read 'Hollyweed'|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-hollywood-sign-hollyweed-20170101-htmlstory.html|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> * HOLYWOOD&nbsp;– April 1976 and September 1987: The 1976 alteration was for Easter sunrise service, viewable from the Hollywood Bowl.<ref name="finegood" /> The 1987 alteration was for Pope John Paul II when he visited; the second L was covered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lapdonline.org/history_of_the_lapd/content_basic_view/1131 |title=1987 Pope John Paul II Visit |website=Los Angeles Police Department |access-date=January 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116095345/http://www.lapdonline.org/history_of_the_lapd/content_basic_view/1131 |archive-date=January 16, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-09-16-mn-5437-story.html |title=The Papal Visit : Papal Digest : A Sign of the Times&nbsp;– This One is 'Holywood' |date=September 16, 1987 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=February 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217014700/http://articles.latimes.com/1987-09-16/news/mn-5437_1_hollywood-sign |archive-date=February 17, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> * GO NAVY&nbsp;– December 1983: A group of Midshipmen, with permission, covered the sign for the [[Army–Navy Game|Army-Navy]] [[college football|football]] game's first and only West Coast appearance.<ref name="Los Angeles Public Library">{{cite web | title=00041599 | website=Los Angeles Public Library | date=Nov 24, 1983 | url=https://tessa2.lapl.org/digital/collection/photos/id/13372/ | access-date=Dec 18, 2023}}</ref> * RAFFEYSOD&nbsp;– in 1985, an obscure rock band from New Orleans named the Raffeys altered the sign in an act of unauthorized self-promotion.<ref name="Los Angeles Times 1985">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-01-03-me-11178-story.html |title=Hollywood Sign's Puzzling Letters Remain a Mystery |first=Steve |last=Harvey |date=January 3, 1985 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=June 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618232533/http://articles.latimes.com/1985-01-03/local/me-11178_1_hollywood-sign |archive-date=June 18, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/01/07/A-rock-band-from-New-Orleans-called-The-Raffeys/4968473922000/ |title=A rock band from New Orleans called The Raffeys... |date=January 7, 1985 |publisher=UPI |access-date=June 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620001623/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/01/07/A-rock-band-from-New-Orleans-called-The-Raffeys/4968473922000/ |archive-date=June 20, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> * OLLYWOOD&nbsp;– In 1987 the first letter of the sign was obscured to protest the perceived hero worship of [[Oliver North]] during the [[Iran–Contra affair|Iran–Contra]] hearings.<ref name="finegood" /><ref name=":4" /> * OIL WAR&nbsp;– In 1990 the sign was changed to protest the [[Gulf War]].<ref name="finegood" /> * PEROTWOOD – Supporters of [[Ross Perot]] in the [[1992 United States presidential election]] briefly changed the sign in October 1992.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/10/29/Hollywood-sign-changed-to-Perotwood/4496720334800/|title=Hollywood sign changed to 'Perotwood'|website=UPI|language=en|access-date=2019-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225021648/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/10/29/Hollywood-sign-changed-to-Perotwood/4496720334800/|archive-date=December 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> * JOLLYGOOD – 1993, unknown<ref name=":2" /> * CALTECH&nbsp;– 2003: Occurred on Hollywood's centennial (of its incorporation as a municipality), also one of [[Caltech]]'s many senior pranks.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Laura |last=Fitzpatrick |title=Nerd Humor Meets California Landmark |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1839579_1839578_1839531,00.html |date=November 2008 |access-date=November 24, 2008 |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205061724/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1839579_1839578_1839531,00.html |archive-date=December 5, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * SAVE THE PEAK&nbsp;– February 11, 2010, the original letters were covered with a series of large banners reading "SAVE THE PEAK", part of a campaign by [[The Trust for Public Land]] to protect the land around the Hollywood Sign from real estate development ''([[Hollywood Sign#Location|see above]])''. As the changeover progressed, variations such as "SALLYWOOD", "SOLLYWOOD", and "SAVETHEPOOD" sprung up.<ref name=":2" /> * HOLLYBOOB&nbsp;– On February 1, 2021, the sign was altered by the [[YouTuber]] Joogsquad and Instagram influencer Julia Rose to challenge censorship on [[Instagram]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gross|first=Jenny|date=2021-02-02|title=6 Arrested After Briefly Altering Hollywood Sign|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/02/us/hollywood-sign-prank-hollyboob.html|access-date=2021-02-16|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> *H🐮LLYWOOD – April 2, 2021: [[Los Angeles]] based band Junior Varsity put a cow face over the first "O" as a promotion for their single "Cold Blood".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hollywood Sign Vandalized with Cow, Suspects Arrested|url=https://www.tmz.com/2021/04/02/hollywood-sign-vandalized-cow-altered-defaced-suspects-arrested-trespassing/|access-date=2021-04-03|website=TMZ|date=April 2, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Proposed === Disney filed to put spots on the sign as a means of promoting its film [[101 Dalmatians (1996 film)|''101 Dalmatians'' (1996)]]; however, the request was later rescinded.<ref name=":2" /> Mayor [[Eric Garcetti]] signed an executive directive for a program to light up the sign on his last day in office in 2022. Mayor [[Karen Bass]] rescinded the order 10 days later because "there were concerns about the legality of the order".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Dakota |last2=Wick |first2=Julia |date=2022-12-23 |title=Garcetti's last order as mayor: Light up the Hollywood sign. Bass rescinded it |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-12-23/mayor-bass-overturns-garcettis-directive-to-light-hollywood-sign |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Depictions== ===Imitations=== Multiple other places have imitated the sign in some way. * In May 2008, the [[Hollywood Chamber of Commerce]] licensed exclusive rights to [[Plymouth Rock Studios]] of [[Massachusetts]] to merge "Hollywood" with "East", creating [[Hollywood East]], a new industry trademark that represents the growing film industry in [[New England]]. The studio plans to find a site in [[Plymouth, Massachusetts]] for the permanent installation of the sign.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.patriotledger.com/news/x1880507947/Iconic-Hollywood-sign-comes-east |title=Iconic Hollywood Sign Comes East |first=Tamara |last=Race |date=May 23, 2008 |newspaper=[[The Patriot Ledger]] |access-date=November 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010035244/http://www.patriotledger.com/news/x1880507947/Iconic-Hollywood-sign-comes-east |archive-date=October 10, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> * In 2009, a ''Hollinwood'' sign was erected by the side of the [[M60 motorway]] going through [[Hollinwood, Greater Manchester|Hollinwood]], [[Greater Manchester]], to celebrate the [[Manchester|City of Manchester]]'s twinning with Los Angeles. The sign was erected during the night and then taken down by the [[Highways Agency]], as it was considered a distraction to motorway drivers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lashley |first=Brian |title=Hollinwood sign mystery solved |newspaper=[[Manchester Evening News]] | location=Manchester, England |date=August 14, 2009 |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1131796_hollinwood_sign_mystery_solved |access-date=September 9, 2009}}</ref> * In March 2010, authorities announced the [[Wellington Airport]] in New Zealand would erect a ''[[Wellywood|WELLYWOOD]]'' sign on the hillside of the [[Miramar Peninsula]]. This was to reflect the filmmaking community in [[Wellington]], notably [[Weta Digital]], which produced effects for ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[King Kong (2005 film)|King Kong]]'', and ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]''. However, the proposed sign's widespread unpopularity with local residents persuaded the airport staff to consider alternatives.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/wellingtonians-rejoice-wellywood-u-turn-4202654 |title=Wellingtonians rejoice at Wellywood U-turn |website=ONE News |date=June 1, 2011 |publisher=TVNZ.co.nz |access-date=September 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829105901/http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/wellingtonians-rejoice-wellywood-u-turn-4202654 |archive-date=August 29, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> On July 27, 2012, the city erected a sign that reads "Wellington" with the last letters blowing away to pay homage to Wellington's ever present wind. * In November 2010, the Chilean [[Communes of Chile|municipality]] of [[Renca]] erected a sign high on [[Cerro Renca|Renca Hill]] that reads "Renca la lleva" ("Renca rocks", in Spanish).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2016/10/25/renca-la-lleva-el-letrero-de-la-ex-alcaldesa-vicky-barahona-que-podria-pasar-a-mejor-vida/ |title="Renca la lleva", el letrero de la ex alcaldesa Vicky Barahona que podría pasar a mejor vida |website=El Mostrador |language=es |date=October 25, 2016 |access-date=December 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220191952/http://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2016/10/25/renca-la-lleva-el-letrero-de-la-ex-alcaldesa-vicky-barahona-que-podria-pasar-a-mejor-vida/ |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> * In 2010, in the hope of promoting new businesses in the town of [[Basildon]] in [[Essex]], England, the [[Borough of Basildon|Basildon District Council]] erected letters reading the name of the town alongside the [[A127 road]] at a cost of £90,000.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gray|first=Brad|date=2020-11-21|title=How Basildon ended up with a £90k 'Hollywood sign' on the A127|url=https://www.essexlive.news/news/essex-news/basildon-hollywood-sign-a127-landmark-4708783|access-date=2021-03-26|website=EssexLive|language=en}}</ref> * In 2010, [[Paddy Power]], a large Irish betting company, erected a {{convert|270|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|50|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} high Hollywood-style sign reading ''Paddy Power'' on [[Cleeve Hill, Gloucestershire|Cleeve Hill]] near the [[Regency era|regency]] town of [[Cheltenham]], as part of a publicity campaign for [[Cheltenham Festival]]. It became the world's largest free-standing sign of its kind.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/mar/17/paddy-power-sign-cheltenham-festival |title=Upset racecourse officials with Hollywood-style sign stunt |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=March 17, 2010 |access-date=April 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403095113/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/mar/17/paddy-power-sign-cheltenham-festival |archive-date=April 3, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> * In 2011, a 20-foot tall replica was erected on the hillside of [[Mount Trashmore (Florida)|Monarch Hill Renewable Energy Park]] in [[Pompano Beach, Florida]] and used as a stand-in for the real sign during the filming of ''[[Rock of Ages (2012 film)|Rock of Ages (2012)]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Levy |first=Glen |date=May 19, 2011 |title='Rock of Ages' Producers Turn Florida's 'Mount Trashmore' into Hollywood Sign |magazine=Time |url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2011/05/19/rock-of-ages-producers-turn-floridas-mount-trashmore-into-hollywood-sign/ |access-date=June 25, 2022}}</ref><ref name="sun-sent">{{cite web |title=Rock of Ages: How much South Florida will you see? |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-06-13/entertainment/sfl-rock-of-ages-how-much-south-florida-will-you-see-20120613_1_stacee-jaxx-beach-scene-hard-rock-live |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201213906/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-06-13/entertainment/sfl-rock-of-ages-how-much-south-florida-will-you-see-20120613_1_stacee-jaxx-beach-scene-hard-rock-live |archive-date=December 1, 2015 |access-date=November 14, 2012 |work=Sun Sentinel}}</ref> * Entertainer [[Dolly Parton]] has many times cited the Hollywood Sign as the impetus behind her own [[Dollywood]] theme park, telling ''[[Spin Magazine]]'' in 1986, "When I first saw the Hollywood Sign, I thought, how wonderful would it be if I could change the 'H' to a 'D' for the day."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELfnhp4T-T4C&q=%22hollywood+sign%22+dolly&pg=PA13 |title=Dollywood: The Wait is Over |first=Sue |last=Cummings |date=May 1986 |magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] |access-date=August 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609022520/http://books.google.com/books?id=ELfnhp4T-T4C&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=%22hollywood+sign%22+dolly&source=bl&ots=gmHwJ7Iopa&sig=XSilZXyNQAzSit2aVKwUk8AnS7s&hl=en&ei=pdVGTqTcFMbJgQfS-p3SBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22hollywood%20sign%22%20dolly&f=false |archive-date=June 9, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> * In 2014, [[Druskininkai]], Lithuania opened a sign in the resort town to celebrate social media that was voted the most likable by followers of the "Likeable Lithuania [''sic''] campaign."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lrytas.lt/lietuvos-diena/aktualijos/didziausias-like-zenklas-druskininkuose.htm |title=Didziausias Like zenklas – Druskininkuose |newspaper=[[Lietuvos rytas]] |access-date=November 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106163813/http://www.lrytas.lt/lietuvos-diena/aktualijos/didziausias-like-zenklas-druskininkuose.htm |archive-date=November 6, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tourism.lt/en/news/the-worlds-largest-like-sculpture-dedicated-to-social-networks-is-to-be-built-in-lithuania-this-summer |work=State Department of Tourism |title=The World's largest like |date=February 25, 2014 |access-date=November 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106085032/http://www.tourism.lt/en/news/the-worlds-largest-like-sculpture-dedicated-to-social-networks-is-to-be-built-in-lithuania-this-summer |archive-date=November 6, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> * In 2015, an album cover was revealed for hip hop musician [[Dr. Dre]]'s third studio album, [[Compton (album)|''Compton'']] in which the vertical backside of the Hollywood sign was imitated with the album's title, which is also the name of Hollywood's [[Compton, California|sister city]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Steve |date=2018-02-09 |title=LPs with the Hollywood sign on the cover |url=https://forums.stevehoffman.tv/threads/lps-with-the-hollywood-sign-on-the-cover.730067/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025233103/https://forums.stevehoffman.tv/threads/lps-with-the-hollywood-sign-on-the-cover.730067/ |archive-date=2023-10-25 |access-date=2023-10-25}}</ref> * There is an imitation of the sign at [[Hollywood, County Wicklow]] in Ireland.<ref>{{cite news |title=Welcome to the real Hollywood |newspaper=[[Irish Examiner]] |date=August 30, 2011 |url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/welcome-to-the-real-hollywood-163924.html |access-date=January 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110035651/http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/welcome-to-the-real-hollywood-163924.html |archive-date=January 10, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> * There is another imitation of the sign above the Harbor in [[Keelung]], [[Taiwan]] along the Huzi Mountain trail.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tour.klcg.gov.tw/ScenicSpots/Default.aspx?type=2&hl=en-US |title=Attractions introduction |website=Keelung Official Tourist Information |access-date=November 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112185427/http://tour.klcg.gov.tw/ScenicSpots/Default.aspx?type=2&hl=en-US |archive-date=November 12, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> * There is an imitation of the sign near [[Szastarka]], Poland.<ref name="szastarka">{{cite web|title=Walory turystyczne|url=http://www.gminaszastarka.pl/index.php?id=112|agency=Urząd Gminy Szastarka|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428182438/http://www.gminaszastarka.pl/index.php?id=112|archive-date=April 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * There is an imitation of the sign on [[Tâmpa, Brașov|Mount Tâmpa]] in [[Brașov]], Romania which was mounted in 2004.<ref name="brasov">{{cite news|title=We're not in Tinseltown any more: The World's Alternative Hollywood signs|newspaper=The Guardian|date=August 25, 2015|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2015/aug/25/were-not-in-tinseltown-any-more-the-worlds-alternative-hollywood-signs-in-pictures|access-date=2018-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194606/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2015/aug/25/were-not-in-tinseltown-any-more-the-worlds-alternative-hollywood-signs-in-pictures|archive-date=August 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Simbolul luminos al Braşovului din vârful Tâmpei va deveni "spaţiu publicitar"|url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/brasov/simbolul-luminos-brasovului-varful-tampei-deveni-spatiu-publicitar-1_5bd161f8df52022f75d7897b/index.html|website=Adevărul|date=October 25, 2018 |access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> Another one stands beside [[Râșnov Citadel]]. * There is also an imitation of the sign in [[Marseille]], France, in the north part of the city. It was erected in 2016 to promote the [[Netflix]] series [[Marseille (TV series)|Marseille]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/jun/08/corrupt-dangerous-brutal-poor-marseille-future-france|title=Corrupt, dangerous and brutal to its poor – but is Marseille the future of France?|last=Hoad|first=Phil|date=2017-06-08|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321084942/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/jun/08/corrupt-dangerous-brutal-poor-marseille-future-france|archive-date=March 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> * There is an imitation of the sign near [[Osage Beach, Missouri|Osage Beach]] reading "[[Lake of the Ozarks]]" which welcomes visitors. It was installed in 2012 and the sign is visible on westbound [[U.S. Route 54 in Missouri|US Route 54]] after crossing a bridge over the [[Osage River]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=LakeExpo.com |title=Lake Of The Ozarks 'Hollywood-Style' Sign Turns Five |url=https://www.lakeexpo.com/boating/lake-of-the-ozarks-hollywood-style-sign-turns-five/article_3040d154-4b0d-11e7-9f64-5b8df1a52c87.html |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=LakeExpo.com |date=June 8, 2017 |language=en}}</ref> * There is an imitation of the sign in [[Medora, North Dakota]]. It is behind the stage of the [[Burning Hills Amphitheatre]]. * There is an imitation of the sign in [[Anguillara Sabazia]], near [[Rome, Italy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/@42.0676787,12.2575241,3a,37.5y,258.58h,101.44t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sQjOGA2HW225P0ahFt8HRCw!2e0!7i13312!8i6656|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps}}</ref> * There is an imitation of the sign in at [[Westview Park]] in [[Winnipeg, Manitoba]]. It is placed on a hill known locally as "Garbage Hill."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/garbage-hill-hollywood-sign-winnipeg-1.4953738 |title=New, improved Garbage Hill sign goes up permanently in Winnipeg |access-date=January 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111135353/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/garbage-hill-hollywood-sign-winnipeg-1.4953738 |archive-date=January 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> * There is an imitation of the sign in [[Dildo, Newfoundland and Labrador]], that reads "DILDO", and was a gift from [[Jimmy Kimmel]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/no-trespassing-town-of-dildo-1.5252294 |title=No trespassing, warns town of Dildo when it comes to Hollywood-like sign |date=2019-08-19 |access-date=2020-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903005635/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/no-trespassing-town-of-dildo-1.5252294 |archive-date=September 3, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/dildo-n-l-warns-against-trespassing-in-excitement-over-hollywood-like-sign-1.4555516|title=Dildo, N.L., warns against trespassing in excitement over Hollywood-like sign|date=August 19, 2019|website=CTVNews}}</ref> * There is an imitation sign over the town of [[Hatta, United Arab Emirates]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/dubais-hollywood-style-hatta-mountain-sign-can-you-trek-to-this-uae-landmark |title=Dubai's Hollywood-style Hatta mountain sign: Can you trek to this UAE landmark? }}</ref> * There was an imitation of the sign near [[Palermo]], Italy in 2001 as part of the [[Venice Biennale]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perrotin.com/artists/Maurizio_Cattelan/2/hollywood/7127|title = Hollywood &#124; Maurizio CATTELAN (2001) &#124; PERROTIN}}</ref> *In 2024, the city of [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] installed [[Detroit Sign|a sign]] inspired by the Hollywood Sign in preparation of the [[2024 NFL draft]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.cbsnews.com/detroit/news/residents-react-to-new-detroit-sign-along-i-94/ |title = Residents react to new "Detroit" sign along I-94 on city's southwest side |date = April 10, 2024 |last = Laster |first = Luke |publisher = [[CBS News]] }}</ref> === In popular culture === [[File:Hollywood Sign.png|thumb|An episode of ''[[The Optimist (TV series)|The Optimist]],'' filmed in 1982, featured a swordfight shot in and around the sign.]] In films and television shows, the Hollywood Sign is often used as an [[establishing shot]] for Los Angeles and Hollywood. The sign is also shown getting damaged or destroyed from the events of a particular scene; [[period piece|period pieces]] may show just the "LAND" portion of the original sign being destroyed. It is an example of national landmarks being destroyed, a common feature seen in many [[disaster movies]] to increase the drama and tension. It is frequently a shorthand device to indicate the destruction of all of Los Angeles or the state of California. The sign has been depicted getting destroyed in the movies ''[[Earthquake (1974 film)|Earthquake]]'' (1974), ''[[Superman The Movie]]'' (1978), ''[[The Rocketeer (film)|The Rocketeer]]'' (1991), ''[[Demolition Man (film)|Demolition Man]]'' (1993), ''[[Independence Day (1996 film)|Independence Day]]'' (1996), ''[[The Day After Tomorrow]]'' (2004), ''[[10.5 (miniseries)|10.5]]'' (2004), ''[[Terminator Salvation]]'' (2009), ''[[Sharknado]]'' (2013), ''[[San Andreas (film)|San Andreas]]'' (2015), ''[[Despicable Me 3]]'' (2017) and numerous other films.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://parade.com/51137/hannah_dreyfus/the-hollywood-sign-in-the-movies/ |title=The Hollywood Sign in the Movies |first=Hannah |last=Dreyfus |magazine=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]] |date=July 6, 2013 |access-date=February 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225052529/https://parade.com/51137/hannah_dreyfus/the-hollywood-sign-in-the-movies/ |archive-date=February 25, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The sign is depicted in the Netflix animated television show ''[[BoJack Horseman]].'' During the middle of season 1, the "D" in the Hollywood sign is stolen. No attempt is made to replace it, and the neighborhood is referred to as "Hollywoo" for the remainder of the show, until its finale when it is accidentally renamed to "Hollywoob".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matadeen |first=Renaldo |date=2020-02-10 |title=BoJack Horseman Finally Fixes Its 'Hollywoo' Problem (Sort Of) |url=https://www.cbr.com/bojack-horseman-fixes-hollywoo-problem/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609205628/https://www.cbr.com/bojack-horseman-fixes-hollywoo-problem/ |archive-date=2022-06-09 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=CBR |language=en}}</ref> The December 2013 issue of ''[[National Geographic]]'' features [[Steve Winter (photographer)|Steve Winter]]'s photograph of [[P-22]] in front of the Hollywood Sign.<ref name="dellamore2022">{{cite magazine | url = https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/p22-hollywood-cougar-steve-winter-photography | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221214211616/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/p22-hollywood-cougar-steve-winter-photography | url-status = dead | archive-date = December 14, 2022 | title = How this photo turned a reclusive mountain lion into a Hollywood icon | last = Dell'Amore | first = Christine | date = December 14, 2022 | magazine = National Geographic}}</ref> == See also == {{Portal|Greater Los Angeles}} * [[Hill figure]] * [[Hillside letters]] * [[Outpost Estates, Los Angeles#Trivia|Outpost sign]] {{clear}} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category|Hollywood Sign}} * {{official}} {{Greater Hollywood}} {{LAHMC}} {{authority control}} [[Category:1923 establishments in California]] [[Category:Advertising structures]] [[Category:Billboards]] [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1923]] [[Category:Griffith Park]] [[Category:Hollywood Hills]] [[Category:Culture of Hollywood, Los Angeles]] [[Category:Individual signs in the United States]] [[Category:Landmarks in Los Angeles]] [[Category:Landmarks in California]] [[Category:Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments]] [[Category:Santa Monica Mountains]] [[Category:Symbols of California]] kivh9pgexwuor6hrx9wx6r1fe22c6hj 4 134 134 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 134 wikitext text/x-wiki Below is a suggested set of rules to follow when editing this wiki. 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28775193 176 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 6 182 188 2025-01-20T01:54:29Z Kl8876883 28775193 188 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 6 180 186 2025-01-20T01:52:34Z Kl8876883 28775193 186 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 6 176 182 2025-01-20T01:49:58Z Kl8876883 28775193 182 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 6 184 190 2025-01-20T01:56:09Z Kl8876883 28775193 190 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 6 172 178 2025-01-20T01:47:07Z Kl8876883 28775193 178 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 6 194 200 2025-01-20T02:38:36Z Kl8876883 28775193 200 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 6 24 24 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 24 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Wiki skin images]] s1tuy95lheezaa36aijlw51ofpxeeif 8 142 142 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 142 wikitext text/x-wiki Main Page 4vb8dsi8xlancr66p4j4hk1jz1fyeln 145 142 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 SEO 145 wikitext text/x-wiki 18 Of January Wiki ovf1iihgmlda5g5jpnqp5bldrzwbg8g 8 144 146 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 146 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 10 100 100 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Redirected page to [[Template:Clear]] 100 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Clear]] 321aaofzzzl6ha5uj7sf2v4753r6ydi 10 81 81 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "<includeonly>=</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}<noinclude>" 81 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>=</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}<noinclude> grxf2n8jtcx5oqwmazrz36ttmgr5gs9 10 82 82 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 82 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description :This template is used when escaping <code>=</code> when contained in [[w:Help:Parser functions|Parser functions]]. ;This template cannot be substituted. ;Syntax :Insert this template using <code>{{t|{{=}}}}</code> <includeonly>[[Category:General wiki templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> o4mfebbqpapozhivnm1ld1p7wfax3u4 10 51 51 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 1 revision imported 51 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Hatnote|about}}</includeonly> <noinclude>{{Documentation|:Template:Hatnote/doc}}<!-- For a more traditional wikitext version of this template, see https://templates.fandom.com/wiki/Template:About --></noinclude> 9gmzcdtgmflkfo5qc93fa7mrl4ubpjz 10 2 2 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 2 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><infobox type="Album"> <title source="title"/> <image source="image"><caption source="imagecaption"/></image> <data source="artist"><label>Artist</label></data> <data source="released"><label>Released</label></data> <data source="recorded"><label>Recorded</label></data> <data source="length"><label>Length</label></data> <data source="label"><label>Label</label></data> <data source="producer"><label>Producer</label></data> </infobox></includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> d8c01dbs4gl71i2k14z909cpaw785gs 10 3 3 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 3 wikitext text/x-wiki == Description == To use this template, add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template and fill in the appropriate fields. Fields left blank will not appear in articles. This infobox template uses [[w:Help:Infobox|Fandom's infobox syntax]]. == Syntax == <pre> {{Album | title = | image = [e.g. "Example.jpg"] | imagecaption = | artist = | released = | recorded = | length = | label = | producer = }} </pre> == Sample output == {{Album | title = Fleur | image = Example.jpg | artist = Marigold | released = June 2012 | recorded = 2011 | length = 88:88 | label = Spring | producer = Daffy }} <pre> {{Album | title = Fleur | image = Example.jpg | artist = Marigold | released = June 2012 | recorded = 2011 | length = 88:88 | label = Spring | producer = Daffy }} </pre><includeonly>[[Category:Infobox templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> 65x3xj56hj8ltsnrvt3wm0hzvp9mvi3 10 10 10 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 10 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><infobox type="Book"> <title source="title"/> <image source="image"><caption source="imagecaption"/></image> <data source="author"><label>Author</label></data> <data source="illustrator"><label>Illustrator</label></data> <data source="datePublished"><label>Published on</label></data> <data source="publisher"><label>Publisher</label></data> <group layout="horizontal"> <header>Publication order</header> <data source="previous"><label>Previous</label></data> <data source="next"><label>Next</label></data> </group> </infobox>{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | [[Category:Books]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> mzb8awsosjnazval60gjo4046r0nj0j 10 11 11 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 11 wikitext text/x-wiki == Description == To use this template, add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template and fill in the appropriate fields. Fields left blank will not appear in articles. This infobox template uses [[w:Help:Infobox|Fandom's infobox syntax]]. == Syntax == <pre>{{Book | title = | image = [e.g. "Example.jpg"] | author = | illustrator = | datePublished = | publisher = | previous = | next = }}</pre> == Sample output == {{Book | title = The Adventures of Flower | image = Example.jpg | author = Alice | illustrator = Bob | datePublished = April 1928 | publisher = Arthur's | previous = Book One | next = Book Three }} <pre>{{Book | title = The Adventures of Flower | image = Example.jpg | author = Alice | illustrator = Bob | datePublished = April 1928 | publisher = Arthur's | previous = Book One | next = Book Three }} </pre><includeonly>[[Category:Infobox templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> dg4xwxb0mbp33d7e7q8i4djaida8a1x 10 29 29 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 29 wikitext text/x-wiki {{LicenseBox|text=''This file is licensed under the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License].''}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | <includeonly>[[Category:CC-BY-SA files]]</includeonly>}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> lgwj65t48vqzqdrbelca7w544aiene9 10 36 36 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 36 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description :This template is used to mark images with the CC-BY-SA license. ;Syntax :Type <code>{{t|CC-BY-SA}}</code> on the image information page. <includeonly>[[Category:Image license templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> 9auynynkagj28207ydm7wy8qp97clt0 10 130 130 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "<includeonly><infobox> <title source="name"><default>{{PAGENAME}}</default></title> <image source="image"><caption source="caption" /></image> <data><label>Born..." 130 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><infobox> <title source="name"><default>{{PAGENAME}}</default></title> <image source="image"><caption source="caption" /></image> <data><label>Born</label> <default>{{#if: {{{birthname|}}} | {{{birthname|}}} }}{{#if: {{{birthdate|}}} | {{#if: {{{birthname|}}} | <br />}}{{{birthdate|}}}{{#if: {{{birthplace|}}} | <br />}} }}{{#if: {{{birthplace|}}} | {{#if: {{{birthdate|}}} || {{#if: {{{birthname|}}}|<br />}} }}{{{birthplace|}}} }}</default> </data> <data><label>Died</label> <default>{{#if: {{{deathdate|}}} | {{{deathdate|}}} }}{{#if: {{{deathplace|}}} | {{#if: {{{deathdate|}}} | <br />}}{{{deathplace|}}} }}</default> </data> <data source="gender"><label>Gender</label></data> <data source="height"><label>Height</label></data> <data source="occupation"><label>Occupation</label></data> <data source="appears in"><label>Appears in</label></data> <data source="portrays"><label>Portrays</label></data> </infobox>{{Namespace|main=[[Category:Cast]]<!-- -->{{#if: {{#pos:{{{appears in|}}} | TITLE}} | [[Category:TITLE cast]] }}<!-- -->}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> ks2nb28z0brdb39n4g9n4a4fu01kpe1 10 131 131 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "== Description == To use this template, add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template and fill in the appropriate fields. Fields left blank will not appear in articles. This infobo..." 131 wikitext text/x-wiki == Description == To use this template, add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template and fill in the appropriate fields. Fields left blank will not appear in articles. This infobox template uses [[w:Help:Infobox|Fandom's infobox syntax]]. == Syntax == <pre> {{Cast | name = | image = | caption = | birthname = | birthdate = | birthplace = | deathdate = | deathplace = | gender = | height = | occupation = | appears in = | portrays = }} </pre> == Sample output == {{Cast | name = Test | image = Wiki.png | caption = Test | birthname = Name | birthdate = Date | birthplace = Place | deathdate = Date | deathplace = Place | gender = Test | height = Test | occupation = Test | appears in = Test | portrays = Test }} <pre> {{Cast | name = Test | image = Wiki.png | caption = Test | birthname = Name | birthdate = Date | birthplace = Place | deathdate = Date | deathplace = Place | gender = Test | height = Test | occupation = Test | appears in = Test | portrays = Test }} </pre><includeonly>[[Category:Infobox templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> tqtae2v13ba6xayjyn2fa0whnslkthk 10 8 8 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 8 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><infobox type="Character"> <title source="name"/> <image source="image"> <caption source="imagecaption" /> </image> <group> <data source="aliases"><label>Aliases</label></data> <data source="relatives"><label>Relatives</label></data> <data source="affiliation"><label>Affiliation</label></data> <data source="occupation"><label>Occupation</label></data> </group> <group> <header>Biographical information</header> <data source="marital"><label>Marital status</label></data> <data source="birthDate"><label>Date of birth</label></data> <data source="birthPlace"><label>Place of birth</label></data> <data source="deathDate"><label>Date of death</label></data> <data source="deathPlace"><label>Place of death</label></data> </group> <group> <header>Physical description</header> <data source="species"><label>Species</label></data> <data source="gender"><label>Gender</label></data> <data source="height"><label>Height</label></data> <data source="weight"><label>Weight</label></data> <data source="eyes"><label>Eye color</label></data> </group> <group> <header>Appearances</header> <data source="portrayedby"><label>Portrayed by</label></data> <data source="appearsin"><label>Appears in</label></data> <data source="debut"><label>Debut</label></data> </group> </infobox>{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | [[Category:Characters]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> srgjce76bs6joqk2du0o4fubnivn1lm 10 9 9 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 9 wikitext text/x-wiki == Description == To use this template, add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template and fill in the appropriate fields. Fields left blank will not appear in articles. This infobox template uses [[w:Help:Infobox|Fandom's infobox syntax]]. == Syntax == <pre> {{Character | name = | image = | imagecaption = | aliases = | relatives = | affiliation = | occupation = | marital = | birthDate = | birthPlace = | deathDate = | deathPlace = | species = | gender = | height = | weight = | eyes = | portrayedby = | appearsin = | debut = }} </pre> == Sample output == {{Character | name = Flowa | image = Example.jpg | imagecaption = Flowa, at rest | aliases = Flo | relatives = | affiliation = | occupation = | marital = | birthDate = July 21st, 2013 | birthPlace = Iowa | deathDate = | deathPlace = | species = Plant | gender = | height = | weight = | eyes = | portrayedby = | appearsin = | debut = }} <pre> {{Character | name = Flowa | image = Example.jpg | imagecaption = Flowa, at rest | aliases = Flo | relatives = | affiliation = | occupation = | marital = | birthDate = July 21st, 2013 | birthPlace = Iowa | deathDate = | deathPlace = | species = Plant | gender = | height = | weight = | eyes = | portrayedby = | appearsin = | debut = }} </pre><includeonly>[[Category:Infobox templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> cu17cttsdoquxazlbd5zt6fhfm9dzm9 10 132 132 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 132 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{ #if: {{#if: {{{url|}}} | {{#if: {{{title|}}} |1}}}} ||Error on call to [[Template:cite web]]: Parameters '''url''' and '''title''' must be specified }}{{ #if: {{{archiveurl|}}}{{{archivedate|}}} | {{#if: {{#if: {{{archiveurl|}}}| {{#if: {{{archivedate|}}} |1}}}} ||Error on call to [[template:cite web]]: Parameters '''archiveurl''' and '''archivedate''' must be both specified or both omitted }} }}{{#if: {{{author|}}}{{{last|}}} | {{#if: {{{authorlink|}}} | [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: {{{last|}}} | {{{last}}}{{#if: {{{first|}}} | , {{{first}}} }} | {{{author}}} }}]] | {{#if: {{{last|}}} | {{{last}}}{{#if: {{{first|}}} | , {{{first}}} }} | {{{author}}} }} }} }}{{#if: {{{author|}}}{{{last|}}} | {{#if: {{{coauthors|}}}| <nowiki>;</nowiki>&#32;{{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: {{{author|}}}{{{last|}}}| {{#if: {{{date|}}} | &#32;({{{date}}}) | {{#if: {{{year|}}} | {{#if: {{{month|}}} | &#32;({{{month}}} {{{year}}}) | &#32;({{{year}}}) }} }} |}} }}{{#if: {{{last|}}}{{{author|}}} | .&#32;}}{{ #if: {{{editor|}}} | &#32;{{{editor}}}: }}{{#if: {{{archiveurl|}}} | {{#if: {{{archiveurl|}}} | {{#if: {{{title|}}} | [{{{archiveurl}}} {{{title}}}] }}}} | {{#if: {{{url|}}} | {{#if: {{{title|}}} | [{{{url}}} {{{title}}}] }}}} }}{{#if: {{{language|}}} | &#32;<span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">({{{language}}})</span> }}{{#if: {{{format|}}} | &#32;({{{format|}}}) }}{{#if: {{{work|}}} | .&#32;''{{{work}}}'' }}{{#if: {{{pages|}}} | &#32;{{{pages}}} }}{{#if: {{{publisher|}}} | .&#32;{{{publisher}}}{{#if: {{{author|}}}{{{last|}}} | | {{#if: {{{date|}}}{{{year|}}}{{{month|}}} || }} }} }}{{#if: {{{author|}}}{{{last|}}} ||{{#if: {{{date|}}} | &#32;({{{date}}}) | {{#if: {{{year|}}} | {{#if: {{{month|}}} | &#32;({{{month}}} {{{year}}}) | &#32;({{{year}}}) }} }} }} }}.{{#if: {{{archivedate|}}} | &#32;Archived from [{{{url}}} the original] on {{#time:F j, Y|{{{archivedate}}}}}{{#if: {{{archiveyear|}}} | , {{{archiveyear}}} }}. }}{{#if: {{{accessdate|}}} | &#32;Retrieved on {{#time:F j, Y|{{{accessdate}}}}}{{#if: {{{accessyear|}}} | , {{{accessyear}}} }}. }}{{#if: {{{accessmonthday|}}} | &#32;Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}}. }}{{#if: {{{accessdaymonth|}}} | &#32;Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}. }}{{#if: {{{quote|}}} | &nbsp;“{{{quote}}}” }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}} </noinclude> 0pd9iyowzhv4yx30hp56e2hqik3zgyu 10 133 133 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 133 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ This template is used to [[Wikipedia:WP:CITE|cite sources]] in Wikipedia. It is specifically for web sites which are not news sources. This template replaces deprecated [[Wikipedia:Template:Web reference|Template:Web reference]]. It provides lower case parameters only. A general discussion of the use of templates for adding citation of open-source web content to Wikipedia articles is available at [[Wikipedia:Citation templates|citation templates]]. This page uses [[w:Wikia:Licensing|Creative Commons Licensed]] content from [[w:c:Wookieepedia:Template:Cite web|Wookieepedia]] == Usage == ;Common form for cases where little is known about authorship of the page (with current date) <tt><nowiki>{{Cite web |url= |title= |accessdate=</nowiki>{{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTH}}-{{CURRENTDAY2}}<nowiki> |format= |work= }}</nowiki></tt> ;Using last, first (with current date) <tt><nowiki>{{Cite web |url= |title= |accessdate=</nowiki>{{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTH}}-{{CURRENTDAY2}}<nowiki> |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</nowiki></tt> ;Using author (with current date) <tt><nowiki>{{Cite web |url= |title= |accessdate=</nowiki>{{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTH}}-{{CURRENTDAY2}}<nowiki> |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</nowiki></tt> ;Using non-linked retrieved date, last, first <tt><nowiki>{{Cite web |url= |title= |accessmonthday= |accessyear= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</nowiki></tt> ;Using non-linked retrieved date, author <tt><nowiki>{{Cite web |url= |title= |accessmonthday= |accessyear= |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</nowiki></tt> ;All parameters, horizontal format (delete the ones you don't need) <tt><nowiki>{{Cite web |url= |title= |accessdate= |accessmonthday= |accessdaymonth = |accessyear= |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</nowiki></tt> ;All parameters, vertical format <pre>{{Cite web | url = | title = | accessdate = | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = | pages = | language = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = }}</pre> === Required parameters === * '''url''': URL of online item. * '''title''': Title of online item. ''For producing a [[Wikipedia:WP:CONTEXT#Dates|wikilinked date]] of retrieval:'' :* '''accessdate''': Full date when item was accessed, in [[Wikipedia:ISO 8601|ISO 8601]] YYYY-MM-DD format, for example "accessdate = {{CURRENTYEAR}}-{{CURRENTMONTH}}-{{CURRENTDAY2}}". ''Must not be wikilinked'' ''For producing a non-wikilinked date of retrieval:'' :* '''accessmonthday''' and '''accessyear''': Month and day when item was accessed, for example "accessmonthday = May 10", <u>and</u> year when item was accessed, for example "accessyear = 2005". Produces: ''Retrieved on May 10, 2006.'' :* '''accessdaymonth''' and '''accessyear''': Month and day when item was accessed, for example "accessmonthday = 10 May", <u>and</u> year when item was accessed, for example "accessyear = 2005". Produces: ''Retrieved on 10 May 2006.'' === Optional parameters === * '''author''': Author ** '''last''' works with '''first''' to produce <code>last, first</code> ** '''authorlink''' works either with '''author''' or with '''last''' & '''first''' to link to the appropriate wikipedia article. Does not work with URLs. ** '''coauthors''': allows additional authors * '''date''': Full date of publication, preferably in [[Wikipedia:ISO 8601|ISO 8601]] YYYY-MM-DD format, e.g. ''2006-02-17''. May be wikilinked. ** OR: '''year''': Year of publication, and '''month''': Name of the month of publication. If you also have the day, use ''date'' instead. Must not be wikilinked. * '''format''': Format, e.g. PDF. HTML implied if not specified. * '''work''': If this item is part of a larger work, name of that work. * '''publisher''': Publisher, if any. * '''pages''': ''pp. 5–7'': first page and optional last page. This is for listing the pages relevant to the citation, not the total number of pages in the book. This is especially useful for PDF format, where the page can be linked to with the <code>#page=''number''</code> anchor tagged on the end of the URL: *: <code><nowiki>pages = [http://www.example.org/file.pdf#page=123 p. 123]</nowiki></code> * '''language''': language of publication (don't specify "English" as this is the default). * '''archiveurl''': URL of the archive location of the item (requires '''archivedate''') * '''archivedate''': Date when the item was archived (requires '''archiveurl'''), in [[Wikipedia:ISO 8601|ISO 8601]] YYYY-MM-DD format, e.g. ''2006-02-17''. Must not be wikilinked; it will be linked automatically. * '''quote''': Relevant quote from online item. == Examples == ;Some standard use cases * <nowiki>{{Cite web | author=Doe, John | title=My Favorite Things Part II | publisher=Open Publishing | date=2005-04-30 | work=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.org/ | accessdate=2005-07-06 }}</nowiki><br/>→ <span style="background:white">{{cite web | author=Doe, John | title=My Favorite Things Part II | publisher=Open Publishing | date=2005-04-30 | work=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.org | accessdate=2005-07-06 }}</span> * <nowiki>{{Cite web | author=Doe, John | title=My Favorite Things Part II | date=2005-04-30 | work=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.org/ | accessdate=2005-07-06 }}</nowiki><br/>→ <span style="background:white">{{cite web | author=Doe, John | title=My Favorite Things Part II | date=2005-04-30 | work=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.org | accessdate=2005-07-06 }}</span> * <nowiki>{{Cite web | author=Doe, John | title=My Favorite Things Part II | date=2005-04-30 | url=http://www.example.org/ | accessdate=2005-07-06 }}</nowiki><br/>→ <span style="background:white">{{cite web | author=Doe, John | title=My Favorite Things Part II | date=2005-04-30 | url=http://www.example.org | accessdate=2005-07-06}}</span> * <nowiki>{{Cite web | author=Doe, John | title=My Favorite Things Part II | url=http://www.example.org/ | accessdate=2005-07-06 }}</nowiki><br/>→ <span style="background:white">{{cite web | author=Doe, John | title=My Favorite Things Part II | url=http://www.example.org | accessdate=2005-07-06}}</span> * <nowiki>{{Cite web | title=My Favorite Things Part II | url=http://www.example.org/ | accessdate=2005-07-06 }}</nowiki><br/>→ <span style="background:white">{{cite web | title=My Favorite Things Part II | url=http://www.example.org | accessdate=2005-07-06}}</span> * <nowiki>{{Cite web | url=http://www.nfl.com/fans/ | title=Digest of Rules | publisher= National Football League | accessdate=2005-07-06 }}</nowiki><br>→ <span style="background:white">{{cite web | url=http://www.nfl.com/fans/ | title=Digest of Rules | publisher= National Football League | accessdate=2005-07-06 }}</span> ;Non-linking date of retrieval (using accessmonthday and accessyear) * <nowiki>{{Cite web | title=My Favorite Things Part II | work=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.org/ | accessmonthday=July 6 | accessyear=2005 }}</nowiki><br/> → <span style="background:white">{{cite web | title=My Favorite Things Part II | work=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.org/ | accessmonthday=July 6 | accessyear=2005 }}</span> ;Using format * <nowiki>{{Cite web | title=List of psychotropic substances under international control | publisher = International Narcotics Control Board | url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate=2005-07-06 }}</nowiki><br/> → <span style="background:white">{{cite web | title=List of psychotropic substances under international control | publisher = International Narcotics Control Board | url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate=2005-07-06}}</span> ;language * <nowiki>{{Cite web | author=Joliet, François | title=Honnit soit qui mal y pense | date=2005-04-30 | url=http://www.example.org/ | accessdate=2005-07-06 | language=French }}</nowiki><br/>→ <span style="background:white">{{cite web | author=Joliet, François | title=Honnit soit qui mal y pense | date=2005-04-30 | url=http://www.example.org | accessdate=2005-07-06 | language=French}}</span> ;coauthors * <nowiki>{{Cite web | first=John | last=Doe | coauthors=Peter Smith, Jim Smythe | title=My Favorite Things Part II | publisher=Open Publishing | date=2005-04-30 | work=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.org/ | accessdate=2006-05-16 }}</nowiki><br/>→ <span style="background:white">{{cite web | first=John | last=Doe | coauthors=Peter Smith, Jim Smythe | title=My Favorite Things Part II | publisher=Open Publishing | date=2005-04-30 | work=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.org/ | accessdate=2006-05-16 }}</span> ;No author * <nowiki>{{Cite web | title=My Favorite Things Part II | publisher=Open Publishing | date=2005-04-30 | work=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.org/ | accessdate=2006-05-16 }}</nowiki><br/>→ <span style="background:white">{{cite web | title=My Favorite Things Part II | publisher=Open Publishing | date=2005-04-30 | work=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.org/ | accessdate=2006-05-16 }}</span> ;No author, no publisher * <nowiki>{{Cite web | title=My Favorite Things Part II | date=2005-04-30 | work=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.org/ | accessdate=2005-07-06 }}</nowiki></br>→ <span style="background:white">{{cite web | title=My Favorite Things Part II | date=2005-04-30 | work=Encyclopedia of Things | url=http://www.example.org/ | accessdate=2005-07-06 }}</span> * <nowiki>{{Cite web | title=My Favorite Things Part II | date=2005-04-30 | url=http://www.example.org/ | accessdate=2005-07-06 }}</nowiki><br/>→ <span style="background:white">{{cite web | title=My Favorite Things Part II | date=2005-04-30 | url=http://www.example.org/ | accessdate=2005-07-06 }}</span> * <nowiki>{{Cite web | title=List of psychotropic substances under international control | date=2005-04-30 | url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate=2005-07-06 | language=Greek }}</nowiki><br/> → <span style="background:white">{{cite web | title=List of psychotropic substances under international control | date=2005-04-30 | url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate=2005-07-06 | language=Greek }}</span> ; Using archiveurl and archivedate to refer to items that went away but are available from an archive site * <nowiki>{{Cite web | title=List of psychotropic substances under international control | date=2005-04-30 | url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate=2005-07-06 | archiveurl=http://www.archive.org/2005-09-11/www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf | archivedate=2005-09-11 }}</nowiki><br/> → <span style="background:white">{{cite web | title=List of psychotropic substances under international control | date=2005-04-30 | url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate=2005-07-06 | archiveurl=http://www.archive.org/2005-09-11/www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf | archivedate=2005-09-11 }}</span> * <nowiki> {{Cite web |url=http://joanjettbadrep.com/cgi-bin/fullStory.cgi?archive=currnews&story=20060405-01shore.htm |title=Interview with Maggie Downs |date=2006-03-31 |publisher=The Desert Sun |archiveurl=http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:JAxf4v-pQmgJ:joanjettbadrep.com/cgi-bin/fullStory.cgi%3Farchive%3Dcurrnews%26story%3D20060405-01shore.htm |archivedate=2006-04-26 }}</nowiki><br/> → <span style="background:white">{{cite web |url=http://joanjettbadrep.com/cgi-bin/fullStory.cgi?archive=currnews&story=20060405-01shore.htm |title=Interview with Maggie Downs |date=2006-03-31 |publisher=The Desert Sun |archiveurl=http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:JAxf4v-pQmgJ:joanjettbadrep.com/cgi-bin/fullStory.cgi%3Farchive%3Dcurrnews%26story%3D20060405-01shore.htm |archivedate=2006-04-26}}</span> ; Using quote * <nowiki>{{Cite web | title = My Favorite Things Part II | work = Encyclopedia of Things | url = http://www.example.org/ | accessdate = 2005-07-06 | quote = Lorem ipsum dolor. }}</nowiki><br/>→ <span style="background:white">{{cite web | title = My Favorite Things Part II | work = Encyclopedia of Things | url = http://www.example.org/ | accessdate = 2005-07-06 | quote = Lorem ipsum dolor. }}</span> ;No parameters (error) * <nowiki>{{Cite web}}</nowiki><br/>→ <span style="background:white">{{cite web}}</span> <includeonly>[[Category:General wiki templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> 4kj4giaooisuj93u47o7wzdtirn8gfq 10 83 83 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 83 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><div style="clear:{{{1|both}}}"></div></includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 0cfiebay4t84ymd5612x4vry4ou37kp 10 92 92 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 92 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description This template allows you to clear the left side, right side, or both sides of the page. Clearing means that the content following the template will not be displayed until the existing content on the specified sides (for example, "hanging" or floating images or blocks) is displayed completely. This template is often used so that the text does not flow around unrelated images. The template adds the following code to the page: <code><nowiki><div style="clear:left/right/both;"></div></nowiki></code> (the value after <code>clear</code> depends on the parameters). This code affects elements with the CSS property <code>float</code>, including files floated to the side (for example, <code><nowiki>[[File:Image.png|right]]</nowiki></code>). ;Syntax * To clear both sides of the page, add the code {{t|Clear}}. * To clear only the left side of the page, add the code {{t|Clear|left}}. * To clear only the right side of the page, add the code {{t|Clear|right}}. You can also use {{t|-}} instead of {{t|Clear}} as a shorthand call for this template. __NOTOC__ ;Example <pre style="display:table"> === Section 1 === [[File:Example.jpg|200px|right]] Section 1 text. === Section 2 === Section 2 text. {{Clear|right}} === Section 3 === Section 3 text. </pre> This code produces the following result: ---- === Section 1 === [[File:Example.jpg|200px|right]] Section 1 text. === Section 2 === Section 2 text. {{Clear|right}} === Section 3 === Section 3 text. ---- As you can see above, the example image added in section 1 is displayed to the right and extends down through section 2, while the {{t|Clear}} template is called at the end of the second section, resulting in the example image not being next to section 3. Thus, one use of the {{t|Clear}} template is to control which elements are displayed next to which other elements. == See also == * [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/clear CSS property <code>clear</code> on MDN] * [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/float CSS property <code>float</code> on MDN] <includeonly>[[Category:General wiki templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> 46j5x569hg10179r5co0hgdqhdiudi6 10 84 84 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Modern and supported browsers no longer need vendor-specific prefixes for column-count 84 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><div style="column-count: {{{1}}};">{{{2}}}</div></includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> eqzt6uz2f5l9jmrjacpcsqfcvb8mtr0 10 88 88 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 88 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description This template formats the text into the specified number of columns. ;Syntax <pre>{{cols|<# of columns>|<content>}}</pre> Especially useful to wrap long lists of items into multiple columns. <includeonly>[[Category:General wiki templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> dt9eu4p5ivo7bse8kcsptqpt2bxpmsw 10 55 55 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 55 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MessageBox |header = Candidate for deletion |type = delete |text = This page has been nominated for removal from the wiki. |comment = Remember to check [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|what links here]] and [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=history}} the page history] before deletion. |class = notice hidden plainlinks |id = delete }}<includeonly>[[Category:Candidates for deletion]]</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}}</noinclude> 7n8l851xacjlbvn5izz6mrgnwm76q4a 10 62 62 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 62 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description :This template is used to mark pages for deletion, categorizing them in [[:Category:Candidates for deletion]]. ;Syntax :Type <code>{{t|delete}}</code> on the page to be deleted.''' <includeonly>[[Category:Notice templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> lsu2629qjcodnbsmcu5sba3hobr8vwm 10 59 59 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 1 revision imported 59 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><blockquote data-format="dialogue">{{#invoke:Dialogue|main}}</blockquote></includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}<!-- For a more traditional wikitext version of this template, see https://templates.fandom.com/wiki/Template:Dialogue --></noinclude> 7hb6ts8zhtguyow5o6nmcmsb57ai799 10 66 66 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 66 wikitext text/x-wiki {{t|Dialogue}} facilitates the writing of dialogue in a standard format. The template can handle most standard formats of writing dialogue, and can be indented, bulleted or numbered. '''This template ''cannot'' be <code>subst:</code>'d'''. This template uses the [[w:Help:Lua|Lua templating language]], and more information can be found [[w:c:dev:Global_Lua_Modules/Dialogue|on the Global Lua Module page]]. '''For a traditional wikitext version of this template, see [[w:c:templates:Template:Dialogue/wikitext|Dialogue on Templates Wiki]]'''. ==Syntax== This is how to write the template in [[w:Help:wikitext|wikitext]] onto your article: <pre>{{dialogue |short=full |short=full |short=full ... |Character|Speech |Character|Speech |Character|Speech ... |cite = dialogue description }}</pre> These parameters are explained more fully below. ==Parameters== '''Named parameters specify name shortcuts. They are all optional.''' They are placed at the top of the template call, like this: <pre>{{dialogue |short=full |short=full |short=full ...</pre> Name shortcuts apply to your main dialogue text. If you use a shortcut specified here for a character name, then the full name will be replaced for it. Named parameters of the form "<code>mood1</code>", "<code>mood2</code>", "<code>mood3</code>", etc., up to "<code>mood10</code>", specify moods for the corresponding line number (e.g. "<code>mood1</code>" specifies line 1). They are placed in a line like this: <pre>... |Character|Speech|mood1=angry |Character|Speech|mood2=quiet |Character|Speech|mood3=ecstatic ...</pre> Positional parameters form the text of the dialogue (i.e. any line not containing an "<code>=</code>" will be construed as part of the dialogue. :;<code>Parameter 1</code> ''(required)'' : Character name speaking :;<code>Parameter 2</code> ''(optional)'' : Line to speak :;<code>Parameter 3</code> ''(optional)'' : Next character :;<code>Parameter 4</code> ''(optional)'' : Next line :;<code>Parameter 5</code> ''(optional)'' : Next character :;<code>Parameter 6</code> ''(optional)'' : Next line :;<code>Parameter 7</code> ''(optional)'' : so on... Note: if any character is called "<code>action</code>" then that line will be construed as an action line. It still counts as a ''line'' nonetheless. To write a dialogue description/source, use <code>cite =</code> ==Examples== Here is an example of a full template usage: <pre>{{dialogue |harry=Harry Enfield |bryan=Bryan Adams |harry|Hello! |mood1=happy |bryan|Oh hello there |mood2=surprised |harry|How are you? |mood3=inquisitive |bryan|Quite fine thank you. |mood4=reserved |harry|Oh that's spiffing. |mood5=spiffed |bryan|It is, isn't it?! |mood6=multo-spiffed |harry|Quite so. |mood7=bored |bryan|Well, I'm off! |mood8=joyous |harry|Ta-ta! |mood9=relieved |bryan|Au revoir! |mood10=sarcastic }}</pre> The above would generate: {{dialogue |harry=Harry Enfield |bryan=Bryan Adams |harry|Hello! |mood1=happy |bryan|Oh hello there |mood2=surprised |harry|How are you? |mood3=inquisitive |bryan|Quite fine thank you. |mood4=reserved |harry|Oh that's spiffing. |mood5=spiffed |bryan|It is, isn't it?! |mood6=multo-spiffed |harry|Quite so. |mood7=bored |bryan|Well, I'm off! |mood8=joyous |harry|Ta-ta! |mood9=relieved |bryan|Au revoir! |mood10=sarcastic }} The below code demonstrates examples of extended use: <pre>{{dialogue |george=Georgie Boy |rachel=Rachel |action|Enter: George and Rachel |george|Good morrow dearest Rachel!|mood2=happy |action|Rachel turns to see him |rachel|Oh, George, it's you! |george|... |rachel|Why won't you say anything?!|mood6=worried |action|Enter: Guards |Guards|We are announcing George's arrest! |rachel|Oh my!|mood9=horrified |action|George is dragged away. }}</pre> The above would generate: {{dialogue |george=Georgie Boy |rachel=Rachel |action|Enter: George and Rachel |george|Good morrow dearest Rachel!|mood2=happy |action|Rachel turns to see him |rachel|Oh, George, it's you! |george|... |rachel|Why won't you say anything?!|mood6=worried |action|Enter: Guards |Guards|We are announcing George's arrest! |rachel|Oh my!|mood9=horrified |action|George is dragged away. }} ===Notes=== You can number, bullet or indent your dialogue: <pre>:{{dialogue|Me|Hello|You|Howdido!}}</pre> :{{dialogue|Me|Hello|You|Howdido!}} <pre>#{{dialogue|Me|Hello|You|Howdido!}} #{{dialogue|Them|Good afternoon|Us|What a load of rubbish!}}</pre> #{{dialogue|Me|Hello|You|Howdido!}} #{{dialogue|Them|Good afternoon|Us|What a load of rubbish!}} <pre>*{{dialogue |angel=Fortitude |angel|I am an angel!|Crowd|We don't believe you!}} *{{dialogue |angel=Fortitude |angel|But I'm being quite serious!|Crowd|Too bad for you then!}}</pre> *{{dialogue |angel=Fortitude |angel|I am an angel!|Crowd|We don't believe you!}} *{{dialogue |angel=Fortitude |angel|But I'm being quite serious!|Crowd|Too bad for you then!}} You will get the odd spacing error (e.g. "Speech<code><nowiki><space></nowiki></code>") if you lay out your dialogue on multiple lines. <includeonly>[[Category:Quote templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> a4ljq79aobm1y1zx4xjoopcbnul8ntd 10 57 57 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 57 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MessageBox | header = Disambiguation page for {{PAGENAME}} | type = disambiguation | text = The following is a list of links to pages that might share the same title. | comment = Please follow one of the disambiguation links below or [[Special:Search|search]] to find the page you were looking for if it is not listed. If an [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|internal link]] led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | class = notice hidden | id = disambiguation}} <includeonly>__DISAMBIG__[[Category:Disambiguations]]</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 2m3hzu2150qbbzhn0rqllj0ya2oxnnn 10 64 64 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 64 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description :Marks an article as a disambiguation page, adding a banner to the article and categorizing it under [[:Category:Disambiguations]]. ;Syntax :Add <code>{{t|disambiguation}}</code> at the top of a disambiguation page. <includeonly>[[Category:Notice templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> mi414e81lg48p3z1kb5219oc6cdo9mx 10 4 4 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Remove aria complementary role because it's incorrect in this context; see: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/ARIA/Roles/complementary_role 4 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{| class="article-table plainlinks" style="width:100%;" |- style="font-size:18px;" ! style="padding:0px;" | <div style="width:100%; padding:3px 0px; text-align:center;" class="color1">Template documentation</div> |- | ''Note: portions of the template sample may not be visible without values provided.'' |- | View or edit [[{{{1|Template:{{PAGENAMEE}}/doc}}}|this documentation]]. ([[Template:Documentation|About template documentation]]) |- | Editors can experiment in this template's [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}/sandbox|action=edit}} sandbox] and [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}/testcases}} test case] pages. |} <div style="margin:0 1em;"> {{{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}/doc}}}}}</div></includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}[[Category:Documentation templates]]</noinclude> dqwutttr3pok2sitiet5ybs8fgrfmi5 10 6 6 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 6 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Description== This template is used to insert descriptions on template pages. ==Syntax== Add <code><nowiki><noinclude></nowiki>{{t|Documentation}}<nowiki></noinclude></nowiki></code> at the end of the template page. Add <code><nowiki><noinclude></nowiki>{{t|Documentation|documentation page}}<nowiki></noinclude></nowiki></code> to transclude an alternative page from the /doc subpage. ==Usage== ===On the Template page=== This is the normal format when used: <pre> TEMPLATE CODE <includeonly>Any categories to be inserted into articles by the template</includeonly> <noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> </pre> ''If your template is not a completed div or table, you may need to close the tags just before <code><nowiki>{{Documentation}}</nowiki></code> is inserted (within the noinclude tags).'' ''A line break right before <code><nowiki>{{Documentation}}</nowiki></code> can also be useful as it helps prevent the documentation template "running into" previous code.'' ===On the documentation page=== The documentation page is usually located on the /doc subpage for a template, but a different page can be specified with the first parameter of the template (see [[#Syntax|Syntax]]). Normally, you will want to write something like the following on the documentation page: <pre> ==Description== This template is used to do something. ==Syntax== Type <code>{{t|templatename}}</code> somewhere. ==Samples== <code>&lt;nowiki>{{templatename|input}}&lt;/nowiki></code> results in... {{templatename|input}} <includeonly>Any categories for the template itself</includeonly> <noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> </pre> Use any or all of the above description/syntax/sample output sections. You may also want to add "see also" or other sections. Note that the above example also uses the [[Template:T]] template. <includeonly>[[Category:Documentation templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> addnotd3mz3fsq3ktjwhnxko5ey7kgn 10 12 12 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 12 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><infobox type="Episode"> <title source="title"/> <image source="image"><caption source="imagecaption"/></image> <data source="partOfSeason"><label>Season</label></data> <data source="episodeNumber"><label>Episode</label></data> <data source="airDate"><label>Air date</label></data> <data source="writer"><label>Writer</label></data> <data source="director"><label>Director</label></data> <group layout="horizontal"> <header>Episode guide</header> <data source="previousEpisode"><label>Previous</label></data> <data source="nextEpisode"><label>Next</label></data> </group> </infobox>{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | [[Category:Episodes]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 3zolsxu5qv8qktb8gdmi8o7jirnoh66 10 13 13 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 13 wikitext text/x-wiki == Description == To use this template, add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template and fill in the appropriate fields. Fields left blank will not appear in articles. This infobox template uses [[w:Help:Infobox|Fandom's infobox syntax]]. == Syntax == <pre>{{Episode | title = | partOfSeason = | episodeNumber = | image = [e.g. "Example.jpg"] | airDate = | writer = | director = | previousEpisode = | nextEpisode = }}</pre> == Sample output == {{Episode | title = Flower of Babel | partOfSeason = One | episodeNumber = Three | image = Example.jpg | airDate = Unaired | writer = D. Righta | director = A. di Rektour | previousEpisode = Episode Two | nextEpisode = Episode Four }}<pre>{{Episode | title = Flower of Babel | partOfSeason = One | episodeNumber = Three | image = Example.jpg | airDate = Unaired | writer = D. Righta | director = A. di Rektour | previousEpisode = Episode Two | nextEpisode = Episode Four }}</pre> <includeonly>[[Category:Infobox templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> 7q6c0a01v6dmchho9081wu50zbywgcv 10 14 14 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 14 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><infobox type="Event"> <title source="title"/> <image source="image"><caption source="imagecaption"/></image> <data source="performers"><label>Performers</label></data> <data source="date"><label>Date</label></data> <data source="location"><label>Location</label></data> </infobox>{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | [[Category:Events]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> p1o6r7qz436p8kckwksns743rzbcs14 10 15 15 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 15 wikitext text/x-wiki == Description == To use this template, add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template and fill in the appropriate fields. Fields left blank will not appear in articles. This infobox template uses [[w:Help:Infobox|Fandom's infobox syntax]]. == Syntax == <pre> {{Event | title = | image = [e.g. "Example.jpg"] | imagecaption = | performers = | date = | location = }} </pre> == Sample output == {{Event | title = Flower du Jour | image = Example.jpg | performers = Awesome Ones | date = All the time | location = Everywhere }} <pre> {{Event | title = Flower du Jour | image = Example.jpg | performers = Awesome Ones | date = All the time | location = Everywhere }} </pre><includeonly>[[Category:Infobox templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> 2gciowv17u4l8nl97whmlnj631zmxad 10 26 26 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 26 wikitext text/x-wiki {{LicenseBox|text=''This file is copyrighted. It will be used in a way that qualifies as fair use under US copyright law.''}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | <includeonly>[[Category:Fairuse files]]</includeonly>}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> ay2vg6c14taepnarxeoo3fgxa0y15jw 10 33 33 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 33 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description :This template is used to mark images as fair use. ;Syntax :Type <code>{{t|fairuse}}</code> on the image information page. <includeonly>[[Category:Image license templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> irr7gavqcjulardpvgx6xr5ju1alpfj 10 126 126 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "<includeonly><infobox> <title source="title"><default>'' {{#explode:{{PAGENAME}}|(}} ''</default></title> <image source="image"><caption source="caption"/></image> <g..." 126 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><infobox> <title source="title"><default>'' {{#explode:{{PAGENAME}}|(}} ''</default></title> <image source="image"><caption source="caption"/></image> <group> <data source="premiere"><label>Premiere date</label></data> <data source="genre"><label>Genre</label></data> <data source="rating"><label>Rating</label></data> <data source="runtime"><label>Runtime</label></data> <data source="director"><label>Directed by</label></data> <data source="writer"><label>Written by</label></data> <data source="music"><label>Music by</label></data> <data source="producer"><label>Produced by</label></data> <data source="budget"><label>Budget</label></data> <data source="earned"><label>Box Office</label></data> </group> <group layout="horizontal"> <header>Series</header> <data source="previous"><label>← Previous</label></data> <data source="next"><label>Next →</label></data> </group> </infobox>{{Namespace|main=[[Category:Films]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> h4xozdv46v2hsj19erkl35jaf3faodc 10 127 127 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "== Description == To use this template, add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template and fill in the appropriate fields. Fields left blank will not appear in articles. This infobo..." 127 wikitext text/x-wiki == Description == To use this template, add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template and fill in the appropriate fields. Fields left blank will not appear in articles. This infobox template uses [[w:Help:Infobox|Fandom's infobox syntax]]. == Syntax == <pre> {{Film | title = | image = | caption = | premiere = | genre = | rating = | runtime = | director = | writer = | music = | producer = | budget = | earned = | previous = | next = }} </pre> == Sample output == {{Film | title = This is a test | image = Wiki.png | caption = This is a test | premiere = This is a test | genre = This is a test | rating = This is a test | runtime = This is a test | director = This is a test | writer = This is a test | music = This is a test | producer = This is a test | budget = This is a test | earned = This is a test | previous = This is a test | next = This is a test }} <pre> {{Film | title = This is a test | image = Wiki.png | caption = This is a test | premiere = This is a test | genre = This is a test | rating = This is a test | runtime = This is a test | director = This is a test | writer = This is a test | music = This is a test | producer = This is a test | budget = This is a test | earned = This is a test | previous = This is a test | next = This is a test }} }} </pre><includeonly>[[Category:Infobox templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> kmbdtkqisng6n308jcj0j3iseovdauu 10 52 52 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 1 revision imported 52 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Hatnote|For}}</includeonly> <noinclude>{{Documentation|:Template:Hatnote/doc}}<!-- For a more traditional wikitext version of this template, see https://templates.fandom.com/wiki/Template:Hatnote --></noinclude> cp15t28ftvv73lpvplpipwzfzgumdhw 10 28 28 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 28 wikitext text/x-wiki {{LicenseBox|text=''This file was originally uploaded on Wikipedia or another Wikimedia project.''}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | <includeonly>[[Category:Files from WikiMedia projects]]</includeonly>}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> dfku1bkresanalbi4wswxo9ij0otyto 10 35 35 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 35 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description :This template is used to mark images as having been uploaded on [[wikipedia:|Wikipedia]] or another [[wikimedia:|Wikimedia]] project. ;Syntax :Type <code>{{t|From Wikimedia}}</code> on the image information page. <includeonly>[[Category:Image license templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> 0vjbz61yw17p3ee4mkob45goeedwmr7 10 53 53 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 1 revision imported 53 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Hatnote|further}}</includeonly> <noinclude>{{Documentation|:Template:Hatnote/doc}}<!-- For a more traditional wikitext version of this template, see https://templates.fandom.com/wiki/Template:Hatnote --></noinclude> 51gw2l0zyayzfd9ckeol3rwxp1bxd9j 10 106 106 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with " {{LicenseBox|text=''This file is licensed under the GFDL. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this image under the terms of the '''Wikipedia:Text of th..." 106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{LicenseBox|text=''This file is licensed under the GFDL. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this image under the terms of the '''[[Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]]''', Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.''}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | <includeonly>[[Category:GFDL files]]</includeonly>}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> kzxnmbzjwwqimyletjfnw58px4paxhf 10 109 109 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with ";Description :This template is used to mark images using the GFDL. ;Syntax :Type <code>{{t|GFDL}}</code> on the image information page. <includeonly>Category:Image lic..." 109 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description :This template is used to mark images using the GFDL. ;Syntax :Type <code>{{t|GFDL}}</code> on the image information page. <includeonly>[[Category:Image license templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> ns0lpadw81kl216wq3027c36s7rdg83 10 96 96 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 96 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><infobox> <title source="title"> <default>{{PAGENAME}}</default> </title> <image source="image"> <caption source="caption"/> </image> <data source="developer"><label>Developer</label></data> <data source="publisher"><label>Publisher</label></data> <data source="engine"><label>Engine</label></data> <data source="version"><label>Version</label></data> <data source="platform"><label>Platform</label></data> <data source="releasedate"><label>Release date</label></data> <data source="genre"><label>Genre</label></data> <data source="mode"><label>Mode</label></data> <data source="rating"><label>Rating</label></data> <data source="media"><label>Media</label></data> <group collapse="open"> <header>System requirements</header> <data source="requirements"></data> </group> </infobox></includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> bl2zb0jphi0kk3cv0kyvyih18et63ho 10 97 97 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 97 wikitext text/x-wiki == Description == To use this template, add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template and fill in the appropriate fields. Fields left blank will not appear in articles. This infobox template uses [[w:Help:Infobox|Fandom's infobox syntax]]. == Syntax == <pre>{{Game | title = The game's name, displayed on top of the infobox | image = [e.g. "Example.jpg"] | developer = | publisher = | engine = The engine the game runs on | version = Most recently released version of the game. If your wiki does patch notes, you may wish to link to those. | platform = Platform(s) the game is available on | releasedate = When the game released | genre = Genre(s) the game is classified as | mode = Singeplayer, multiplayer, etc. | rating = ESRB / PEGI, etc. ratings | media = What media the game is available on (digital, cartridge, cd, etc.) | requirements = System requirements }}</pre> == Sample output == {{Game | title = The Game of Flower | image = Example.jpg | developer = | publisher = | engine = | version = | platform = PC | releasedate = Soon | genre = RPG | mode = Single player | rating = | media = | requirements = Cutting edge hardware }} <pre>{{Game | title = The Game of Flower | image = Example.jpg | developer = | publisher = | engine = | version = | platform = PC | releasedate = Soon | genre = RPG | mode = Single player | rating = | media = | requirements = Cutting edge hardware }} </pre><includeonly>[[Category:Infobox templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> sj1b6m7m4i4ah0w2sy9vutgmhmv5e21 10 54 54 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 1 revision imported 54 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 8c89ie9gwiiclekqfed7iw8unob5335 10 61 61 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 61 wikitext text/x-wiki The hatnotes used for adding links between articles where more context is important. Broadly speaking, a hatnote should answer a readers' question: Am I on the right page? == Usage == ; Basic usage: &#123;{hatnote|''text''}} ; All parameters: &#123;{hatnote|''text''|extraclasses=''extra classes''|selfref=''yes''|category=''no''}} == Parameters == This template accepts the following parameters: * <code>1</code> - the hatnote text (required) * <code>extraclasses</code> - any extra CSS classes to be added. * <code>selfref</code> - If set to "yes", "y", "true" or "1", adds the CSS class "selfref". This is used to denote self-references. * <code>category</code> - If set to "no", "n", "false", or "0", suppresses the error tracking category ([[:Category:Hatnote templates with errors]]). This has an effect only if the leftmost parameter (the hatnote text) is omitted. == Example == * <code><nowiki>{{hatnote|Example hatnote text}}</nowiki></code> → {{hatnote|Example hatnote text}} == Typical types == {{T|Main}}, {{T|Further}} are very similar, but indicate either the primary page for a topic or more detailed related topic. They have a nearly identical set of parameters. ;{{T|Main}}: When an article is large, it often has a summary and a link to a main article. This template is used after the heading of the summary, to indicate a link to the subtopic article that has been summarized. ;{{T|Further}}: Used to link to articles containing further information on this topic. ;{{T|See also}}: Used to link to additional articles on related topics. :;{{T|Main|Main Page}} →:{{Main|Main Page}} :;{{T|Main|Main Page|Main Page}} →:{{Main|Main Page|Main Page}} :*<code>1</code>, <code>2</code>, <code>3</code>, ... – the pages to link to. If no page names are specified, the current page name is used instead (without the namespace prefix). Categories and files are automatically escaped with the [[w:Help:Colon trick|colon trick]], and links to sections are automatically formatted as ''page § section'', rather than the MediaWiki default of ''page#section''. :*<code>l1</code>, <code>l2</code>, <code>l3</code>, ... ''or''<code>label 1</code>, <code>label 2</code>, <code>label 3</code>, ... – optional labels for each of the pages to link to (this is for articles where a piped link would be used). Note that the extra parameters use a lower case 'L', for example, <code>l1</code>, <u>not</u> <code>L1</code>. :*<code>selfref</code> – if set to "yes", "y", "true" or "1", adds the CSS class "selfref". This is used to denote self-references. == Disambiguation == Templates such as {{T|About}} and {{T|For}} are to be used in cases where a disambiguation is not needed. In general, disambiguation pages should only be used for 4 or more titles that are mostly or entirely identical, except for a qualifier. ;{{T|About}}: Links the reader to other articles with similar titles or concepts that they may have been seeking instead. The template has several formats, including: :;{{T|About|Use1}} →:{{About|}} :;{{T|About|Use1|<nowiki/>|Main Page}} →:{{About|Use1||Main Page}} :;{{T|About|Use1|<nowiki/>|Main Page|and|Main Page}} →:{{About|Use1||Main Page|and|Main Page}} :;{{T|About|Use1|Use2|Main Page}} →:{{About|Use1|Use2|Main Page}} :;{{T|About|Use1|Use2|Main Page|and|Main Page}} →:{{About|Use1|Use2|Main Page|and|Main Page}} :;{{T|About|Use1|Use2|Main Page|other uses}} →:{{About|Use1|Use2|Main Page|other uses}} Alternately, a <code>section=yes</code> parameter can be added to the {{T|About}} template for use at the top of a section. When using this parameter, the wording in the template changes to specify that it is being used in a section: :;{{T|About|Use1|<nowiki>section=yes</nowiki>}} →:{{About|Use1|section=yes}} :;{{T|About|Use1|<nowiki/>|Main Page|<nowiki>section=yes</nowiki>}} →:{{About|Use1||Main Page|section=yes}} :;{{T|About|Use1|Use2|Main Page|<nowiki>section=yes</nowiki>}} →:{{About|Use1|Use2|Main Page|section=yes}} :;{{T|About|Use1|Use2|Main Page|and|Main Page|<nowiki>section=yes</nowiki>}} →:{{About|Use1|Use2|Main Page|and|Main Page|section=yes}} :;{{T|About|Use1|Use2|Main Page|other uses|<nowiki>section=yes</nowiki>}} →:{{About|Use1|Use2|Main Page|other uses|section=yes}} A <var>text</var> option adds text to the end; note that this should be only used when truly necessary, and the other hatnote templates listed below don't suffice. This template also supports <var>selfref</var>. ;{{T|For}}: Provides links to up to four articles or disambiguation pages. It accepts zero to five parameters. :;If used without parameters on a page named ''Foo'', the result is ::{{hatnote|For other uses, see [[:Foo (disambiguation)]].}} :;The first parameter changes the hatnote itself and should be plain text, e.g. {{T|For|similar terms}} yields ::{{hatnote|For similar terms, see [[:Foo (disambiguation)]].}} :;The second parameter is used to change the resultant link, e.g. {{T|For|similar terms|Main Page}} yields ::{{For|similar terms|Main Page}} :;The third, fourth and fifth parameters are used to give one, two, or three supplementary links: :*{{For|similar terms|Main Page|Main Page}} :*{{For|similar terms|Main Page|Main Page|Main Page}} :*{{For|similar terms|Main Page|Main Page|Main Page|Main Page}} :the last being produced by e.g. {{T|For|similar terms|Main Page|Main Page|Main Page|Main Page}}. == Errors == If no hatnote text is supplied, the template will output the following message: * {{hatnote|category=no}} If you see this error message, it is for one of four reasons: # No parameters were specified (the template code was <code><nowiki>{{hatnote}}</nowiki></code>). Please use <code><nowiki>{{hatnote|</nowiki>''text''<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> instead. # Some parameters were specified, but the hatnote text wasn't included. For example, the template text <code><nowiki>{{hatnote|extraclasses=seealso}}</nowiki></code> will produce this error. Please use (for example) <code><nowiki>{{hatnote|</nowiki>''text''<nowiki>|extraclasses=seealso}}</nowiki></code> instead. # The hatnote text was specified, but that text contains an equals sign ("="). The equals sign has a special meaning in template code, and because of this it cannot be used in template parameters that do not specify a parameter name. For example, the template code <code><nowiki>{{hatnote|2+2=4}}</nowiki></code> will produce this error. To work around this, you can specify the parameter name explicitly by using <code>1=</code> before the hatnote text, like this: <code><nowiki>{{hatnote|1=2+2=4}}</nowiki></code>. # You tried to access [[Module:Hatnote]] directly by using <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:hatnote|hatnote|</nowiki>''text''<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. Use of #invoke in this way has been disabled for performance reasons. Please use <code><nowiki>{{hatnote|</nowiki>''text''<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> instead. Pages that contain this error message are tracked in [[:Category:Hatnote templates with errors]]. == Technical details == This template uses the [[w:Help:Lua|Lua templating language]], and more information can be found [[w:c:dev:Global_Lua_Modules/Hatnote|on the Global Lua Module page]]. '''For a traditional wikitext version of this template, see [[w:c:templates:Template:Hatnote|Hatnote on Templates Wiki]]'''. The HTML code produced by this template looks like this: * <code><nowiki><div role="note" class="hatnote"></nowiki>''hatnote text''<nowiki></div></nowiki></code> <includeonly>[[Category:Notice templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> t1fxeq2w3f5fb8ffeajoi9akea4sz4i 10 16 16 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 16 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><infobox type="Item"> <title source="title"/> <image source="image"><caption source="imagecaption"/></image> <data source="type"><label>Type</label></data> <data source="effects"><label>Effects</label></data> <data source="source"><label>Source</label></data> <data source="buy"><label>Cost to buy</label></data> <data source="sell"><label>Cost to sell</label></data> </infobox>{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | [[Category:Items]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 3bp6rnh53zg4rbxsepylnvzx6919rs6 10 17 17 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 17 wikitext text/x-wiki == Description == To use this template, add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template and fill in the appropriate fields. Fields left blank will not appear in articles. This infobox template uses [[w:Help:Infobox|Fandom's infobox syntax]]. == Syntax == <pre> {{Item | title = | image = [e.g. "Example.jpg"] | imagecaption = | type = | effects = | source = | buy = | sell = }} </pre> == Sample output == {{Item | title = Power Flower | image = Example.jpg | type = Food | effects = +1 Fire | source = Vendor | buy = 5g | sell = 1g }}<pre> {{Item | title = Power Flower | image = Example.jpg | type = Food | effects = +1 Fire | source = Vendor | buy = 5g | sell = 1g }} </pre><includeonly>[[Category:Infobox templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> rny0iwwc95ltuus80vgytxms6tkvmzv 10 105 105 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with " {{LicenseBox|text=''This work is licensed under the [https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html GNU Lesser General Public License].''}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | <incl..." 105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{LicenseBox|text=''This work is licensed under the [https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html GNU Lesser General Public License].''}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | <includeonly>[[Category:LGPL files]]</includeonly>}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 0qzsm4f1ocsie2hr35es1lan49cupzc 10 108 108 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with ";Description :This template is used to mark images using the LGPL. ;Syntax :Type <code>{{t|LGPL}}</code> on the image information page. <includeonly>Category:Image lic..." 108 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description :This template is used to mark images using the LGPL. ;Syntax :Type <code>{{t|LGPL}}</code> on the image information page. <includeonly>[[Category:Image license templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> itwsnq23ws886mqrbxa0anl8h52ocvl 10 98 98 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 98 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><div style="border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #d6d6d6; border-radius: 3px; border-style: solid; border-left-width: 8px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-width: 1px; display: flex; margin: 0 auto 5px auto; min-height: 32px; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; {{{style|}}}" class="article-table plainlinks {{{class|}}}"> {{#if:{{{image|}}} | <span style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center; width: 60px;">[[File:{{{image}}}{{!}}48px{!}}alt{{=}}]]</span>}} {{{text|''Your license text is not specified''}}} </div></includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 0ru93k1kuuec7jssti4318k2sy4jq6c 10 99 99 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 99 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description :This template is used to create the box used by the various image license templates. The default styling is currently geared to a light-themed wiki. If your wiki has a dark theme and this template is too bright relative to the other elements on your wiki, simply change the following style parameters: :<code>background-color:</code> This is the color of the background and is currently set to: <code>#fefefe</code> :<code>border-color:</code> This is the color of the borders and is currently set to: <code>#d6d6d6</code> :<code>color:</code> This is the color of the text and is currently set to: <code>#333</code> ;Syntax :Type <code>{{t|LicenseBox|text{{=}}License text}}</code> on the image information page. <includeonly>[[Category:Image license templates| ]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> ijm6cse7h24leor9748azzauemfvmrx 10 18 18 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 18 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><infobox type="Location"> <title source="title"/> <image source="image"><caption source="imagecaption"/></image> <image source="map"><caption source="mapcaption"/></image> <data source="type"><label>Type</label></data> <data source="level"><label>Level</label></data> <data source="location"><label>Location</label></data> <data source="inhabitants"><label>Inhabitants</label></data> </infobox>{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | [[Category:Locations]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> dmys3fguojqs0vgcao0nf80mt7lxlfk 10 19 19 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 19 wikitext text/x-wiki == Description == To use this template, add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template and fill in the appropriate fields. Fields left blank will not appear in articles. This infobox template uses [[w:Help:Infobox|Fandom's infobox syntax]]. == Syntax == <pre> {{Location | title = | image = [e.g. "Example.jpg"] | imagecaption = | map = [e.g. "Example.jpg"] | mapcaption = | type = | level = | location = | inhabitants = }} </pre> == Sample output == {{Location | title = Flora Island | image = Example.jpg | imagecaption = The island | map = Example.jpg | mapcaption = Zone map | type = Contested | level = 1-5 | location = Earth | inhabitants = Stompy Humans, Drinky Bees }}<pre> {{Location | title = Flora Island | image = Example.jpg | imagecaption = The island | map = Example.jpg | mapcaption = Zone map | type = Contested | level = 1-5 | location = Earth | inhabitants = Stompy Humans, Drinky Bees }} </pre><includeonly>[[Category:Infobox templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> qmd0cmh5d7zglvtgyquk3o3tt5m6pmk 10 104 104 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "{{LicenseBox|text=''This work is licensed under the [https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT MIT License].''}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | <includeonly>Category:MIT licens..." 104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{LicenseBox|text=''This work is licensed under the [https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT MIT License].''}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | <includeonly>[[Category:MIT license files]]</includeonly>}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> t8of9xuajsdd99s5o7jcw9k5y6jynvd 10 107 107 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with ";Description :This template is used to mark images using the MIT license. ;Syntax :Type <code>{{t|MIT}}</code> on the image information page. <includeonly>Category:Ima..." 107 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description :This template is used to mark images using the MIT license. ;Syntax :Type <code>{{t|MIT}}</code> on the image information page. <includeonly>[[Category:Image license templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> sarwfd1zwrc7us73yrclr3nzy5fj5hg 10 49 49 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 1 revision imported 49 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Hatnote|main}}</includeonly> <noinclude>{{Documentation|:Template:Hatnote/doc}}<!-- For a more traditional wikitext version of this template, see https://templates.fandom.com/wiki/Template:Main_article --></noinclude> py3bdxobny8dxbtbin3kzfc0o9766ws 10 58 58 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 1 revision imported 58 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Mbox|main}}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}<!-- For a more traditional wikitext version of this template, see https://templates.fandom.com/wiki/Template:Ambox --></noinclude> tac00122hpvlg84q3c40iu0opt3mbqf 10 65 65 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 65 wikitext text/x-wiki {{T|MessageBox}} is a template for creating message boxes. It is highly customizable with classes, inline styles, and provided CSS selectors. Optional features such as an image, left border, right-side text (for e.g. shortcuts), and a dismiss function. It uses the [[w:Help:Lua|Lua templating language]], and more information can be found [[w:c:dev:Global_Lua_Modules/Mbox|on the Global Lua Module page]]. This version is modified to produce a starter style, based on the [[w:c:dev:mediawiki:Global Lua Modules/Mbox.css|basic style from the module]]. To use the full capabilities of this module and remove the default styling, remove the indicated portions of [[Module:Mbox]]. '''For a traditional wikitext version of this template, see [[w:c:templates:Template:Ambox|Ambox on Templates Wiki]]'''. ==Parameters== For examples of how to use these parameters, see [[#Examples]]. {| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%" ! Parameter name ! Description ! Required? ! Default |- | <code>class</code> | Additional classes to the root <code>.mbox</code> element. | No | — |- | <code>bordercolor</code> | The color of the thick left-most border. | No | Stylesheet default |- | <code>type</code> | Type of mbox as declared as in CSS with variables. Affects color of the thick left-most border. See [[#Using types]]. | No | — |- | <code>bgcolor</code> | The color of the mbox's background. | No | Stylesheet default |- | <code>style</code> | Additional inline styles to the root <code>.mbox</code> element. | No | — |- | <code>image</code> | An image to be added to the left of all text content. | No | — |- | <code>imagewidth</code> | The width of the image (height automatically adjusts). | No | <code>60px</code> |- | <code>imagelink</code> | The link to which the image points (could link to the relevant maintenance category, per example). If not included, the image will be un-clickable. | No | — |- | <code>header</code> | The header (bold text placed at the top). This is typically used to very briefly explain the subject of the mbox itself, as when the mbox is closed, only the header will show. | No | — |- | <code>text</code> | Non-bold text placed below the header, typically used to explain the subject of the mbox in further or additional detail. When the mbox is closed, this text will be hidden. | No | — |- | <code>comment</code> | Smaller non-bold text placed below the main text, typically used to add additional links or context about the notice. When the mbox is closed, this text will be hidden. | No | — |- | <code>aside</code> | Text placed within a small allocation on the right side separated by a light gray border. Most commonly used to show shortcuts to the page in question (such as on policy pages). When the mbox is closed, this text will be hidden. | No | — |- | <code>id</code> | By default, one close button will close all mboxes on the page. However, to change this, this parameter may be used, given as the name of the mbox implementation (e.g., "Template:Cleanup" would have <code><nowiki>|id=cleanup</nowiki></code>). | No | — |- | <code>collapsed</code> | By default, the mbox will be uncollapsed, and the full contents will be shown. However, to change this, this parameter may be used to set an mbox as collapsed by default (e.g., <code><nowiki>|collapsed=true</nowiki></code> would set the mbox to be collapsed by default). | No | — |} ==Design== Some communities may wish to customize the appearance of the mboxes. The most common styling options are provided illustrated in CSS. <syntaxhighlight lang="css" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> .mbox { /* the background of the entire box */; background-color: ; /* the border color of the entire box */ border-color: ; /* the border thickness of the entire box */ border-width: ; /* the default thick left border color; note this can be changed from within the template implementations using the "color" parameter */ border-left-color: ; /* the rounded-ness of the corners */; border-radius: ; /* the baseline font-size of the mbox */ font-size: ; } .mbox__content { /* the padding inside the mbox */ padding: ; } .mbox__content__image { /* the minimum width of the mbox's image (if bigger, use the "imagewidth" parameter in the template) */ width: ; /* the spacing to the left of the text (i.e., the right of the image) */ padding-right: ; } .mbox__content__text__comment { /* the size of the text in the "comment" parameter */ font-size: ; } .mbox__content__aside { /* any particular modifications to the "aside" area can go here */ /* the maximum width of the aside area */ width: ; } .mbox__close { /* the appearance of the close symbol here */ } .mbox__close:after { /* overwrite "content" here if you do not wish for the close symbol to be × */ content: ''; } .mw-collapsed + .mbox__close { /* modifications to the close symbol when the box is closed */ } .mw-collapsed + .mbox__close:after { /* overwrite "content" here if you do not wish for the close symbol to be + when the box is closed */ content: ''; } </syntaxhighlight> ; Technical notes * Additional inline styles to the root <code>.mbox</code> element can be achieved via the <code>style</code> parameter in the template. == Examples == === Basic MessageBox === <pre> {{MessageBox |header = Header text here |text = Normal text here |id = test1 }}</pre> Produces: {{#invoke:Mbox|main |header = Header text here |text = Normal text here |id = test1 }} === Using types === To use types, CSS variables must be added, such as: <syntaxhighlight lang="css"> :root { --type-important: rgba(200, 0, 0, 0.8); --type-moderate: rgba(233, 124, 47, 0.8); --type-minor: rgba(241, 197, 37, 0.8); } </syntaxhighlight> If added: <pre> {{MessageBox |header = Header text here |type = important |text = Normal text here |id = test2 }}</pre> Produces: {{#invoke:Mbox|main |header = Header text here |type = important |text = Normal text here |id = test2 }} Depending on your styling, there may not be a visual difference in the above example. === With an image === <pre> {{MessageBox |header = Header text here |text = Normal text here |image = Wiki.png |imagelink = |imagewidth = 50px |id = test3 }}</pre> Produces: {{#invoke:Mbox|main |header = Header text here |text = Normal text here |image = Wiki.png |imagelink = |imagewidth = 50px |id = test3 }} === With an aside === <pre> {{MessageBox |header = Header text here |type = important |text = Normal text here |aside = Aside text here |id = test4 }}</pre> Produces: {{#invoke:Mbox|main |header = Header text here |type = important |text = Normal text here |aside = Aside text here |id = test4 }} === Standard/default style === <pre> {{MessageBox |header = Header text here |text = Normal text here |comment = Comment text here |image = Wiki.png |aside = Aside text here |id = standard }}</pre> Produces: {{#invoke:Mbox|main|header=Header text here |text=Normal text here |comment=Comment text here |image=Wiki.png |aside=Aside text here |id=standard}} <includeonly>[[Category:Notice templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> nnhlie59jtpr8xd27kdo3dnso6wmlsq 10 60 60 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 1 revision imported 60 wikitext text/x-wiki {{SAFESUBST:<noinclude />#invoke:Namespace detect|main}}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}<!-- For a more traditional wikitext version of this template, see https://templates.fandom.com/wiki/Template:Namespace_detect --></noinclude> spa1w8qu0tci71xzw54lxvdgfor5ir3 10 67 67 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 67 wikitext text/x-wiki This is the {{t|Namespace}} meta-template. It helps other templates detect what type of page they are on. It detects and groups all the different [[Wikipedia:Namespace#Enumeration|namespaces]] used on Fandom into several types: ; main : Main (i.e. article) space, where normal articles are kept. ; talk : Any talk space, including page names that start with "Talk:", "User talk:", "File talk:", etc. ;user ;file ;mediawiki ;template ;help ;category : The remaining namespaces. ; other : Any namespaces that were not specified as a parameter to the template (see explanation below). For backwards compatibility, this template handles '''image''' as if '''file'''. '''image''' (<nowiki>[[Image:...]]</nowiki>) is now deprecated. '''Note:''' For most cases it may be better to use the simpler namespace detection templates (see the [[#See also|see also]] section below). This template is more prone to human errors such as misspelling parameter names. This template uses the [[w:Help:Lua|Lua templating language]], and more information can be found [[w:c:dev:Global_Lua_Modules/Namespace_detect|on the Global Lua Module page]]. '''For a traditional wikitext version of this template, see [[w:c:templates:Template:Namespace_detect|Namespace_detect on Templates Wiki]]'''. == Usage == This template takes one or more parameters named after the different page types as listed above. Like this: <pre> {{Namespace | main = Article text | talk = Talk page text | other = Other pages text }} </pre> If the template is on a main (article) page, it will return this: : {{Namespace |demospace=main | main = Article text | talk = Talk page text | other = Other pages text }} If the template is on any other page than an article or a talk page, it will return this: : {{Namespace | main = Article text | talk = Talk page text | other = Other pages text }} The example above made the template return something for all page types. But if we don't use the '''other''' parameter or leave it empty, it will not return anything for the other page types. Like this: <pre> {{Namespace | file = File page text | category = Category page text | other = }} </pre> On any pages other than file and category pages the code above will render nothing. <!-- Do not remove this one. It is supposed to render nothing, but we have it here for testing purposes. --> : {{Namespace | file = File page text | category = Category page text | other = }} By using an empty parameter, you can make it so the template doesn't render anything for some specific page type. Like this: <pre> {{Namespace | main = | other = Other pages text }} </pre> The code above will render nothing when on mainspace (article) pages, but will return this when on other pages: : {{Namespace | main = | other = Other pages text }} == Demospace and page == For testing and demonstration purposes, this template can take two parameters named '''demospace''' and '''page'''. '''demospace''' understands any of the page type names used by this template, including the '''other''' type. It tells the template to behave like it is on some specific type of page. Like this: <pre> {{Namespace | main = Article text | other = Other pages text | demospace = main }} </pre> No matter on what kind of page the code above is used, it will return this: : {{Namespace | main = Article text | other = Other pages text | demospace = main }} The '''page''' parameter instead takes a normal pagename, making this template behave exactly as if on that page. The pagename doesn't have to be an existing page. Like this: <pre> {{Namespace | user = User page text | other = Other pages text | page = User:Example }} </pre> No matter on what kind of page the code above is used, it will return this: : {{Namespace | user = User page text | other = Other pages text | page = User:Example }} It can be convenient to let your template understand the '''demospace''' and/or '''page''' parameter and send it on to the {{T|Namespace}} template. Like this: <pre> {{Namespace | main = Article text | other = Other pages text | demospace = {{{demospace|}}} | page = {{{page|}}} }} </pre> If both the '''demospace''' and '''page''' parameters are empty or undefined, the template will detect page types as usual. == Parameters == List of all parameters: <pre> {{Namespace | main = ... | other = | demospace = {{{demospace|}}} / main / talk / user / file / mediawiki / template / help / category / other | page = {{{page|}}} / User:Example }} </pre> == Technical details == If you intend to feed tables as content to the numbered parameters of this template, you need to know this: [[w:Help:Template|Templates]] have a problem handling parameter data that contains pipes "<code>|</code>" unless the pipe is inside another template <code><nowiki>{{name|param1}}</nowiki></code> or inside a piped link <code><nowiki>[[w:Help:Template|help]]</nowiki></code>. Thus templates can not handle [[w:Help:Table|wikitables]] as input unless you escape them by using the <code><nowiki>{{!}}</nowiki></code> [[w:Help:Magic words|magic word]]. This makes it hard to use wikitables as parameters to templates. Instead, the usual solution is to use HTML wikimarkup for the table code, which is more robust. <includeonly>[[Category:General wiki templates]]{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|[[Category:Namespace manipulation templates]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> k2j6shw6tmw4metd5mcy5bshozsdg19 10 20 20 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 1 revision imported 20 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="width:100%; margin-top:1em; border:1px solid #999; font-size:90%; text-align:center;" |- ! style="padding:0.2em 0.5em;" nowrap="nowrap" class="color1" | {{{header}}} |- | style="padding:0.2em 0.5em;" | {{{body}}} |}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 3xkfiaf5hr2cfvrz4dyzao8xl6lsfww 10 21 21 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 21 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description :This template is used to create a basic navigation box. You can do so by calling the template, via the steps under "Syntax", but it is recommended to '''copy the code verbatim''' via the steps under "Navbox Creation". ;Navbox Creation <inputbox> type=create prefix=Template: preload=Template:Navbox editintro=Template:Navbox/doc buttonlabel=Make your navbox! default = Navbox Foo </inputbox> #Think of a name for your navbox, like "Navbox Foo". Type it in the above field, press the button, and save the page immediately. Be ready to return to ''this'' page to see the rest of the instructions. #Edit the resulting page in source mode. #Replace <code>{{{header}}}</code> with the text you would like to appear in the header. #Replace <code>{{{body}}}</code> with the text you would like to appear in the body. #To add another section, copy these four lines of code immediately below the lines in the existing code that they resemble: <pre>|- ! style="padding:0.2em 0.5em;" nowrap="nowrap" class="color1" | {{{header}}} |- | style="padding:0.2em 0.5em;" | {{{body}}}</pre> Save the page once you have added as many sections as you needed, and filled them with content. You may also want to create a /doc subpage explaining that to call the resulting template, one must only type <code>{<nowiki/>{Navbox Foo}}</code>, or rather, whatever we decided to name the template in step 1. ;Syntax <pre>{{navbox |header=Land of Bob |body=This <nowiki>[[place]]</nowiki> and that <nowiki>[[place]]</nowiki>. }}</pre> :Results in... {{navbox |header=Land of Bob |body=This <nowiki>[[place]]</nowiki> and that <nowiki>[[place]]</nowiki>. }} <includeonly>[[Category:Navbox templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> 8rthfey73ioyt2hbul3ikbrkasvxdza 10 110 110 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "{{LicenseBox|text=''This file does not have information on its copyright status.''}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | <includeonly>[[Category:Unattributed files]]</includeonl..." 110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{LicenseBox|text=''This file does not have information on its copyright status.''}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | <includeonly>[[Category:Unattributed files]]</includeonly>}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> jt2acaxsu7qhgeban7fo1thrapdy7zg 10 112 112 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with ";Description :This template is used to mark images where the copyright status is not known. It automatically adds the images to the :Category:Unattributed files|Unattribute..." 112 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description :This template is used to mark images where the copyright status is not known. It automatically adds the images to the [[:Category:Unattributed files|Unattributed files]] category for later maintenance ;Syntax :Type <code>{{t|Nolicense}}</code> on the image information page. <includeonly>[[Category:Image license templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> 64h2cunmvylmovdexrd37067qv9vqkg 10 30 30 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 30 wikitext text/x-wiki {{LicenseBox|text=''This file is licensed under a free license.''}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | <includeonly>[[Category:Freely licensed files]]</includeonly>}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> isnvvvesl5tdosdu3haox75161mrf9p 10 37 37 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 37 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description :This template is used to mark images with a free license not covered by other image templates. ;Syntax :Type <code>{{t|Other free}}</code> on the image information page. <includeonly>[[Category:Image license templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> skp93ud3u70qwut6lgwi19fn41rzrb8 10 31 31 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 31 wikitext text/x-wiki {{LicenseBox|text=''This file is in the public domain''}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | <includeonly>[[Category:Public domain files]]</includeonly>}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> pksid0xy9yd54147xfdt7940zncxkj4 10 38 38 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 38 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description :This template is used to mark images as being in the public domain. ;Syntax :Type <code>{{t|PD}}</code> on the image information page. <includeonly>[[Category:Image license templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> mbiskdeicce7bwvi1r2rjgr2t1xjop8 10 25 25 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 25 wikitext text/x-wiki {{LicenseBox|text=''This file is copyrighted. The copyright holder has given permission for its use.''}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | <includeonly>[[Category:Files used with permission]]</includeonly>}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> afbsq8hl1fz6a3o9cj42ft3ciqw6nek 10 32 32 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 32 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description :This template is used to mark images as being copyrighted, but the copyright holder has given permission for its use. ;Syntax :Type <code>{{t|permission}}</code> on the image information page. <includeonly>[[Category:Image license templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> qiirgjuk0sqbpujxludk775ari84vzu 10 22 22 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 22 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><infobox type="Quest"> <title source="title"/> <image source="image"><caption source="imagecaption"/></image> <data source="start"><label>Start</label></data> <data source="end"><label>End</label></data> <data source="prerequisites"><label>Prerequisites</label></data> <data source="level"><label>Level</label></data> <data source="location"><label>Location</label></data> <data source="rewards"><label>Rewards</label></data> <group layout="horizontal"> <header>Quest progression</header> <data source="previous"><label>Previous</label></data> <data source="next"><label>Next</label></data> </group> </infobox>{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | [[Category:Quests]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 1wq32wzitmbsx7r1kszdvl4xzbsoxrs 10 23 23 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 23 wikitext text/x-wiki == Description == To use this template, add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template and fill in the appropriate fields. Fields left blank will not appear in articles. This infobox template uses [[w:Help:Infobox|Fandom's infobox syntax]]. == Syntax == <pre> {{Quest | title = | image = [e.g. "Example.jpg"] | imagecaption = | start = | end = | prerequisites = | level = | location = | rewards = | previous = | next = }} </pre> == Sample output == {{Quest | title = Example infobox | image = Example.jpg | start = Chrys | end = Geran | prerequisites = None | level = 5 | location = Earth | rewards = Justice-Wrought Petals | previous = A | next = C }} <pre>{{Quest | title = Example infobox | image = Example.jpg | start = Chrys | end = Geran | prerequisites = None | level = 5 | location = Earth | rewards = Justice-Wrought Petals | previous = A | next = C }} </pre><includeonly>[[Category:Infobox templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> 72fh9h2lmms4j1q88ar155tncfdbl7u 10 56 56 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 1 revision imported 56 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Quote|quote}}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}<!-- For a more traditional wikitext version of this template, see https://starter.fandom.com/wiki/Template:Quote?oldid=4277 --></noinclude> md0i39ajgk94zcbh4wi3wthdkal08v7 10 63 63 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 63 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Description== To use this template, enter the following and fill in the appropriate fields. Most fields left blank will not show up. ==Syntax== <pre> {{Quote | quote = | speaker = | source = }} </pre> As an alternative, these can be placed in positional order. ==Samples== {{Quote | quote = When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die. | speaker = [[w:c:gameofthrones:Cersei Lannister|Cersei Lannister]] | source = [[w:c:gameofthrones:You Win or You Die|"You Win or You Die"]] }} <pre> {{Quote | quote = When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die. | speaker = [[w:c:gameofthrones:Cersei Lannister|Cersei Lannister]] | source = [[w:c:gameofthrones:You Win or You Die|"You Win or You Die"]] }} </pre> or <pre> {{Quote | When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die. | [[w:c:gameofthrones:Cersei Lannister|Cersei Lannister]] | [[w:c:gameofthrones:You Win or You Die|"You Win or You Die"]] }} </pre> == Technical details == This template uses the [[w:Help:Lua|Lua templating language]], and more information can be found [[w:c:dev:Global_Lua_Modules/Quote|on the Global Lua Module page]]. '''For a traditional wikitext version of this template, see [[w:c:templates:Template:Quote|Quote on Templates Wiki]]'''. <includeonly>[[Category:Quote templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> h3dzl96q5gu7dok39y0exrs3ci7anle 10 128 128 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 128 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><infobox type="Season"> <title source="title"><default>{{PAGENAME}}</default></title> <image source="image"><caption source="caption"/></image> <data source="season"><label>Season</label></data> <data source="episodes"><label>Episodes</label></data> <data source="premiere"><label>Premiered</label></data> <group layout="horizontal"> <header>Navigation</header> <data source="previous"><label>← Previous</label></data> <data source="next"><label>Next →</label></data> </group> </infobox>{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | [[Category:Seasons]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 5dllcwmnkpa7q6kpkbbru7leca82x5e 10 129 129 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "== Description == To use this template, add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template and fill in the appropriate fields. Fields left blank will not appear in articles. This infobo..." 129 wikitext text/x-wiki == Description == To use this template, add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template and fill in the appropriate fields. Fields left blank will not appear in articles. This infobox template uses [[w:Help:Infobox|Fandom's infobox syntax]]. == Syntax == <pre> {{Season | title = | image = | caption = | season = | episodes = | premiere = | previous = | next = }} </pre> == Sample output == {{Season | title = This is a test | image = Wiki.png | caption = This is a test | season = This is a test | episodes = This is a test | premiere = This is a test | previous = This is a test | next = This is a test }} <pre> {{Season | title = This is a test | image = Wiki.png | caption = This is a test | season = This is a test | episodes = This is a test | premiere = This is a test | previous = This is a test | next = This is a test }} </pre><includeonly>[[Category:Infobox templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> l0t316pkt9f2trd37r9cwygywj6x6yo 10 50 50 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 1 revision imported 50 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Hatnote|seeAlso}}</includeonly> <noinclude>{{Documentation|:Template:Hatnote/doc}}<!-- For a more traditional wikitext version of this template, see https://templates.fandom.com/wiki/Template:Hatnote --></noinclude> qfitoudiyhbuht5q6ubtn4tdlkmpxsw 10 27 27 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 27 wikitext text/x-wiki {{LicenseBox|text=''This file was uploaded by the photographer or author.''}}{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | <includeonly>[[Category:Files uploaded by the photographer or author]]</includeonly>}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> mtfzk8wh9m1xkklm5tsc8xssf3f13uo 10 34 34 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 34 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description :This template is used to mark images as having been uploaded by the photographer or author. ;Syntax :Type <code>{{t|self}}</code> on the image information page. <includeonly>[[Category:Image license templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> gjte7fl6oinvvfp121cqix0835lgg0t 10 124 124 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "<includeonly><infobox> <title source="title"><default>'' {{#explode:{{PAGENAME}}|(}} ''</default></title> <image source="image"><caption source="caption" /></image> <dat..." 124 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><infobox> <title source="title"><default>'' {{#explode:{{PAGENAME}}|(}} ''</default></title> <image source="image"><caption source="caption" /></image> <data source="release"><label>First released</label></data> <data source="seasons"><label>Seasons</label></data> <data source="episodes"><label>Episodes</label></data> <data source="runtime"><label>Run time</label></data> <data source="genre"><label>Genre</label></data> <data source="network"><label>Network</label></data> <data source="distrib"><label>Distributor</label></data> <data source="creator"><label>Created by</label></data> <data source="writer"><label>Written by</label></data> <data source="director"><label>Directed by</label></data> <data source="composer"><label>Composer</label></data> <data source="based on"><label>Based on</label></data> <data source="exec prod"><label>Executive producer</label></data> <data source="producer"><label>Producer</label></data> <data source="prod co"><label>Production company</label></data> <data source="country"><label>Country</label></data> <data source="language"><label>Language</label></data> </infobox></includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> sdc7m8guodktft7ht36mmiw9pn2vb71 10 125 125 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "== Description == To use this template, add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template and fill in the appropriate fields. Fields left blank will not appear in articles. This infobo..." 125 wikitext text/x-wiki == Description == To use this template, add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template and fill in the appropriate fields. Fields left blank will not appear in articles. This infobox template uses [[w:Help:Infobox|Fandom's infobox syntax]]. == Syntax == <pre> {{Series | title = | image = | caption = | release = | seasons = | episodes = | runtime = | genre = | network = | distrib = | creator = | writer = | director = | composer = | based on = | exec prod = | producer = | prod co = | country = | language = }}</pre> == Sample output == {{Series | title = ''Default page title'' | image = Wiki.png | caption = Test | release = Test | seasons = Test | episodes = Test | runtime = Test | genre = Test | network = Test | distrib = Test | creator = Test | writer = Test | director = Test | composer = Test | based on = Test | exec prod = Test | producer = Test | prod co = Test | country = Test | language = Test }} <pre>{{Series | title = ''Default page title'' | image = Wiki.png | caption = Test | release = Test | seasons = Test | episodes = Test | runtime = Test | genre = Test | network = Test | distrib = Test | creator = Test | writer = Test | director = Test | composer = Test | based on = Test | exec prod = Test | producer = Test | prod co = Test | country = Test | language = Test }}</pre><includeonly>[[Category:Infobox templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> ewljgx7erg7p4pqojjo7qcg5af8vsge 10 85 85 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 85 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>&#32;</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> qddxyvpaxq34xv1yar6ken47z1fmuy0 10 89 89 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 89 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description This template allows you to force a space in areas that strip whitespace. <includeonly>[[Category:General wiki templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> qk6rb0c9ylv5kwutw6jihhl44yhn742 10 145 148 2025-01-20T00:24:38Z FANDOMbot 32794352 Updated default StructuredQuote template. See https://community.fandom.com/wiki/Help:Structured_Quotes for more details. 148 wikitext text/x-wiki <blockquote class="pull-quote"> <div class="pull-quote__text">{{{text|Text...}}}</div> <p style="text-align: right"><cite>—{{{speaker|speaker}}}{{#if:{{{receiver|}}}|, to {{{receiver|}}}}}{{#if:{{{attribution|}}}|, {{{attribution|}}}}}{{#if:{{{source|}}}|, {{{source|}}}}}</cite></p> </blockquote> <noinclude> ==Description== A template used for displaying Structured Quotes ( ''<nowiki>{{#SQuote:}}</nowiki>'' ). If you want to unlock the full potential of Structured Quotes, please avoid using this template directly, and consider ''<nowiki>{{#SQuote:}}</nowiki>'' markup instead. See https://community.fandom.com/wiki/Help:Structured_Quotes for extra information about Structured Quotes. ==Syntax== <pre> {{StructuredQuote | text = | speaker = | receiver = | attribution = | source = }} </pre> ==Samples== {{StructuredQuote |text=Size matters not. Look at me. Judge me by my size, do you? Hmm? Hmm. And well you should not. (...) |speaker=[[w:c:en.starwars:Yoda|Yoda]] |receiver=[[w:c:en.starwars:Luke_Skywalker|Luke Skywalker]] |source=[[w:c:en.starwars:Star_Wars:_Episode_V_The_Empire_Strikes_Back|Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back]] }} <pre> {{StructuredQuote |text=Size matters not. Look at me. Judge me by my size, do you? Hmm? Hmm. And well you should not. (...) |speaker=[[Yoda]] |receiver=[[Luke Skywalker]] |source=[[Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back]] }} </pre> == TemplateData == <templatedata> { "params": { "text": { "label": "Quote text", "description": "quote text", "type": "content", "required": true }, "speaker": { "label": "Person(s) quoted", "description": "individual(s) who uttered or wrote the quoted words (wikitext links, comma-separated)", "type": "content", "required": true }, "receiver": { "label": "Person(s) to whom the quote was spoken", "description": "person the quote was spoken to (wikitext links, comma-separated)", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "attribution": { "label": "Attribution(s)", "description": "attribution (wikitext links, comma-separated)", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "source": { "label": "Quote source", "description": "place where it was spoken (wikitext link)", "type": "content", "suggested": true } }, "format": "block" } </templatedata> </noinclude> 5gtdrd3qkchyra4j769eptz3qivs29m 10 101 101 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "{{MessageBox |header = Stub |type = stub |text = ''This article is a [[:Category:Stubs|stub]]. You can help {{SITENAME}} by [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}}..." 101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MessageBox |header = Stub |type = stub |text = ''This article is a [[:Category:Stubs|stub]]. You can help {{SITENAME}} by [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} expanding it].'' |comment = |class = notice hidden plainlinks |id = stub }}<includeonly>[[Category:Stubs]]</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}}</noinclude> bcxslpn9zg20lvouccy581nvx3ukjl2 10 103 103 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with " ;Description :This template is used to identify a stub. Any pages using this template will be automatically placed in the [[:Category:Stubs|Stubs]] category. <includeonl..." 103 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description :This template is used to identify a stub. Any pages using this template will be automatically placed in the [[:Category:Stubs|Stubs]] category. <includeonly>[[Category:Notice templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> tqq0kivah8rgixdbvf3nkjsaeam37y0 10 5 5 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 5 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude><nowiki>{{</nowiki>{{#if:{{{prefix|}}}|{{{prefix}}}:}}[[Template:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]<!-- -->{{#if:{{{2|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{2}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{3|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{3}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{4|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{4}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{5|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{5}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{6|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{6}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{7|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{7}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{8|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{8}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{9|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{9}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{10|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{10}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{11|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{11}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{12|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{12}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{13|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{13}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{14|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{14}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{15|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{15}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{16|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{16}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{17|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{17}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{18|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{18}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{19|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{19}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{20|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{20}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{21|}}}|&#124;<span style="color:#555;">''&lt;{{{21}}}&gt;''</span>}}<!-- --><nowiki>}}</nowiki></onlyinclude><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 7rfwfkf7v8qsirfhrfq9sokm2459zae 10 7 7 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 7 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description A template link with a variable number of parameters (0-20). ;Syntax :{{t|t|parameter1|parameter2|parameter3|parameter4|...|parameter20}} <!-- self-referential examples! --> ;Source :Improved version not needing t/piece subtemplate developed on [http://templates.fandom.com Templates wiki] see the [http://templates.fandom.com/index.php?title=Template:T&action=history list of authors]. Copied here via CC-By-SA 3.0 license. ;Example :{{t|t|param1|param2}} <includeonly>[[Category:General wiki templates]]</includeonly> <noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> d0o0c2pkih1xk8re8694zbwkjvqp9df 10 86 86 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 86 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><div style="float:right; clear:{{{clear|right}}}; margin-bottom:.5em; padding:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em; background:transparent; max-width:20em;">__TOC__</div></includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> q7ewsmm9ejqw78mjfmlio6gshpnjjuq 10 90 90 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 90 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description {{t|tocright}} forces the auto-generated Table of Contents for an article to appear floated to the right side of the page, in order to improve article layout. <includeonly>[[Category:General wiki templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> 2dbhgjhnsqc6pono0df2fkbj4cma74t 10 39 39 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "<includeonly>{{#sub:{{#replace:{{SITENAME}}| Wiki}}|-{{#len:{{#replace:{{SITENAME}}| Wiki}}}}-1}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>" 39 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#sub:{{#replace:{{SITENAME}}| Wiki}}|-{{#len:{{#replace:{{SITENAME}}| Wiki}}}}-1}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> r6uruhmjhlc0bvdwean14zo168ybv42 10 40 40 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 40 wikitext text/x-wiki == Description == This template uses your wiki's <code>SITENAME</code> and strips off the word "wiki" leaving what is in most cases the text describing the topic of your wiki. To use this template in its basic form, simply add the {{T|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} template wherever you want your topic to appear in a sentence or section. If your wiki's <code>SITENAME</code> minus the word "wiki" is not a good descriptor for your wiki's topic, you may also simply edit the template and replace it with just the text you want displayed. == Syntax == <pre>{{Topic}}</pre> == Sample output == {{Topic}} <includeonly>[[Category:Templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> 9x2n2bgtm5mf7ts6vdu6lx7wv0fyvbv 10 87 87 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 87 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 3y1ihou149yx1vkeqweq3c256uf56re 10 91 91 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 91 wikitext text/x-wiki ;Description This template trims whitespace from the beginning and end of the supplied value. It works by using the simple hack of filtering it through the <code>#if</code> parser function. ;Syntax <nowiki>{{trim| value }}</nowiki> <includeonly>[[Category:General wiki templates]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Template documentation]]</noinclude> s9exokxkuqpctkah87iveeswve3lqex 14 136 136 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 136 wikitext text/x-wiki This is an automatically generated list of blog posts [[Category:Community]] fosvbkwvodhgffi7ovz4viu5bswckn0 14 80 80 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 80 wikitext text/x-wiki __EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__ This category contains articles that have been marked as candidates for deletion with the {{T|Delete}} template. '''Administrators, before deleting these pages''' make sure you check each page's discussion page, what links to each page, and the history of each page before proceeding with the deletion. [[Category:Maintenance]] jja1290e2p9zc83bs3uymw6zrro2l0e 14 137 137 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "[[Category:{{SITENAME}}]]" 137 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:{{SITENAME}}]] pvml10nobooyn9545o1vp0vrmapf7o2 14 77 77 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "[[Category:{{SITENAME}}]]" 77 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:{{SITENAME}}]] pvml10nobooyn9545o1vp0vrmapf7o2 14 47 47 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "[[Category:Templates]]" 47 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Templates]] 0t5jiibdq6k1tam9oy4zt1yld5iz80u 14 46 46 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "[[Category:Templates]]" 46 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Templates]] 0t5jiibdq6k1tam9oy4zt1yld5iz80u 14 114 114 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "[[Category:Maintenance]]" 114 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Maintenance]] it59vo5whwexpgslnlv8id1urubvc0x 14 44 44 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "[[Category:Templates]]" 44 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Templates]] 0t5jiibdq6k1tam9oy4zt1yld5iz80u 14 94 94 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "[[Category:Media]]" 94 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Media]] kpegwc3ncet7t0vit1niu7o1gph15bl 14 41 41 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "[[Category:Templates]]" 41 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Templates]] 0t5jiibdq6k1tam9oy4zt1yld5iz80u 14 43 43 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 43 wikitext text/x-wiki The subcategories of this category contain pages that have been identified as needing attention for one or more of the following reasons: * Changes have been suggested that should be discussed first or are under discussion. * The page has flaws that need addressing by an editor with the knowledge or skills to help. * The action the page needs requires special rights. ''See also:'' {{cols|2| * [[Special:BrokenRedirects|Broken redirects]] * [[Special:DoubleRedirects|Double redirects]] * [[Special:UncategorizedCategories|Uncategorized categories]] * [[Special:UncategorizedFiles|Uncategorized files]] * [[Special:UncategorizedPages|Uncategorized pages]] * [[Special:UncategorizedTemplates|Uncategorized templates]] * [[Special:WantedCategories|Wanted categories]] * [[Special:WantedFiles|Wanted files]] * [[Special:WantedPages|Wanted pages]] * [[Special:WantedTemplates|Wanted templates]] * [[Special:TrackingCategories|Other special tracking categories]] }} [[Category:{{SITENAME}}]] 6c8qxul3zboqnjnv9rs4axt4b9giiid 14 95 95 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "[[Category:{{SITENAME}}]]" 95 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:{{SITENAME}}]] pvml10nobooyn9545o1vp0vrmapf7o2 14 45 45 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "[[Category:Templates]]" 45 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Templates]] 0t5jiibdq6k1tam9oy4zt1yld5iz80u 14 79 79 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "[[Category:Templates]]" 79 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Templates]] 0t5jiibdq6k1tam9oy4zt1yld5iz80u 14 138 138 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "[[Category:Maintenance]]" 138 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Maintenance]] it59vo5whwexpgslnlv8id1urubvc0x 14 78 78 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "[[Category:Templates]]" 78 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Templates]] 0t5jiibdq6k1tam9oy4zt1yld5iz80u 14 140 140 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "[[Category:Images]]" 140 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Images]] fwg0enol6185yz0jt2jpw8aer9m6squ 14 102 102 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 102 wikitext text/x-wiki __EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__ This category contains articles that are incomplete and are tagged with the {{T|Stub}} template. [[Category:Maintenance]] 1q6hsyyz5mwcs1fgok461xwllatvekz 14 48 48 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "The templates in this category contain documentation about other templates. The are automatically put here by the {{T|Documentation}} template. [[Category:Templates]]" 48 wikitext text/x-wiki The templates in this category contain documentation about other templates. The are automatically put here by the {{T|Documentation}} template. [[Category:Templates]] qdkvvsu978yu5540ole3np96m7r22ot 14 42 42 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "[[Category:Maintenance]]" 42 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Maintenance]] it59vo5whwexpgslnlv8id1urubvc0x 14 111 111 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 111 wikitext text/x-wiki __EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__ The files in this category do not have an appropriate license selected and are tagged with the {{t|nolicense}} template. Administrators should review files in this category and either: * Update the file page with an appropriate if one can be easily determined. * Delete the image, though it is good idea to give the uploader a chance to select a license first. [[Category:Images]] [[Category:Maintenance]] tohx5e1fs2fk5dgb7ahyfzg5h2hf2pr 14 139 139 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "[[Category:Media]]" 139 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Media]] kpegwc3ncet7t0vit1niu7o1gph15bl 14 141 141 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "[[Category:Images]]" 141 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Images]] fwg0enol6185yz0jt2jpw8aer9m6squ 828 68 68 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 fixing broken help link 68 Scribunto text/plain -- This Module is used for making templates based in the Lua language. -- See more details about Lua in [[w:Help:Lua]]. -- The Fandom Developer's Wiki hosts Global Lua Modules that can be imported and locally overridden. -- The next line imports the Dialogue module from the [[w:c:dev:Global Lua Modules]]. local Dialogue = require('Dev:Dialogue') -- See more details about this module at [[w:c:dev:Global_Lua_Modules/Dialogue]] -- The last line produces the output for the template return Dialogue iu7tzurefqgz8vn2noywv0jixrunmc2 828 118 118 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 getting rid of red links 118 wikitext text/x-wiki This module is invoked by the {{t|Dialogue}} template. ojtojo1sg3ietu9icubc9pu5wuq7uaa 828 69 69 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 69 Scribunto text/plain -- This Module is used for making templates based in the Lua language. -- See more details about Lua in [[w:Help:Lua]]. -- The Fandom Developer's Wiki hosts Global Lua Modules that can be imported and locally overridden. -- The next line imports the Hatnote module from the [[w:c:dev:Global Lua Modules]]. local H = require('Dev:Hatnote') -- See more details about this module at [[w:c:dev:Global_Lua_Modules/Hatnote]] -- The last line produces the output for the template return H owdyvs3cj9roi0zs62mvc6i1dlm6wcp 828 119 119 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 getting rid of red links 119 wikitext text/x-wiki This module is invoked by the {{t|Hatnote}} template, which is used by a number of [[:Category:Notice templates|Notice templates]]. l8bt36g57viwmqhyiuo8308nopyrxyk 828 70 70 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 70 Scribunto text/plain -- This Module is used for making templates based in the Lua language. -- See more details about Lua in [[w:Help:Lua]]. -- The Fandom Developer's Wiki hosts Global Lua Modules that can be imported and locally overridden. -- The next line imports the Mbox module from the [[w:c:dev:Global Lua Modules]]. local Mbox = require('Dev:Mbox') -- See more details about this module at [[w:c:dev:Global_Lua_Modules/Mbox]] -- The imported Module is overwritten locally to include default styling. -- For a more flexible Mbox experience, delete the function below and import -- https://dev.fandom.com/wiki/MediaWiki:Global_Lua_Modules/Mbox.css -- or paste (and modify as you like) its contents in your wiki's -- [[MediaWiki:Wikia.css]] (see [[w:Help:Including_additional_CSS_and_JS]]) -- or look at https://dev.fandom.com/wiki/Global_Lua_Modules/Mbox -- for more customization inspiration -- -- BEGIN DELETION HERE -- local getArgs = require('Dev:Arguments').getArgs local localCSS = mw.loadData('Module:Mbox/data').localStyle function Mbox.main(frame) local args = getArgs(frame) -- styles local styles = {} if args.bordercolor then styles['border-left-color'] = args.bordercolor elseif args.type then styles['border-left-color'] = 'var(--type-' .. args.type .. ')' end if args.bgcolor then styles['background-color'] = args.bgcolor end -- images local image = args.image or '' local imagewidth = args.imagewidth or '80px' local imagelink = '' if args.imagelink then imagelink = '|link=' .. args.imagelink end local imagewikitext = ('%sFile:%s|%s%s' .. ']]'):format('[[', image, imagewidth, imagelink) -- id for closure local id = args.id or 'mbox' local container = mw.html.create('div') :addClass('mbox') :addClass(args.class) :css(styles) :css(localCSS['mbox']) :cssText(args.style) local content = container:tag('div') :addClass('mbox__content') :css(localCSS['mbox__content']) if args.image then local image = content:tag('div') :addClass('mbox__content__image') :addClass('mw-collapsible') :attr('id', 'mw-customcollapsible-' .. id) :css(localCSS['mbox__content__image']) :wikitext(imagewikitext) if args.collapsed then image:addClass('mw-collapsed') end end local contentwrapper = content:tag('div') :addClass('mbox__content__wrapper') :css(localCSS['mbox__content__wrapper']) if args.header then contentwrapper:tag('div') :addClass('mbox__content__header') :css(localCSS['mbox__content__header']) :wikitext(args.header) end if args.text then local text = contentwrapper:tag('div') :addClass('mbox__content__text') :addClass('mw-collapsible') :attr('id', 'mw-customcollapsible-' .. id) :css(localCSS['mbox__content__text']) :wikitext(args.text) if args.collapsed then text:addClass('mw-collapsed') end if args.comment then text:tag('div') :addClass('mbox__content__text__comment') :css(localCSS['mbox__content__text__comment']) :wikitext(args.comment) end end contentwrapper:tag('span') :addClass('mbox__close') :addClass('mw-customtoggle-' .. id) :css(localCSS['mbox__close']) :attr('title', 'Dismiss') if args.aside then local aside = content:tag('div') :addClass('mbox__content__aside') :addClass('mw-collapsible') :attr('id', 'mw-customcollapsible-' .. id) :css(localCSS['mbox__content__aside']) :wikitext(args.aside) if args.collapsed then aside:addClass('mw-collapsed') end end return container end -- -- END DELETION HERE -- -- The last line produces the output for the template return Mbox 3a5vo8p1ejar3ie3yg2yuizbamwevr6 828 71 71 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 71 Scribunto text/plain local localStyle = { ['mbox'] = { ['display'] = 'flex', ['position'] = 'relative', ['border'] = '1px solid #d6d6d6', ['border-left-width'] = '8px', ['border-left-color'] = '#d6d6d6', ['border-radius'] = '3px', ['margin-bottom'] = '5px', ['min-height'] = '32px' }, ['mbox__content'] = { ['display'] = 'table', ['box-sizing'] = 'border-box', ['width'] = '100%', ['padding'] = '8px 15px' }, ['mbox__content__image'] = { ['display'] = 'table-cell', ['width'] = '40px', ['height'] = '100%', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['vertical-align'] = 'middle', ['padding-right'] = '15px' }, ['mbox__content__wrapper'] = { ['display'] = 'table-cell', ['vertical-align'] = 'middle' }, ['mbox__content__header'] = { ['display'] = 'block', ['font-weight'] = 'bold' }, ['mbox__content__text'] = { ['display'] = 'block' }, ['mbox__content__text__comment'] = { ['font-size'] = 'small' }, ['mbox__content__aside'] = { ['display'] = 'table-cell', ['width'] = '100px', ['vertical-align'] = 'middle', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding-left'] = '15px', ['border-left'] = '1px solid #d6d6d6' }, ['mbox__close'] = { ['position'] = 'absolute', ['right'] = '0', ['top'] = '0', ['padding'] = '2px 7px', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['font-size'] = '16px', ['color'] = '#bbb', ['cursor'] = 'pointer', ['transition'] = 'all .15s ease-in' } } return { localStyle = localStyle } ed7bc6e22pux37qujbn0t5j7fechrz0 828 116 116 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 to get rid of a red link for documentation 116 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a sub-module of [[Module:Mbox]] and is used to specify the CSS properties for message boxes. tj724m6wnkemnmi9x8lfg3xd1l01fzp 828 115 115 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 getting rid of a red link for the documentation 115 wikitext text/x-wiki This module is used by most of the basic [[:Category:Notice templates|Notice templates]] and is invoked by {{t|MessageBox}}. skrr10nguwr58wp1ukw4ouk1d8ia8j5 828 72 72 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 fixing broken help link 72 Scribunto text/plain -- This Module is used for making templates based in the Lua language. -- See more details about Lua in [[w:Help:Lua]]. -- The Fandom Developer's Wiki hosts Global Lua Modules that can be imported and locally overridden. -- The next line imports the Namespace_detect module from the [[w:c:dev:Global Lua Modules]]. local NS = require('Dev:Namespace_detect') -- Local configuration can be modified in -- [[Module:Namespace detect/data]] and -- [[Module:Namespace detect/config]] -- See more details about this module at [[w:c:dev:Global_Lua_Modules/Namespace detect]] -- The last line produces the output for the template return NS 1xl1t72olerrjk28oqw8rtm6vmxizub 828 73 73 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 fixing broken help link 73 Scribunto text/plain -- This Module is used for making templates based in the Lua language. -- See more details about Lua in [[w:Help:Lua]]. -- The Fandom Developer's Wiki hosts Global Lua Modules that can be imported and locally overridden. -- The next line imports from the [[w:c:dev:Global Lua Modules]]. local nsConfiguration = require('Dev:Namespace_detect/config') -- See more details about this module at [[w:c:dev:Global_Lua_Modules/Namespace_detect]] -- The imported Module is overwritten locally to include default configuration. -- For a more flexible experience, delete the page import -- and paste (and modify as you like) its contents into this page -- https://dev.fandom.com/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/config -- The last line produces the output for the template return nsConfiguration 42aw8jbiry5pd2wjzctj0mfvicja1hx 828 123 123 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "This module stores configuration data for Module:Namespace detect. Here you can localise the module to your wiki's language. To activate a configuration item, you need to u..." 123 wikitext text/x-wiki This module stores configuration data for Module:Namespace detect. Here you can localise the module to your wiki's language. To activate a configuration item, you need to uncomment it. This means that you need to remove the text "-- " at the start of the line. anpd1xxr9apvj5jh56ll4ce3cpw3xb0 828 74 74 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 fixing broken help link 74 Scribunto text/plain -- This Module is used for making templates based in the Lua language. -- See more details about Lua in [[w:Help:Lua]]. -- The Fandom Developer's Wiki hosts Global Lua Modules that can be imported and locally overridden. -- The next line imports from the [[w:c:dev:Global Lua Modules]]. local nsData = require('Dev:Namespace_detect/data') -- See more details about this module at [[w:c:dev:Global_Lua_Modules/Namespace_detect]] -- The imported Module is overwritten locally to include default configuration. -- For a more flexible experience, delete the page import -- and paste (and modify as you like) its contents into this page -- https://dev.fandom.com/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/data -- The last line produces the output for the template return nsData 7ik38lqy6uh9fwkkne9cxn9o7d7m1sv 828 122 122 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created page with "This module holds data for [[Module:Namespace detect]] to be loaded per page, rather than per #invoke, for performance reasons." 122 wikitext text/x-wiki This module holds data for [[Module:Namespace detect]] to be loaded per page, rather than per #invoke, for performance reasons. 8syjeo843oi4x2o5pp94toh3jfcdwfj 828 121 121 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 getting rid of red links 121 wikitext text/x-wiki This module is invoked by the {{t|Namespace}} template. 2idd8afbk2w2qo3lyfjbhzosq8r1cc5 828 75 75 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 fixed broken help link 75 Scribunto text/plain -- This Module is used for making templates based in the Lua language. -- See more details about Lua in [[w:Help:Lua]]. -- The Fandom Developer's Wiki hosts Global Lua Modules that can be imported and locally overridden. -- The next line imports the Navbox module from the [[w:c:dev:Global Lua Modules]]. local N = require('Dev:Navbox') -- See more details about this module at [[w:c:dev:Global_Lua_Modules/Navbox]] -- The last line produces the output for the template return N eiz127jgrsxnzryvcbyig40mttporiz 828 120 120 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 getting rid of red links 120 wikitext text/x-wiki This module is invoked by the {{t|Navbox}} template. Navbox templates are not displayed for mobile users. 46ogwqjbpjnp6l90gx5hiukc3znxrzp 828 76 76 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 76 Scribunto text/plain -- This Module is used for making templates based in the Lua language. -- See more details about Lua in [[w:Help:Lua]]. -- The Fandom Developer's Wiki hosts Global Lua Modules that can be imported and locally overridden. -- The next line imports the Quote module from the [[w:c:dev:Global Lua Modules]]. local Quote = require('Dev:Quote') -- See more details about this module at [[w:c:dev:Global_Lua_Modules/Quote]] -- The last line produces the output for the template return Quote c9yao8bgr81k5du7sexrz7eye5k8wsr 828 117 117 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 to get rid of the red link for the documentation 117 wikitext text/x-wiki This module is used by most of the basic [[:Category:Quote templates|Quote templates]] and is invoked by {{t|Quote}}. bygz1r6jdgkblaksf93oqt9ka8276av 502 135 135 2025-01-20T00:24:32Z FANDOM 32769624 Created article for recent blog posts 135 wikitext text/x-wiki <bloglist summary="true" count=50><title>⧼create-blog-post-recent-listing-title ⧽</title><type>plain</type><order>date</order></bloglist> kiy6ea8s4k1rsun3synixzuj194b8g3